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Psych 140 Final Exam Review Q&A

HEAL100 Health Care — exam and revision material · Other

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Health Care exam material, 7 pages. Originally published on StudyMerit.

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7
Academic year
2025/2026
Language
English

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Psych 140 Final Exam Review Q&A What type of relationship are peers? ✅ Horizontal relationship- people of approximately same age and status What are the function of peers? ✅ Companions, models, instructors and critics. social comparison, confidant (source of emotional support), and skill building (perspective- taking, emotional regulation) What are developmental trends for 6-12 months? ✅ Interest in peers emerge early on; sometimes object-centered (some toy of same interest) What are development trades for 18-24 months? ✅ Coordinated interactions (engage in cooperation; assume complimentary roles) Development trades in preschool years (2-5) ✅ Increase in complex, reciprocal peer interaction More physical play to more symbolic play Solitary play ✅ Playing alone, ignoring peers Parallel play ✅ Playing side by side, but little interaction Associative play ✅ Activities occur between children (share toys but no common goal or cooperation) Cooperative play ✅ Children work together to achieved a goal; play different roles in the game (hide and seek) Developmental Trend in Elementary School Years ✅ More cooperative, complex play (formal rules- dodgeball, hopscotch, board games) Peer groups (interact on a regular basis, informal structure and organization) Developmental Trends in Adolescence ✅ Sharp increase in time spent with peers Memberships in cliques and crowds Cliques v. crowds ✅ Cliques: small of friends; organized around self-perceived similarities/interests; spend lots of time together Crowds: larger social groups; more based on reputation and stereotypes Ways to measure peer status: ✅ Nominations Technique (positive v. negative nominations)- who do like the most/least Downloaded by Studymerit Dotcom (samuelkaruiki40@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|6879242

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Rating-Scale Technique: rate each child on a likability scale Popular Children ✅ Few negative and many positive nominations Friendly, cooperative, prosocial Not aggressive or withdrawn They successfully initiate and maintain interactions, and they can resolves disputes easily Rejected Children ✅ Many negative and few positive nominations Aggressive, disruptive, bossy, uncooperative Anxious, withdrawn Generally poor at solving social problems, critical of other peers and peer group activities Controversial Children ✅ Many negative and many positive nominations Prosocial, but also disruptive and aggressive Neglected Children ✅ Few negative and few positive nominations Shy, not talkative, don't draw attention Has interests other than peers (readings, art) What are Rejected Children more at risk for? ✅ Internalizing problems (loneliness) Externalizing problems (aggression) Academic difficulties (low grades, dropping out of school) Correlations of Peer Acceptance ✅ Parenting (secure attachment and authoritative parenting) Physical attractiveness Cognitive Skills: (perspective-taking, academic confidence, self-confidence) Social skills (being funny, nice, and leadership skills) What is a friendship? ✅ Reciprocal, intimate, positive What are functions of healthy relationships ✅ Validation, companionship, help/guidance According to Baumrind and Martin, what are the two dimensions of parenting? ✅ Warmth/responsiveness: accepting, affectionate or rejecting, unresponsive Control/demanding: setting limits, high expectations Authoritative Parenting ✅ High control/demand and high warmth/responsiveness Sets limits and boundaries, high standards for the child's behaviors; they are assertive; but at the same time warm and responsive. Reasonable demands that are flexible, open for discussion, consider child's view Permissive Parenting ✅ Low on control/demand and high on warmth/responsiveness Downloaded by Studymerit Dotcom (samuelkaruiki40@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|6879242

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Very little authority, do not require behavior Allow a lot of freedom for children to regulate themselves Avoid confrontation Disengaged/Uninvolved Parenting ✅ No control, no warmth or responsiveness Don't structure or monitor child's behaviors and are not supportive May be rejecting or neglecting their responsibilities of raising child altogether Authoritarian Parenting ✅ High control/demand, low warmth/responsiveness Exercise a lot of control, expect rules to be followed, but little warmth/response Focus on obedience, expect their orders to be followed without explanation Authoritative Parenting Outcome ✅ Children are component (academically and socially), popular with peers, in control of their own behavior, and display little antisocial behavior Authoritarian Parenting Outcome ✅ Children are not competent (academically or socially), unhappy, have low self-confidence, and display high levels of antisocial behavior Permissive Parenting Outcome ✅ Children are impulsive, lack self-control, perform poorly academically, and have higher rates of antisocial behavior Disengaged Parenting Outcome ✅ Children have high rates of antisocial behavior, poor self-image, internalize problems, and have poor academic and social performance What are some limitations when it comes to researching parenting style outcomes? ✅ Correlations- no clear cause and effect Bidirectional influence Generalizability (all cultures the same?) Where is there more authoritarian parenting? ✅ African-, Asian-, Hispanic-American families Low SES families Components of Bioecological Model ✅ Microsystem Mesosystem Exosystem Macrosystem Microsystem ✅ Activities and relationships in child's immediate environment (family, school, neighborhood) Mesosystem ✅ Links or relationships among Microsystems (links between home and school) Downloaded by Studymerit Dotcom (samuelkaruiki40@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|6879242

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