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BIOD 101 Final Exam Study Guide

HEAL100 Health Care — exam and revision material · Other

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Health Care exam material, 55 pages. Originally published on StudyMerit.

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55
Academic year
2025/2026
Language
English

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BIOD 101 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATED 2025/2026 a. Name the three parts of a nucleic acid nucleotide. b. What are the particular types of each of these that are found in DNA and what are the corresponding types that are found in RNA? - ansa. sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base b. DNA - deoxyribose - phosphate group - adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine RNA - ribose - phosphate group - adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil What are the four major differences btw DNA and RNA? - ans1. DNA contains deoxyribose - RNA is ribose 2. DNA: thymine RNA: uracil 3. DNA: double stranded helix RNA: single strand DNA is often described as a coiled ladder. In this description, what two parts of a DNA nucleotide form the uprights? What part forms the rungs? - ansThe uprights are the sugar phosphate backbone, and the rungs are the bases. Explain the 2 differences btw hydroly sis and dehydration condensation. - ansDuring dehydration condensation biomacromolecules are synthesized by joining building block monomers. A water molecule is lost and energy is used. Biomacromolecules are broken down into monomers during hydrolysis whe n a water molecule is added and energy is released. Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain the use of each. GLUCOSE - ansCarbohydrate; used as fuel, is referred to as blood sugar in humans and anim als Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain the use of each. Starch - ansCarbohydrate; the form in which plants store glucose Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain the use of each. Cellulose - ansCarbohydrate; woody tissue in plants and trees, indigestible fiber Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain the use of each.

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BIOD 101 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATED 2025/2026 Triglyceride - ansLipid; the major form of fuel storage that when broken down produces twice as much energy per gram than carbohydrates Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain the use of each. Phopholipid - ans Lipid; the major constituent of cell membranes Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain the use of each. Hemoglobin - ansProtein; carries oxygen in the blood Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain the use of each. DNA - ansNucleic Acid; contains genetic material of cells Tell whether each of the foll owing is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain the use of each. RNA - ansNucleic Acid; part of the protein - synthesizing operation of the cell Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then e xplain the use of each. Cholesterol - ansLipid; component of animal cell membranes that, when in excess, can form plaque on artery walls Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain the use of each. AT P - ansNucleic Acid; releases energy through the breaking of high - energy phosphate bond Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain the use of each. Glycogen - ansCarbohydrate; the form in which animal s and humans store glucose Tell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid. Then explain the use of each. Insulin - ansProtein; a hormone Why are proteins so often used to build structures? - ansBecause they are "struct urally sophisticated". They are strong, yet flexible and incredibly diverse.

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BIOD 101 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE LATEST UPDATED 2025/2026 Explain the following terms in regard to proteins: a. Primary structure: b. Secondary structure: c. Tertiary structure: d. Quaternary structure: - ansa. Amino acid monomers in a linear chain b. 2 repeating patterns are possible; a spring like coil of fibrous proteins within the linear chain forms (alpha - helix) and/or in the linear chain the pattern snakes back and forth; strong and flexible but not elastic. Both conformations hel d together with hydrogen bonds. It's possible that one chain can have both patterns c. Folding of the secondary structure; 3D shape determined by R - group interactions and hydrogen bonds d. Interactions between two or more polypeptide chains. Each chain has its own primary, secondary, and tertiary structure. **need 2 or more polypeptide chains for this structure** The bases present in nucleic acids contain what element besides C and H and O? - ansNitrogen What is the property that makes a molecule a lipid? - ansbeing insoluble in water due to the presence of the long chain of hydrocarbons What is the main reason for the polarity of most biomacromolecules? - ansMost biomacromolecules are polar due to the strongly electronegative oxygen (or nitrogen) in the functional group Name the building - block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules: Proteins - ans Amino Acids Name the building - block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules: Lipids - ansfatty acids and glycerol Name the building - block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules: Nucleic Acid - ansnucleotides Name the buil ding - block molecule(s) for each of the following biomacromolecules: polysaccharides - ansmonosaccharides a. Carbohydrates contain what three elements? b. What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a carbohydrate? c. What is the difference between a carbo hydrate and a hydrocarbon? - ansa. CHO b. 2:1

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