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AP Biology First Semester Final Exam Review Questions and Answers

HEAL100 Health Care — exam and revision material · Other

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Health Care exam material, 9 pages. Originally published on StudyMerit.

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9
Academic year
2025/2026
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English

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AP Biology first semester final exam review Students also studied Science Biology Biochemistry Save AP Bio Semester 1 Final Review Teacher 124 terms hopeyfink Preview AP Biology Semester 1 Final Exam St ... 49 terms leclibon Preview AP Bio Unit 4 Review Teacher 45 terms sng00 Preview AP Biol Teacher tea Which four elements make up approximately 96% of living matter? carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen What do cohesion, surface tension, and adhesion have in common with reference to water? all properties related to hydrogen bonding Why does ice float in liquid water Hydrogen bonds stabilize and keep the molecules of ice farther apart than the water molecules of liquid water. What makes a substance hydrophobic? It has a large area that is nonpolar, hence no attraction to water Which property of the carbon atom gives it compatibility with a greater number of different elements than any other type of atom? is able to form 4 single bonds What is the ultimate source of carbon that is found in organic molecules? The ultimate source of all organic molecules is primary production, in which photosynthetic organisms take in carbon dioxide gas (or bicarbonate - CO2's water-dissolved form) and, using sunlight as an energy source, convert it into glucose. The element nitrogen is present in what types of organic molecules? proteins and nucleic acids What are polysaccharides made of? Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. How is the synthesis of polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins similar? They are all synthesized from monomers by dehydration reactions.

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Why can humans digest starch but not cellulose? humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the alpha glycosidic linkages of starch but not the beta glycosidic linkages of cellulose Why do the 20 different amino acids found in polypeptides exhibit different chemical and physical properties? different side chains (R groups) What would be a consequence of changing one amino acid in a protein? the biological activity or function, the primary structure of the protein, and the tertiary structure of the protein might be changed What is the term used for a change in a protein's three- dimensional shape or conformation? denaturation What are the components of a nucleotide? sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base What are the structural differences between DNA and RNA? DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded What is the difference between the 5' end vs. 3' end of a polynucleotide strand? A key feature of all nucleic acids is that they have two distinctive ends: the 5' (5- prime) and 3' (3-prime) ends. This terminology refers to the 5' and 3' carbons on the sugar. For both DNA (shown above) and RNA, the 5' end bears a phosphate, and the 3' end a hydroxyl group. What is the difference between a saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acid? Saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature. This is because saturated fats have no double bond between molecules, which means there are no gaps and the fat is saturated with hydrogen molecules. On the other hand, unsaturated fats have double bonds, which break up the chain of hydrogen molecules and create gaps, allowing the fats to liquefy at room temperature. Unsaturated is better for you What cell parts differ between a prokaryotic cell vs. a eukaryotic cell? Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not. Differences in cellular structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes include the presence of mitochondria and chloroplasts, the cell wall, and the structure of chromosomal DNA. Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing what type of molecules? proteins Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell? Endoplasmic reticulum with attached ribosomes is called rough ER. The attached ribosomes make proteins that will be used inside the cell and proteins made for export out of the cell. There are also ribosomes attached to the nuclear envelope. What is probably the most common route for membrane flow in the endomembrane system? rough ER -> vesicles -> Golgi -> plasma membrane Grana thylakoids and stroma are all components found in what organelle? chloroplasts

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How are the activities of mitochondria and chloroplasts similar and different? Differences: Mitochondria-Converts chemical energy (sugar) into another form of chemical energy (ATP), which is simpler and could be used by the cell. Chloroplasts-Converts solar/light energy into chemical energy (sugar). Similarities: -convert energy -have its own DNA -enclosed by two membranes -oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are involved in its processes -both have fluids inside of them How are plant and animal cell structures similar and different? Similar: Both eukaryotic cells, and contain membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus (nuclear envelope, nucleolus,chromatin), mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), golgi apparatus, centrosomes, plasma membrane, ribosomes, cytoskeleton and peroxisomes. Differences: found in plant cells but not in animal- chloroplasts, central vacuole, tonoplast, cell wall, plasmodesmata; found in animal but not in plant- lysosomes, centrioles, flagella. [animal cells are larger than plant cells] Why do unsaturated fatty acids help keep membranes more fluid at lower temperatures? If unsaturated fatty acids are compressed, the "kinks" in their tails push adjacent phospholipid molecules away, which helps maintain fluidity in the membrane. What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily? small hydrophobic molecules What is diffusion? Movement of molecules from high to low concentration What happens if a human cell is placed in pure water? If a human cell is placed in pure water, the cell will take in the water, expand and burst. This is because there is a lack of solute in the pure water, so in order to maintain the concentration gradient, the pure water will move into the human cell. What is active transport? the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy. What is endocytosis? A process in which cell takes in materials from the outside by engulfing and fusing them with its plasma membrane. Supplement. Most of the extracellular materials that the cells absorb are large polar molecules (e.g. proteins and hormones) that cannot pass through the hydrophobic plasma membrane by simple diffusion. What does the sodium potassium pump of neurons do? The sodium-potassium pump uses energy to actively transport Sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell across the membrane building up a chemical and electrical gradient for each. Ion channels can convert the chemical potential energy to electrical potential energy because of selective permeability. These gradients can also be used to drive other transport processes. In nerve cells the pump is used to generate gradients of both sodium and potassium ions. These gradients are used to propagate electrical signals that travel along nerves. Therefore the action of nervous tissue requires ATP to generate resting potentials.

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