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All-in-one pathophysiology final exam prep. Covers inflammation, infection, cancer, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disorders, diabetes, and renal failure. Includes comparison charts and 90 m

HEAL100 Health Care — exam and revision material · Other

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Health Care exam material, 69 pages. Originally published on StudyMerit.

Pages
69
Academic year
2025/2026
Language
English

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Pathophysiology Spring 2025 Final Exam Blueprint Please pay close attention to Pathophysiology Disorders, Teaching, and Symptoms, Characteristics of the disorders, and possible complications and risk factors involved. TOPIC 1: Chapters 43, 45, 46 Female and Male Reproductive Disorders and Sexually Transmitted Diseases 1. Gonorrhea: Organism : Neisseria gonorrhoeae Transmission : Genital, anal, oral Symptoms : a. Men: Purulent urethral discharge, dysuria b. Women: Often asymptomatic → cervicitis or PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease) Complications : Infertility, neonatal conjunctivitis Treatment : Ceftriaxone + azithromycin (dual therapy to cover chlamydia), Ceftriaxone IM + azithromycin PO Which STI is a major cause of preventable blindness in neonates? Gonorrhea 2. Testicular Cancer: Types: Type Details Seminomas Localized, radiosensitive Nonseminomas Aggressive; include embryonal carcinoma, teratoma, yolk sac, choriocarcinoma Staging: ● Stage I: Confined to testis ● Stage II: Spread to retroperitoneal nodes messages.downloaded_by lOMoARcPSD|6879242

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● Stage III: Distant metastasis Diagnosis: ● Tumor markers : AFP, hCG, LDH ● Ultrasound ● CT scan for staging 3. Treatment for Hypospadias: ( CONGENITAL PENILE ABNORMALITY) Hypospadias: ● Definition : Urethral opening is on the ventral (underside) surface of the penis rather than the tip. ● Types : ○ Glandular – glans only ○ Penile – along the shaft ○ Penoscrotal – near the scrotum ● Etiology : ○ Occurs during weeks 8–14 of gestation ○ Multifactorial : Genetic (family history), maternal factors (e.g., obesity, preeclampsia, advanced age) ● Clinical Manifestations : ○ Abnormal urine stream ○ Potential fertility issues (in severe cases) ● Treatment : ○ Surgical repair , usually between 6–18 months of age 4. Endometriosis and Fallopian tube Obstruction: Endometriosis ● Ectopic endometrial tissue outside the uterus ● Symptoms : Dysmenorrhea, infertility, pelvic pain ● Hormone-sensitive → worsens cyclically Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): An inflammation of the upper reproductive tract that involves: ● The uterus (endometritis) messages.downloaded_by lOMoARcPSD|6879242

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● The Fallopian tubes (salpingitis) ● The ovaries (oophoritis) 5. Gynecologic Cancers: Stages of Gynecologic Cancer ● Stage 0: - rarely used; preinvasive lesions ● Stage I: - Cancer is confined to organ it originated in. ● Stage II: - Cancer involves some structures surrounding the organ of origin. ● Stage III: - Regional spread of cancer with lymph node involvement ● Stage IV: - Distant spread of cancer with metastasis Gynecologic Cancers ● Vulva : Squamous cell carcinomas ● Cervix : Squamous cell carcinomas and Transformation zone ● Endometrium : Associated with conditions producing excessive estrogen stimulation and endometrial hyperplasia. ● Ovaries : The most common and most lethal cancer Vaginal Cancer ● Rare , often secondary to cervical cancer or HPV exposure. ● Symptoms : Abnormal discharge/bleeding, mass, pain during intercourse. ● Stages : ○ I: Confined to vagina ○ II: Adjacent spread ○ III/IV: Lymph nodes or distant metastasis Endometrial Cancer → Adenocarcinoma ● Types: (Prolonged estrogen stimulation) and (endometrial hyperplasia) Hyperestrinism and endometrial hyperplasia ● Hormone sensitive, low grade, and have a favorable prognosis ● Painless bleeding ● Most common pelvic cancer ● Type I (estrogen-dependent) : Hyperplasia, better prognosis messages.downloaded_by lOMoARcPSD|6879242

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