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BIOL251 Human Anatomy & Physiology I w/Lab 2026 | Module 8 Exam Review |70+ Questions and Answers Summary |LockDown Browser |Portage Learning

HEAL100 Health Care — exam and revision material · Other

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Health Care exam material, 10 pages. Originally published on StudyMerit.

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10
Academic year
2025/2026
Language
English

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Anatomy & Physiology Module 8 Anatomy & Phy siology Module 8 Notes This module will describe the special senses, specifically highlighting the olfactory, gustatory, auditory, vestibular, and visual systems. As a result of completing this module, you will be able to: 1. Describe the structure, function, and innervation of the visual system. 2. Describe the structure and function of the auditory and vestibular systems and their innervation. 3. Define the structure and function of the olfactory and gustatory systems and their innervation. 4. Describe pathologies of the visual and auditory systems. As a result of completing the lab for this module, you will be able to: 1. Describe structures of the eye anatomy on diagrams and in the cow eye dissection, and their functions in vision. 2. Discuss the similarities and differences between cow and human eye anatomy. 3. Explain the visual pathway and how disturbances can affect vision. 4. Understand various aspects of vision, including blind spots, the process of accommodation, visual acuity, detection of astigmatism, and color blindness. 5. Explain the reflex actions of the eye, such as pupil dilation and constriction in response to light and accommodation reflex. 6. Understand the roles of tastants and odorants in the gustatory pathway. 7. Describe the anatomy of the ear, identifying parts such as the tympanic membrane, ossicles, cochlea, and auditory nerve and their functioning. 8. Explain basic audiometry tests used to understand hearing acuity and frequency range. The Special Senses The five special senses (vision, smell, taste, hearing, and equilibrium or balance) are the senses that have specialized organs containing specialized receptor cells carrying their impulses by way of visceral afferents. The other sense, touch, is a somatic sense that does not have a specialized sense organ. Instead, touch uses general receptors composed of modified dendrites of sensory neurons, as reviewed in the prior module. Touch includes pressure, vibration, pain, and heat, and the combined information is carried in general somatic afferents and general visceral afferents. Downloaded by Aisyln Vaughn (samuelkingstone40@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|14174986

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Anatomy & Physiology Module 8 Figure 8.1 Special sensory receptors allow for vision, smell, taste, hearing, and equilibrium (balance). Olfactory Epithelium and Sense of Smell Smell ( olfaction ) is a special sense and is one of the chemical senses. Olfactory receptors are activated by small, airborne organic molecules ( odorant molecules ) dissolved in fluid on the surface of nasal mucous membranes. These odorant molecules bind to G protein - coupled receptors within the cell membrane of an olfactory dendrite. Binding of the odorant leads to the activation of the G protein, which converts ATP to cAMP (cyclic AMP) which then opens cation channels. Sodium and calcium ions then rush into the cell, causing it to depolarize. If sufficient depolarization occurs, an action potential is triggered in the axon. Downloaded by Aisyln Vaughn (samuelkingstone40@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|14174986

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Anatomy & Physiology Module 8 Figure 8.2 Steps in olfactory reception Olfactory nerves (CN 1) are bipolar receptor cells found in the olfactory epithelium on the roof of the nasal cavity. Olfactory sensory neurons have dendrites that detect the odorant molecules dissolved in the nasal mucosa. Basal epithelial cells divide to replace worn - out olfactory sensory neurons. The olfactory nerves travel through the ethmoid bone in a location called the cribriform plate . The axons extend from the cell body and terminate in the olfactory bulbs , which are paired masses of gray matter. In the olfactory bulbs, olfactory nerve axons synapse with other cell bodies of the olfactory pathway. The axons then travel together from the olfactory bulbs to form the olfactory tracts , which carry information to the temporal lobes in the primary olfactory areas where the signals are interpreted as smell. Signals are also sent to the hypothalamus, am ygdala, and limbic system, as smell has great impact on behavior, mood, and memories. Smell is defined as a combination of a limited number of primary odors that are detectable by the brain. Any odor interpreted by the brain is due to a combination of these different chemical substances. Animals, such as dogs, have a much wider range of detectabl e smells and, therefore, have a larger amount of brain space dedicated to smell interpretation. Amazingly, research conducted in 2014 showed humans may be able to detect 1 trillion scents! Generally, odors can be isolated to seven primary odors: flo ral (roses), ethereal (dry - cleaning fluid), camphorates (mothballs), musky (perfumes), peppermint (mint gum), pungent (vinegar), and putrid (rotten eggs). Downloaded by Aisyln Vaughn (samuelkingstone40@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|14174986

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