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MCPHS (Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences) Anatomy 110

HEAL100 Health Care — exam and revision material · Other

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Health Care exam material, 46 pages. Originally published on StudyMerit.

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46
Academic year
2025/2026
Language
English

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5.1 Functions of the Integumentary System Integumentary system: Protection, sensation, temperature regulation, vitamin D production, and excretion 5.2 Skin Epidermis Keratinocytes: Produce keratin which makes the cells more durable, giving it the ability to resist abrasion and reduce water loss ● Melanocytes: Produces melanin which contributes to skin color ● Lengerhans cells: Part of the immune system ● Merkel cells: Specialized epidermal cells associated with the nerve endings responsible for detecting light touch and superficial pressure Keratinization: As keratinocytes move from the deeper epithermal layers to the surface, the cells change shape and chemical composition and accumulate keratin. During this process, cells eventually die and produce an outer layer of dead, hard cells that resist abrasion and forms a permeability barrier Strata: The layers of cells in the epidermis divided into regions ● Stratum basale: The deepest portion of the epidermis, it’s a single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells. It is anchored to the basement membrane, and it holds the keratinocytes together. It has the highest rate of mitotic division, going through mitosis every 19 days ● Stratum spinosum: Superficial to the stratum basale, consisting of 8-10 layers of many-sided cells. As the cells are pushed to the surface, the flatten, desmosomes break apart, and new desmosomes form. Cells in the deepest layer are still capable of cell division/mitosis ● Stratum granulosum: Consists of 2-5 layers of flattened, diamond shaped cells. The long axes of the cells are oriented parallel to the surface of the skin. The stratum derives its name from the presence of protein granules of keratohyalin, which accumulates in the cytoplasm of the keratinocytes. The lamellar bodies move the plasma membrane and release their lipid contents into the extracellular space ● Stratum lucidum: A thin, clear zone above the stratum granulosum. It consists of several layers of dead keratinocytes. Keratin fibers are present, but the keratohyalin has dispersed around the keratin fibers Downloaded by Clement Sam (samuelkaruiki40@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|6879242

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● Stratum corneum: Most superficial layer, it is composed of 25+ layers of dead squamous cells. Eventually the desmosomes break apart and the cells shed from the surface of the skin ○ Cornified cells: Dead keratinocytes with a hard protein envelope which are filled with keratin. This is responsible for the structural strength of the stratum corneum Thick and Thin Skin Thick skin: Has all five epithelial strata, and has many layers of cells. It is located in parts of the body that are subject to pressure and friction, and it’s found on the psalm of hands, fingertips, and soles of the feet Thin skin: Covers most of the body, it is more flexible than thick skin, and the stratum lucidum is generally absent. Each stratum layer typically has less layers than those found in thick skin Callus: Forms on the skin where it is subject to friction and pressure. The stratum corneum increases in thickness, providing more layers of protection Corn: A cone-shaped structure that forms over bony prominences. The base of the cone is at the surface, but the apex extends deep into the epidermis, they can develop in thick and thin skin Skin Color Skin color: Determined by pigments in the skin, blood circulating through the skin, and the thickness of the stratum corneum Melanin: The group of pigments primarily responsible for skin, hair, and eye color. It provides protection against ultraviolet light from the sun, found in melanocytes and keratinocytes. Large amounts are found in certain regions of the skin, such as freckles, moles, the nipples, the areola of the breasts, the axillae, and the genitalia. Type of melanin produced is a result of genetics Melanocytes: Branching cells in the stratum basale that synthesize melanin Albinism: A recessive genetic trait that results from an inability to produce tyrosinase. The result is an absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and irises of the eyes Erythema: A condition in which the skin turns a reddish hue when the amount of blood flowing through the skin increases Cyanosis: A bluish skin color which results from a decrease in blood oxygen Carotene: A yellow pigment found in plants, carrots and corn. Humans typically ingest this and use it as a source of vitamin A. When large amounts are consumed, the excess accumulates in the stratum corneum and in adipocytes, causing the skin to develop a yellowish tint Downloaded by Clement Sam (samuelkaruiki40@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|6879242

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Skin Cancer Skin cancer: Results from damage caused by ultraviolet radiation in sunlight ● Basal cell carcinoma: The most common type, affects the cells in the stratum basale. They can be open sores that bleed, ooze, or crust for several weeks. They can also be reddish patches, shiny, pearly, or translucent bumps ● Squamous cell carcinoma: Second most common type, it affects the cells in the stratum spinosum and can appear as a wart like growth, UV radiation is the main cause ● Melanoma: The least common but most deadly, they are black or brown, or can appear skin colored,pink, red, or purple Dermis Dermis: Contains blood vessels that allow for nutrient and waste exchange to the cells of the dermis and the living cells of the epidermis , as well as nerve endings, hair follicles, smooth muscles, glands, fibers, and lymphatic vessels ● Papillary layer: The superficial layer has dermal papillae (under thick skin in the hands and feet, appearing as curving ridges) that extend towards the epidermis. It is loose connective tissue within fibers which are loosely arranged, and it contains blood vessels that supply the overlying epidermis with oxygen and nutrients, remove waste products, and help regulate body temp ● Reticular layer: The deeper layer, composed of dense irregular connective tissue. It is continuous with the subcutaneous tissue and forms a mat of irregularly arranged fibers that are resistant to stretching in many directions, has cleavage lines 5.3 Subcutaneous Tissue Subcutaneous tissue/hypodermis: Deep to the skin, it attaches the skin to the underlying bone and muscle and it supplies the skin with blood vessels and nerves. It consists of loose connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers. The main types of cells within this tissue are fibroblasts, adipocytes, and macrophages Intradermal injection: Goes into the dermis, is used for the tuberculin skin test Subcutaneous injection: Extends into the subcutaneous/hypodermis tissue, used in insulin injections Intramuscular injection: Reaches a muscle deep to the subcutaneous tissue, used for injecting most vaccines and antibiotics Downloaded by Clement Sam (samuelkaruiki40@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|6879242

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