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NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Exam – Chamberlain (2025–2026) with Answers

HEAL100 Health Care — exam and revision material · Other

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Health Care exam material, 42 pages. Originally published on StudyMerit.

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42
Academic year
2025/2026
Language
English

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NR507 – Advanced Pathophysiology Exam Study Guide – Midterm Study Guide Exam Format: Noncumulative Question Type: Multiple Choice Number of Questions : 100 Time Allotted: 120 minutes Testing Timeframe: The midterm exam will only be available starting on Wednesday Week 4 at 12:01 am MT until Saturday Week 4 at 11:59 pm MT. 1. Exam Coverage Content Areas:  Week 1: Immunological Pathologies  Week 2: Hematological and Cardiovascular Pathologies  Week 3: Pulmonary Pathologies  Week 4: Urinary System Pathologies 2. Key Concepts to Study Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation:  Pathophysiology of the four types of hypersensitivity reactions ACID Type I Immediate (Anaphylaxis) – uses IgE antibodies – antibodies bind to mast cells and basophils- releases histamines based on prior exposure to the allergen. Results to vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, hives, edema and anaphylaxis (severe). Hay fever, insect bites, food/drug allergies, asthma Type 2 Antibody-Mediated (Cytotoxic) -IgG/IgM antibodies – bind to antigens on the surface of host cells – blood cell, platelets, tissues – activates the complement system – leads to lysis – formation of the membrane attack complex. Phagocytosis may occur. transfusion reactions, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Graves Disease, Rh Incompatibility, MG Type 3 Immune-Complex -IgG/IgM. formation of immune complex that deposit in the tissues. Activates the complement system – leads to inflammation and tissue damage. SLE, RA, serum sickness, vasculitis, glomerulonephritis Type 4 Delayed (Cell Meditated)- T-cells (CD4, TH1). Antigen presenting cells capture the antigen and present in T helper cells which become sensitized and activate during subsequent exposure. Upon re-exposure the t cell releases cytokins – activation of immune cells- causes inflammation and tissue damage. Downloaded by Studymerit Dotcom (samuelkaruiki40@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|6879242

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Contact dermatitis, TB, chronic transplant rejection, MS  Prototype diseases that reflect each of the four types of hypersensitivity (i.e. Type IV- contact dermatitis) and signs and symptoms Type I – Immediate (Anaphylaxis) Cause: Allergens (food/meds/hay fever, asthma, dermatitis) Components: IgE, Mast Cells, histamine S/S – Sudden onset wheezing Hives hypotension, tachycardia, dizziness Swelling nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Shock (severe) Type 2 -Cytotoxic (Antibody Mediated) Cause: receiving incompatible blood type, hemolytic anemia, Graves Disease, MG S/S – Fever hypotension, jaundice Chills hemoglobinuria Back/flank pain renal failure/shock (severe) Type 3 -Immune-Complex Cause: Autoimmune response Components – IgG/IgM, antibody-antigen components, complement, RA, serum sickness, glomerulonephritis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, TB, MS DMI S/S- Butterfly rash (Malar rash) renal involvement Fatigue/fever neurological sympotms Joint pain serositis (pericarditis/pleuritis) Photosensitivity Type 4 – Delayed Type Cause : skin contact with allergen (poison ivy, nickel, latex) Components -T cells, cytokins, macrophanges S/S Red, itchy rash localized swelling Blisters Scaling/thickened skin (with chronic exposure)  Treatment options for diseases under each hypersensitivity category Type I – Immediate Type (Anaphylaxis) Anaphylaxis Treatment Epi Antihistamines Oxygen Corticosteriods IV fluids Airway Management Allergic Rhinitis Treatment Downloaded by Studymerit Dotcom (samuelkaruiki40@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|6879242

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Antihistamines (oral and intranasal) Allergy avoidance Intranasal corticosteriods immunotherapy (allergy shots) Decongestants Asthma Treatment (allergic) Inhaled corticosteroids leukotriene inhibitors (montelukast) Beta antagonists (albuterol) biologics (omalizumab) Atopic dermatitis Emollient and moisturizer antihistamines Topical corticosteroids avoidance of triggers Type 2 – Antibody Mediated (Cytotoxic) Transfusion Reaction Stop transfusion monitor renal function IV fluids supportive care Myasthenia Gravis Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (pyridostigmine) Immunosuppressants Thymectomy Plasmapheresis or IVIG for crisis Graves Disease Antithyroid drugs (methimazole, PTU) beta blockers Radioactive ion therapy surgery (thyroidectomy) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Corticosteroids Blood Transfusion Immunosuppressants Splenectomy Type 3 -Immune Complex SLE NSAIDS immunosuppressants Hydroxychloroquine biologics (belimumab) Corticosteroids RA NSAIDs biologic agents (TNF inhibitors) DMARDs (Methotrexate) corticosteroids Serum sickness Stop exposure to offending agent corticosteroids (severe) Antihistamines NSAIDs Post-Strep glomerulonephritis Supportive care Diuretics Downloaded by Studymerit Dotcom (samuelkaruiki40@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|6879242

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