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NRG 200 Pharmacology for Human Caring Nursing – Final Exam (2025/2026 Verified Version) – Real Exam

HEAL100 Health Care — exam and revision material · Other

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Health Care exam material, 10 pages. Originally published on StudyMerit.

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10
Academic year
2025/2026
Language
English

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Pharmacology Final Exam, Key Concepts Students also studied Save Pharmacology Final Exam, MCQ 299 terms quizlette61315896 Preview Pharmacology Final Exam REVIEW!! ... 130 terms crystal_m_brewer Preview ptcb- top 200 drugs 200 terms tlspadaro Preview TOP 20 200 term ash Chemotherapy of Neoplastic Diseases Chemotherapy of neoplastic diseases refers to the use of drugs to treat cancers. These drugs work by killing or stopping the growth of abnormal cells that divide uncontrollably. Mechanisms of Action of Antineoplastic Drugs Mechanisms of action of antineoplastic drugs describe how these drugs work to stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. They may interfere with cell division, damage DNA, inhibit enzymes, or block signals needed for cancer cells to survive and multiply. Alkylating Agents Alkylating agents are a class of antineoplastic drugs that work by adding alkyl groups to DNA, leading to DNA damage. This prevents cancer cells from replicating and causes cell death. DNA Cross-Linking DNA cross-linking is the process by which chemical agents form covalent bonds between two strands of DNA, preventing them from separating. This blocks DNA replication and transcription, leading to cell death. Antimetabolite Chemotherapy Antimetabolite chemotherapy uses drugs that resemble normal cell metabolites. These drugs interfere with DNA and RNA synthesis by substituting for the natural building blocks, which prevents cancer cells from growing and dividing. DNA Synthesis Inhibition DNA synthesis inhibition is the process by which drugs stop cells from making new DNA, which prevents cell division and growth. Folate Analogs Folate analogs are antimetabolite drugs that resemble the vitamin folic acid. They block enzymes needed for making DNA, which stops cancer cells from growing. Basic Approaches Basic approaches in chemotherapy refer to the various strategies used to target and eliminate cancer cells, such as damaging DNA, interfering with cell division, or disrupting essential cellular processes.

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Cell Kill Hypothesis The cell kill hypothesis suggests that a fixed percentage of cancer cells are killed with each cycle of chemotherapy, rather than a fixed number. Multiple treatment cycles are needed to reduce the number of cancer cells to undetectable levels. Cytotoxicity Cytotoxicity is the ability of a drug to kill or damage cells. In chemotherapy, cytotoxic drugs are used to destroy cancer cells by interfering with their growth and survival. Plant Alkaloids Plant alkaloids are anticancer drugs obtained from plants that interrupt cell division by disrupting microtubule function or spindle formation during mitosis. Vinca Alkaloids Vinca alkaloids are a group of plant-derived chemotherapy drugs that inhibit microtubule formation, leading to the disruption of cell division in cancer cells. Principles of Antineoplastic Drug Use Principles of antineoplastic drug use refer to the basic guidelines for selecting, dosing, and administering drugs that treat cancer. These principles include using combinations of drugs, choosing the right schedule, minimizing side effects, and aiming to kill the maximum number of cancer cells while sparing normal tissues. Selection of Drug Regimen Selection of a drug regimen involves choosing a combination of antineoplastic drugs, their doses, and scheduling, based on cancer type, stage, and patient factors. The goal is to maximize cancer cell kill while minimizing side effects and resistance. Toxicity Profile Toxicity profile refers to the types and severity of side effects commonly associated with a specific anticancer drug or chemotherapy regimen. Targeted Therapies and Biological Response Modifiers Targeted therapies are drugs that specifically block molecules involved in cancer cell growth and survival. Biological response modifiers are agents that enhance the body’s immune response against cancer or interfere with cancer cell signaling, offering more precise treatment options. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Immune checkpoint inhibitors are drugs that block proteins used by cancer cells to evade the immune system's attack, allowing immune cells to destroy cancer cells better. Monoclonal Antibodies Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-made proteins that can bind to specific targets on cancer cells. They are used to help the immune system recognize and destroy cancer cells. Drugs Affecting Endocrine Systems These drugs influence glands that produce hormones, such as the thyroid, adrenal, and pancreas. They help manage hormonal imbalances in diseases like diabetes, hypothyroidism, and adrenal disorders. Adrenocorticosteroids Adrenocorticosteroids are hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. They include glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, and are used as drugs to manage inflammation, immune responses, and electrolyte balance. Glucocorticoids and the HPA Axis Glucocorticoids and the HPA axis describes how glucocorticoids, produced by the adrenal cortex, are regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which controls their release through a feedback system.

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Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, or HPA axis, is a group of glands and hormones that work together to control reactions to stress and regulate body processes such as digestion and immune response. It involves the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex, which produce and regulate glucocorticoids. Suppression Suppression refers to the reduction or stopping of normal activity. In pharmacology, it often describes how drugs like glucocorticoids can decrease the natural function of the HPA axis, leading to lower production of endogenous hormones. Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Other Agents Affecting Bone Calcium-regulating hormones, such as parathyroid hormone and calcitonin, help control calcium levels in the blood and maintenance of bone. Drugs affecting these pathways are used to treat bone diseases like osteoporosis and maintain normal calcium metabolism. Bisphosphonates and Osteoclast Inhibition Bisphosphonates are medications that prevent bone loss by inhibiting osteoclasts, the cells responsible for breaking down bone. This action helps strengthen bones and reduce the risk of fractures. Osteoclast Apoptosis Osteoclast apoptosis refers to the programmed cell death of osteoclasts, the cells responsible for breaking down bone tissue, which helps reduce bone resorption. Vitamin D, Metabolites, and Analogs Vitamin D, along with its metabolites and synthetic analogs, are compounds that help regulate the absorption of calcium from the gut. They promote healthy bone formation and maintain normal blood calcium levels. Calcitriol Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D in the body, produced in the kidneys from vitamin D precursors. It is responsible for regulating calcium and phosphate balance by increasing their absorption from the intestines and controlling bone mineralization. Estrogens and Progestins Estrogens and progestins are female sex hormones. As drugs, they are used in contraception, hormone replacement therapy, and to treat certain hormone- related conditions. Estrogen Types Estrogen types refer to the different forms of estrogen hormones, including estradiol, estrone, and estriol, which are naturally produced in the body or synthesized for medical use. Estrogen Receptors Estrogen receptors are proteins found inside cells that bind to estrogen hormones. When activated by estrogen, these receptors help regulate the expression of specific genes involved in growth, development, and reproductive functions. Fertility Control Fertility control refers to the use of drugs or methods, such as contraceptives, to prevent pregnancy by interfering with ovulation, fertilization, or implantation.

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