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A&P 1 Exam 3 Study Guide

HEAL100 Health Care — exam and revision material · Other

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Health Care exam material, 14 pages. Originally published on StudyMerit.

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14
Academic year
2025/2026
Language
English

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A&P EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE Chapter 11 - 1 Study Guide 1. List the basic functions of the nervous system. The nervous system has three main functions: • Sensory Input : Gathering information from sensory receptors about internal and external changes. • Integration : Processing and interpreting sensory input to decide on a response. • Motor Output : Activating effector organs (muscles and glands) to produce a response. 2. Explain the structural and functional divisions of the nervous system. • Structural Divisions : o Central Nervous System (CNS) : Composed of the brain and spinal cord; it acts as the integration and command center. o Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) : Includes cranial and spinal nerves; connects the CNS to the rest of the body. • Functional Divisions : o Sensory (Afferent) Division : Transmits sensory information to the CNS. ▪ Somatic sensory fibers: From skin, skeletal muscles, and joints. ▪ Visceral sensory fibers: From internal organs. o Motor (Efferent) Division : Transmits commands from the CNS to effector organs. ▪ Somatic nervous system: Controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles. ▪ Autonomic nervous system (ANS): Regulates involuntary functions (e.g., heart rate, digestion). • Sympathetic division: "Fight or flight" response. • Parasympathetic division: "Rest and digest" response. 3. List the types of neuroglia and explain their functions. • CNS Neuroglia : o Astrocytes : Support neurons, regulate the blood - brain barrier, and control the chemical environment. o Microglia : Act as immune defense cells by phagocytosing debris and pathogens. o Ependymal Cells : Line cerebrospinal fluid - filled cavities and aid in circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.

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o Oligodendrocytes : Form the myelin sheath around CNS axons. • PNS Neuroglia : o Satellite Cells : Surround neuron cell bodies in the PNS; provide structural support and regulate the extracellular environment. o Schwann Cells : Form the myelin sheath around PNS axons; also assist in axonal regeneration. 4. Define neuron, describe its important structural components, and relate each to a functional role. • Definition : Neurons are excitable cells that transmit electrical signals. • Structural Components : o Cell Body (Soma) : Contains the nucleus and organelles; integrates incoming signals. o Dendrites : Short, branched processes that receive input from other neurons and convey it toward the cell body. o Axon : Long projection that transmits impulses away from the cell body to other neurons or effector organs. o Axon Terminals : Endings of axons where neurotransmitters are released. o Myelin Sheath : Insulating layer that speeds up signal transmission. o Nodes of Ranvier : Gaps in the myelin sheath where action potentials are regenerated. 5. Differentiate between a nucleus and a ganglion, and a nerve and a tract. • Nucleus vs. Ganglion : o Nucleus : A cluster of neuron cell bodies in the CNS. o Ganglion : A cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS. • Nerve vs. Tract : o Nerve : A bundle of axons in the PNS. o Tract : A bundle of axons in the CNS. 6. Explain the importance of the myelin sheath and describe how it is formed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. • Importance : The myelin sheath insulates axons, increases the speed of nerve impulse transmission, and reduces energy expenditure. • Formation : o CNS : Formed by oligodendrocytes, which can myelinate multiple axons. o PNS : Formed by Schwann cells, which wrap around a single axon in concentric layers. 7. Classify neurons by structure and function. • Structural Classification : o Multipolar Neurons : One axon and multiple dendrites; most common type in the CNS. o Bipolar Neurons : One axon and one dendrite; found in sensory organs like the retina.

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o Unipolar Neurons : Single short process that splits into two branches; common in sensory neurons of the PNS. • Functional Classification : o Sensory (Afferent) Neurons : Transmit impulses toward the CNS. o Motor (Efferent) Neurons : Transmit impulses from the CNS to effector organs. o Interneurons (Association Neurons) : Connect sensory and motor neurons within the CNS. 8. Describe the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance. • Current (I) : The flow of electrical charge between two points. • Voltage (V) : The potential energy difference between two points. • Resistance (R) : Hindrance to charge flow. • Ohm’s Law : I = V/R; current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. 9. Identify different types of membrane ion channels. • Leak Channels : Always open; allow passive movement of ions. • Voltage - Gated Channels : Open or close in response to changes in membrane potential. • Ligand - Gated Channels : Open in response to binding of specific molecules (e.g., neurotransmitters). • Mechanically - Gated Channels : Open in response to mechanical stimuli (e.g., pressure, vibration). 10. Define resting membrane potential and describe its electrochemical basis. • Definition : Resting membrane potential is the voltage difference across the membrane of a resting neuron, typically about – 70 mV. • Electrochemical Basis : o Established by differences in ion concentrations across the membrane (high Na+ outside, high K+ inside). o Maintained by the sodium - potassium pump, which pumps 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in. o Leak channels allow some K+ to diffuse out, making the inside of the membrane more negative. Study Guide for Chapter 11 - 2 1. Compare and contrast graded potentials and action potentials. • Graded Potentials: o Local changes in membrane potential that vary in strength. o Occur in the dendrites and cell body. o Decremental: Magnitude decreases as the signal travels. o Can be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing.

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