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NR565 Week 8 Final Exam: 26th June 2025 Summer NR 565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals Complete Question 1-100 (Actual Exam Proctored via Examplify) With Correct Answers | 100% Pass Guaranteed

HEAL100 Health Care — exam and revision material · Other

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Health Care exam material, 22 pages. Originally published on StudyMerit.

Pages
22
Academic year
2025/2026
Language
English

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12/1/23, 10:40 AM NR 565 Final Exam Study Guide from week 5-8 about:blank 1/22 Diabetes Mellitus  Leading cause of kidney failure, nontraumatic limb amputation, new ca ses of adult blindness, heart disease and stroke.  Acute symptoms of diabetes plus casual plasma glucose concentration greater t han or equal to 200 mg/dL.  Casual is defined as any time of day without regard to time since last me al. The classic symptoms of diabetes are polyuria, polydipsia, and unexplained weight loss.  2 hour post-load plasma glucose in an oral glucose tolerance test greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL. T he test uses a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75 g anhydrous glucose dissolved in water .  HgbA1C greater than or equal to 6.5%  Fasting plasma glucose greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL.  Fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 hours Pr e Diabetes  Fasting plasma glucose 100 to 125 mg/dL (IFG) or  HgbA1c 5.7% to 6.4%  Plasma glucose 140 to 199 mg/dL (IGT) 2 hours pos t-ingestion of standard glucose load (75 g) Criteria for diagnosis  FPG > or = to 126  Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 2hr plasma glucose > or = t0 200  Random Plasma glucose > or = to 200mg/dL plus DM symptoms  HgbA1C 6.5% or higher T r eatment  Step 1Lifestyle change and metformin  Step 2 Continue step 1 and add second drug  Step 3 continue step one and progress to 3 drug combination  If step 3 includes basal insulin falls, combine injectable regimen with pos sibly a GLP-1 receptor agonist Insulin  MOA : Anabolic, energy conservation, promotes cellular growth and di vision  Baseline data : random plasma glucose, urinate glucose and ketones, A1c, serum electrolyte  Monitor glucose lever and A1c every 2-4 times per year (every 3 month max)  CI : medication that impact blood glucose (sulfanuria and steroids)  SE : educate s/s of hypo and hyperglyc emia Insulin lisipro Rapid: Humalog Regular insulin Humulin R, Novolin R: short acting Humulin N and Novolin N (NPH): intermediate acting Lantus (insulin glar gine) Insulin degludec (T resiba) Ultralon g onset 15-30min 30-60min 60-120min 70min 30-

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12/1/23, 10:40 AM NR 565 Final Exam Study Guide from week 5-8 about:blank 2/22 90min duratio n 3-6hrs 6-10hrs 12-24hrs 18-24hrs >24hrs Biguanides: Metformin (max 2000mg/day)  MOA: inhibits glucose production in liver , reduc es glucose absorption in the gut, synthesizes insulin receptor to increase glucose uptake      Therapeutic use Glycemic control, DM2 prevention, gestational DM, PCOS  Side effect: decrease appetite, nausea, diarrhea, absorption of vitamin B12 and folate (can cause spinal bafida and neural tubal defect if taken while pregnant)  Black box: lactic acidosis (hemodialysis might be needed)  Monitor renal function Sulfonylur eas  MOA : stimulate insulin release from pancreatic islets  Basic data: random plasma glucose, fasting plasma glucose, A1c, serum electrolyte, urine ketone and glucose  Monitoring : glucose level and A1c 2-4times/year  CI: pregnancy , Brest feeding, renal dysfunction and hepatic dysfunction  SE: educate s/s of hypoglycemia Meglitinides (Glinides)  MOA: same as sulfonylureas, stimulate pancreatic insulin release  Baseline data: random plasma glucose, fasting plasma glucose, A1c, serum electrolye, urine glucose and ketones  monitoring : glucose level, A1C 2-4 times per year  CI: liver impairment, gemfibrozil  SE: education on ss of hypoglycemia  If Sulfonylureas don't work this drug group also does not work Thiazolidinediones (glitazones or TZDs)  MOA: decrease insulin resistance  Baseline: random plasma glucose, fasting plasma glucose, A1c, serum electrolytes, urinary ketones and glucose  Monitoring: glucose and A1c 2-4 times a year  SE: and educat e ss of hypoglycemia Heart failure Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors  MOA: limits reabsorption of glucose in the renal tubules  Baseline data: random plasma glucose, fasting plasma glucose, A1c, serum electrolyte, urine glucose and ketones  Monitoring : glucose level, A1C 2-4 times per year  CI: caution with vulvovaginal infection and UTI  SE: dehydration and education on ss of hypoglycemia Incretin hormone are gut peptide not present in type two DM Dipeptidyl Peptidase – 4 inhibitors (Gliptins)  MOA: enhance action of incretin hormones This is a preview

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