Skip to content
CramShare
FreePractice exam

UNE Bio 1011 Week 2 Midterm and Week 3 Questions with Actual Detailed Solutions

HEAL100 Health Care — exam and revision material · Other

Updated today

Health Care exam material, 13 pages. Originally published on StudyMerit.

Pages
13
Academic year
2025/2026
Language
English

What’s included

Preview 3 of 13 pages

See the first 3 pages exactly as they appear in the document.

Read page 1 as text

MB II Midterm Study Guide Week 1: Introduction to Evolution 1. Describe the discoveries that led to Darwin’s theory of evolution. a. Summarize the contributions of John Ray, Carolus Linnaeus, Georges Buffon, and Malthus. (Just a quick, one sentence summary for each.) i. John Ray: first to carry out a thorough study of the natural world and developed an early classification system 1. Modern species concept ii. Carolus Linnaeus: developed hierarchical classification system (taxonomy) and binomial nomenclature iii. Georges Buffon: proposed that species could change over time and adapt to their environment iv. Thomas Malthus: only a fraction of any population will survive and reproduce because of competition for limited resources, which influenced Darwin’s ideas about survival and reproduction b. Summarize the hypothesis of uniformitarianism. i. Slow geological processes lead to substantial change ii. Earth was much older than 6,000 years c. Describe Lamarck’s theory of evolution, specifically how it differs from that proposed by Darwin. i. Believed things evolved upwards toward human “perfection” ii. Organisms acquired traits during lifetime and passed on to offspring iii. DARWIN: natural selection, where organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass to their offspring. iv. LAMARCK = ACQUIRED TRAITS DARWIN = INHERITED TRAITS d. What evidence did Darwin collect on the HMS Beagle voyage that stimulated his ideas of evolution? i. Observed variations in species ii. Collected fossils of extinct organisms resembling modern species iii. Evidence of geological uplift and sedimentation, affirming Earth’s ancient history 2. Describe the Theory of Evolution and analyze the evidence that supports it. a. Heritable change in one or more characteristic of a population from one generation to the next i. Micro – changes in single gene or allele frequency ii. Macro – formation of new species of related species iii. Molecular – process of evolution at the level of genes and proteins b. Darwin’s Theory – descent with modification through variation and natural selection c. Define and describe each of the following types of evidence for evolution i. Fossil record – preserved remains of organisms show gradual change over time 1. Ex. Horses change in size, feet, and teeth adapting to changing environments; Tiltaalik fishapod as transitional form

Read page 2 as text

ii. Biogeography – study of the geographical distribution of extinct and modern species 1. Isolated continents and island groups have evolved their own distinct plant and animal communities 2. Endemic – naturally found in a particular location 3. Ex. Continental drift a. First mammals arose 225 years ago when Australia still connected b. Placental mammals arose 80 mya after Australia separated 4. Ex. Island fox iii. Convergent evolution – 2 species from different lineages show similar characteristics due to similar environments 1. Ex. Giant anteater and echidna; antifreeze proteins iv. Selective Breeding – modify traits in domesticated species 1. Breeders choose parents with desirable traits 2. Possible by genetic variation 3. Ex. Wild mustard plants selective bred to create cauliflower; dogs v. Homologies (anatomical, developmental, molecular) 1. Homologous – structures similar to each other because they are derived from a structure in a common ancestor 2. Anatomical – same set of bones found in human arm, turtle arm, bat wing, and whale flipper a. Homologous structures derived from a common ancestor b. Vestigial structures – anatomical features whose function is reduced or absent but resemble structures of ancestor 3. Developmental – similarities during the embryonic stage a. Gill ridges in human embryos 4. Molecular – similarities between organisms at the molecular level due to descent from a common ancestor or an interrelated group of ancestors a. DNA and biochemical pathways d. Describe examples from the lecture and text for each of the five above listed types of evidence. e. Differentiate between homologous traits and analogous traits. i. Homologous – features shared by different organisms due to common ancestor 1. Ex. Human arm and whale flipper ii. Analogous – features that perform similar functions but evolved independently in a different species, no common ancestor. 1. From convergent evolution 2. Ex. Insect and bird wings 3. Darwin’s Theory – Descent with Modification a. Explain how Darwin’s theory of descent with modification explains why different populations of finches that are closely related have different beak styles.

Read page 3 as text

i. Populations adapted to different food sources on various islands, leading to natural selection for specific beak shapes b. A trait doesn’t have to be clearly advantageous all the time. Describe how the research conducted by the Grants on Galapagos Finches explained the predominance of larger beak sizes. i. During droughts, finches with larger, stronger beaks could crack harder seeds and survived at higher rates showing natural selection in action. 4. Calculating fitness values a. Define fitness and heritable (inheritable) variation. i. Fitness – reproductive success ii. Heritable variation – genetic differences passed to offspring b. Review the example for calculating relative fitness in salmon. 5. Explain the molecular process behind evolution and predict how they can impact the evolution of a species. a. Evolution involves changes in allele frequencies due to mutations, natural selection, gene flow, and genetic drift b. Define homologous genes. i. Genes inherited from a common ancestor c. Orthologs and paralogs are different types of homologous genes. Differentiate between orthologs and paralogs. i. Orthologs – homologous genes in different species results from speciation ii. Paralogs – homologous genes in the same species due to gene duplication d. Explain how the following processes increase genetic (heritable) diversity: i. Exon shuffling – an exon and the flanking introns are inserted into a gene producing a protein with an additional domain ii. Transposable elements (transposons) – DNA segments that move, potentially altering gene expression iii. Crossing over – exchange of DNA during meiosis increases genetic combinations iv. Horizontal gene transfer – gene exchange between different species v. Chromosome structure and number – duplications or rearrangements create new traits Week 2: Population Genetics and Macroevolution 1. Basic terms and concepts. a. Differentiate between microevolution and macroevolution. i. Micro – changes in single gene or allele frequency ii. Macro – formation of new species of related species iii. Molecular – process of evolution at the level of genes and proteins b. Explain the way populations can vary at the genetic and individual levels. i. Genetic level – mutations create new alleles (random) ii. Individual level – sex recombines alleles in offspring 1. Cross-over, independent assortment, random fertilization

That’s the free preview

You’ve read 3 of 13 pages. The whole document is yours with a free account, and it stays in your library.

Others on this course also opened

Free

With a free account