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BIOL251 Human Anatomy & Physiology I w/Lab 2026 | Module 7 Exam Review |70+ Questions and Answers Summary |LockDown Browser |Portage Learning

BIOL100 Biology — exam and revision material · Other

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Biology exam material, 29 pages. Originally published on StudyMerit.

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29
Academic year
2025/2026
Language
English

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Anatomy & Physiology Module 7 Study Guide Anatomy & Physiology Module 7 This module will continue to discuss the nervous system, specifically the peripheral nervous system, and will explain the mechanisms underlying reflexes, as well as the physiology of the autonomic nervous system. As a result of completing this module, you will be able to: 1. Describe the types and functions of sensory receptors, in addition to the process of sensory integration. 2. Explain the structure and function of nerves and associated ganglia, including cranial and spinal nerves. 3. Explain the structure of peripheral motor endings and the process of motor integration. 4. Compare the structure and function of the somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). 5. Describe the craniosacral and thoracolumbar divisions of the autonomic nervous system. 6. Explain the role of neurotransmitters and receptors in ANS physiology, the effects of drugs, and control of ANS functioning. 7. Analyze how the autonomic divisions interact, including homeostatic imbalances related to the ANS. As a result of completing the lab for this module, the student will be able to: 1. Define the 3 general types of sensory receptors: exteroceptors, interoceptors, and proprioceptors. 2. Describe how and why sensory adaptation of receptors occurs and how the distribution of receptors affects tactile location and perception. 3. Define vocabulary terms associated with reflexes like contralateral, ipsilateral, and consensual reflexes and responses. 4. Describe a reflex arc and how the different types of somatic and autonomic reflexes are tested in the laboratory, including their clinical significance. 5. Explain why referred pain occurs and how it differs from direct pain sensation. 6. List the cranial nerves, their functions, and how to test for dysfunction in each nerve. Nerves and Associated Ganglia The peripheral nervous system lies outside the central nervous system with two divisions: an incoming afferent (sensory) division and an outgoing efferent (motor) division. The somatic nervous system controls the voluntary movements of skeletal Downloaded by Aisyln Vaughn (samuelkingstone40@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|14174986

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Anatomy & Physiology Module 7 Study Guide muscles, while the autonomic nervous system controls involuntary responses of the cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands. It is further divided into 2 divisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves , which consist of hundreds of thousands of neuronal axons wrapped together in a connective tissue sheath. The axons (fibers) of different neurons are bundled together and carry information from the same location in the body. Sensory (afferent) nerves contain the axons of sensory neurons bringing information to the CNS. Motor (efferent) nerves carry the axons of motor neurons towards muscle. Mixed nerves contain both afferent and efferent fibers. Cell bodies of neurons are grouped together in masses called ganglia , which are part of a single nerve. Nerves are composed of more than just nervous tissue. They have connective tissue protective layers and blood vessels for nourishment within their structure. The outer surface of a nerve is fibrous connective tissue called the epineurium . Within the nerve, axons are further bundled into groups called fascicles . Each fascicle is wrapped by its own layer of fibrous connective tissue called perineurium . Finally, individual axons are surrounded by loose connective tissue called the endoneurium . Depending on where they connect to the CNS, nerves are classified as cranial or spinal nerves. Thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves originate from the spinal cord and branch out to innervate the body. The nerves carry both sensory and motor fibers. There are eight Downloaded by Aisyln Vaughn (samuelkingstone40@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|14174986

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Anatomy & Physiology Module 7 Study Guide pairs of cervical nerves , twelve pairs of thoracic nerves , five pairs of lumbar nerves , five pairs of sacral nerves , and one pair of coccygeal nerves . Spinal nerves are numbered according to the level of the spinal cord where they emerge. Even though there are only seven cervical vertebrae, there are eight cervical nerves because C8 emerges inferior to the C7 vertebra, while the other nerves exit above the vertebral level. Figure 7.3 Structure of a nerve and its connective tissue coverings Dermatomes A dermatome is a region of skin that carries sensory information through a specific pair of spinal nerves to the spinal cord and up to the brain. The dermatome regions from each spinal nerve are color-coded in Figure 7.4 below. Most dermatomes overlap so there is redundancy in the system. This safeguards the body so that in case there is damage to a single spinal nerve, there can still be sensation in the skin area it innervated. Anesthesiologists take this into consideration when trying to numb skin, as they must block at least 3 spinal nerves for an associated dermatome. Downloaded by Aisyln Vaughn (samuelkingstone40@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|14174986

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