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HEAL100 Health Care — exam and revision material · Other

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Health Care exam material, 10 pages. Originally published on StudyMerit.

Pages
10
Academic year
2025/2026
Language
English

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 Debian, Ubuntu and Mint Linux use the dpkg , apt-get and apt tools. Install DEB packages.  Red Hat, Fedora and CentOS use the rpm , yum and dnf commands. Install RPM packages.  The most common type of database is the relational database , where the data is organized in predefined tables (eg. MariaDB and PostgreSQL )  NFS protocol is the standard way to share file systems in Unix/Linux networks. NFS can even be used to share an entire operating system’s directory tree used by thin client computers.  Samba ( SMB ) or an authentication subsystem called SSSD allows for disparate system communication such as Linux and Windows. Samba version 4 can also work as a domain controller on heterogeneous networks.  A compiler converts source code to binary file, which is then executed by the computer.  An interpreter reads the source code and executes its instruction every time the program is run. This makes the development easier and faster, but at the same time interpreted programs tend to be slower than compiled programs.  Javascript is mostly for webpages; mobile devices  Java is portable; multiplatform compatible  Perl processes text content; has strong regular expressions  PHP server-side scripting language for web content  FLOSS = Free/Libre Open Source Software  OpenStack is a project that allows the creation of private IaaS.  A Node is a document in an info page . An info page can have many nodes.  Globbing refers to groups of files whose names match a specific pattern ( * , ? , [] , ^ ) o The [] brackets are used to match ranges or classes of characters (eg. ls file [1-5] ) o The ^ caret as the first character to match everything except those characters (eg. ls file [^a] )  Stdin(0) = keyboard. Uses “ < ” symbol for redirection o To redirect input data from a command, use the “ < ” symbol (eg. cat < file.txt )  Here document “ << ” represents the block of code or text which can be redirected to the command or the interactive program (eg. cat << hello )  Stdout(1) = screen. Uses “ 1> ” symbol for redirection  Stderr(2) = error messages. Uses “ 2> ” symbol for redirection o To redirect error message output to a file you use (eg. sort /etc 2> file.txt ) – notice the # 2 was used to indicate the channel  /dev/null is a file that accepts input but doesn’t do anything with it. Redirecting any output to it will not add anything to the file nor will it display anything on the screen.  !$ = the last argument typed  Ctrl + D to close a terminal Linux Distributions  Uname -r = checks Linux kernel version  Consumer editions often will only have community support via forums and software updates are often available for only 3 releases.  Ubuntu editions with long term support (LTS) have 5 years of support from the original release.  BSD operating systems are directly based on Unix , as well as HP-UX, AIX, Solaris, Irix  macOS is based on BSD Unix (Darwin kernel) Downloaded by Aisyln Vaughn (samuelkingstone40@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|14174986

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Benefits of cloud computing:  Obsolete infrastructure management  Pay-per-hour cost model  Easy resource termination  Supports on-demand self-service model  High availability  Fault tolerance design The Four Freedoms of Software 1. Freedom 0 – run the software freely as you wish 2. Freedom 1 – study & modify the source code 3. Freedom 2 – distribute the software 4. Freedom 3 – distribute the modified software  Copyleft is the principle to which a free license also applies to modified variants of the software  GNU/GPL is the most common form of licensing software (created by the FSF) – Copyleft .  GNU/LGPL the source code for the modifications do not have to be released to the public.  GNU/AGPL covers selling access to hosted software  GNU/FDL extends freedom principles to software documentation  BSD license is not copyleft (permissive), meaning it has low restrictions on the use and distribution of the software.  Apache license – permissive  Creative Commons license (CC) lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. Permissive Permissive Permissive Permissive Copyleft Permissive Copyleft Downloaded by Aisyln Vaughn (samuelkingstone40@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|14174986

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 All the CC-BY and CC-BY-N* = permissive  All the CC-*-SA = copyleft  Copyleft licenses generally provide more restrictions and obligations on the use, modification, and distribution of the licensed code compared to permissive licenses. While copyleft licenses aim to safeguard user freedom and increase the free software commons, permissive licenses offer more freedom and flexibility to developers and users, allowing the software to be reused in any project, including closed-source projects. Compression and Archiving  gzip, bzip2, xz are lossless compression tools. Their decompressors are: guzip , bunzip2 , unxz . o File extensions: gzip (.gz), bzip2 (.bz2), xz (.xz)  Compression tools are not interchangeable, you need the same tool to decompress.  Lossy compression tools are mainly used for video and audio files  tar (tape archive) = an archiving tool. It can be combined with compression tools to do both archiving and compressing. o If you wish to use the absolute path in a tar file, you must use the - P option. Be aware that this may overwrite important files and might cause errors on your system. o You can add compression to a tar archive by using the following switches:  gzip use “ z ”. example : tar -cfz gzip.tar.gz file1 file2 file3  bzip2 use “ j ”. example : tar -cfj bzip2.tar.bz2 file1 file 2 file3  xz use “ J ”. example : tar -cfJ xz.tar.xz file1 file2 file3  Sometimes shortened extensions such as .tgz , or tbz2 , or txz are used  To add files to a compressed tar archive, first decompress it (gzip example: tar -xzf file.tar.gz ), then add the files ( tar -uf newfile1 newfile2 ), then recompress it. o The -P option instructs tar to include the leading “ / ” in absolute paths o The “ -“ is not required when specifying options, but is harmless if used. o Globs are supported by using the --wildcards option (eg. tar --wildcards -xf tarfile.tar dir/file* ) or ( tar xf tarfile.tar --wildcards dir/file* )  Note : --wildcards option must be placed right after the tar file when using the no dash style of options.  zip = is both an archival and compressing tool and is Windows compatible. o Example : zip -r zipfile.zip folder1 ) – compresses the contents of folder1 .  Note : if the -r switch is omitted, folder1 is compressed as an empty folder. o unzip zipfile.zip Encryption  Stacked encryption is implemented on top of existing filesystem. Files and directories are encrypted before being stored on the filesystem and decrypted after reading them. o EncFS is a popular software that uses stacked encryption. No root access required .  Block encryption happens below the filesystem layer, making sure everything that is written to a block device is encrypted. You won’t be able to tell what type of filesystem is there without decrypting it first. This means you can’t tell what a file or folder is; how big they are and what kind of data it is, because metadata, folder structure and permissions are also encrypted. o Dm-crypt is an example software that uses block encryption. Requires root access . Downloaded by Aisyln Vaughn (samuelkingstone40@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|14174986

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