The Essential World History, 6th Edition Test Bank

CHAPTER 2–ANCIENT INDIA Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. How did the geography of the Indian subcontinent influence the development of civilization there? 2. Compare and contrast Harappan civilization with civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt? 3. Discuss the possible impact of India’s climate on the beliefs and practices of early Hinduism. 4. “The Aryans, although not the first society in South Asia, was the most important society for the contributions they made to subsequent Indian civilization.” Discuss, pro and con. 5. What are the major Indian castes? How does their makeup resemble, and differ from, the social structures of the Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations? Cite specific evidence. 6. Was the caste system a stabilizing or a destabilizing factor in Indian society, or both? Give specific examples. 7. Discuss the concept of reincarnation as it is understood by Hindus. By Buddhists. Are there any differences? 8. Discuss the possible monotheistic elements in Hindu polytheism. 9. Were the beliefs of early Hindus and Buddhists fundamentally the same? Why or why not? 10. In what ways did the events of Ashoka’s reign mark the high point of Buddhism in India? Why? 11. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Arjuna and Krishna 12. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Ganges and Indus rivers 13. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Harappans 14. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Mohenjo-Daro 15. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Harappan seals 16. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). the Deccan Plateau 17. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Dravidians 18. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Aryans 19. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). raja and maharaja 20. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Rigveda 21. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Alexander the Great 22. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Chandragupta Maurya 23. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Arthasastra 24. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). varna/caste 25. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). jati 26. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). brahmins 27. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). kshatriya 28. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). vaisya 29. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). sudras 30. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Law of Manu 31. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). untouchables/pariahs 32. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). the monsoon 33. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). asceticism 34. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). sati 35. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Hinduism 36. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Vedas 37. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Upanishads 38. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Kamasutra 39. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Dyaus and Indra 40. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Vishnu and Siva 41. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Brahman 42. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). karma 43. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). dharma 44. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). reincarnation 45. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Buddhism 46. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Siddhartha Gautama 47. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). sermon at the deer park at Sarnath/Benares 48. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Nirvana 49. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). bodhi 50. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Atman 51. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Four Noble Truths 52. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Middle Path/Eightfold Way 53. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Mahavira and Jainism 54. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Mauryan Empire 55. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Ashokan pillars 56. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Sanskrit and Prakrit 57. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Panini 58. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Mahabharata and Ramayana 59. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). stupas and rock chambers 60. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). “rule of the fishes” 61. The southern area of the Indian subcontinent, a region of hills and upland plateau, is called the A. Ganges River Valley. B. Indus River Valley. C. Deccan Plateau. D. Kara Korum. E. Hindu Kush. 62. The two major cities of the Harappan civilization A. were Gujarat and Panini. B. were both located near the Indian Ocean coast. C. each had over 500,000 inhabitants. D. contained, in the city of Mohenjo-Daro, a pool that was apparently used in ceremonies of purification. E. were established on the bank of the Ganges River. 63. Which of the following correctly describes Harappan civilization? A. It showed no similarity to the civilizations of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. B. Its culture never attained the status of a true civilization. C. It was much more agricultural than its contemporaries in Egypt and Mesopotamia. D. It was a collection of over fifteen hundred towns and cities, ruled by landlords and rich merchants. E. It never developed an urban center of over 3,000 people. 64. The Harappan economy A. was based upon war and conquest. B. is unknown, due to the fact there are no physical or written evidence. C. was devoted to the maintenance of the god Seth. D. was based primarily on agriculture. E. was exclusively involved in manufacturing and trade. 65. The Aryans A. dominated ancient India after their arrival from the north. B. assimilated with the Dravidians to form an egalitarian India. C. introduced agriculture to India. D. created a unified system of tribal alliances and kingdoms within ancient India. E. came originally from Persia and the Arabian peninsula. 66. The Aryans A. were an Indo-European people who spoke the German language. B. crushed Mohenjo-Daro when the Harappan Civilization was at its peak. C. never controlled any of the Deccan Plateau. D. were the first Dravidian people to settle in the Indus Valley. E. were led by tribal chieftains who were called rajas. 67. What army of occupation was driven from India by Chandragupta Maurya? A. the Akkadian army B. the army of Ramses IV C. the forces of the Assyrian king D. the Greek administrators who had remained after Alexander the Great E. the army of Tamir the Lame 68. The Indian term dharma referred to laws setting behavioral standards for which groups in Indian society? A. bodhis and kshatriyas B. rajas and maharajas C. the Dao D. the untouchables E. all inhabitants of India, of all classes 69. According to the Arthasastra, A. the king was required to rule solely in a despotic manner. B. for the king, practical politics and results are more important than the divine law. C. there was to be egalitarian use of political power in the society. D. a primitive form of self-rule were to be given to peasants. E. rulers were to be morally flawless. 70. Chandragupta Maurya A. may have been a member of the army of Alexander the Great. B. feared assassination and had a secret police. C. was the last major Mauryan ruler. D. worshiped the god, Mithras. E. abolished Buddhism in India. 71. The caste system A. was applicable to every member of Indian society. B. was a central element of Buddhist belief. C. was actually more flexible than the Egyptian social structure. D. originated in Macedonia. E. was unsuccessfully opposed by Aryan warriors’ wives. 72. The authority of Mauryan kings was A. limited by the practical aspects of administering a numerous independent city states. B. curtailed by an institutionalized bureaucracy of powerful governors and ministers. C. unlimited by law or custom. D. established by Alexander the Great. E. was diminished by the onset of the Black Death. 73. The members of the caste known as the untouchables, or pariahs, were A. so holy that they would be contaminated if touched even by high priests. B. given extensive opportunity to achieve social mobility. C. required to have a minimum of five children during their lifetimes. D. composed primarily of priests and financial planners. E. given jobs such as handling dead bodies or collecting trash. 74. The three “twice-born” castes were the A. Sikh, Hamar and Maltese. B. sudras, brahmins and kshatriya. C. vaisya, kshatriya and brahmins. D. brahmins, bodhi and mahayana. E. sudra, ashakan and pariah. 75. During the Mauryan Dynasty, A. the government extensively regulated economic activities. B. the rulers showed no interest in major religious developments. C. women were able to own and inherit land and one, Omione, even reigned for years. D. Ashoka created and publicized the ideas of karma and irgun. E. Alexander built a city on the Ganges. 76. The Indian priestly caste was known as the A. kshatriya. B. pariah. C. brahmin. D. vaisya. E. volcana. 77. The Indian warrior caste was known as the A. kshatriya. B. pariah. C. brahmin. D. vaisya. E. jati. 78. Women in ancient India A. were legally owned by their husbands and male children. B. were never permitted to study the Vedas or own land, but could often serve as gurus. C. never married before the age of twenty-one years. D. were in theory required that a widow throw herself upon her dead husband’s funeral pyre. E. were barred from even viewing the ritual of sati. 79. The third-ranked caste, usually viewed as the merchant caste, was the A. kshatriya. B. pariah. C. brahmins. D. vaisya. E. sudras. 80. The term that refers to the system of large, joint families in India is A. jati. B. varna. C. guru. D. sati. E. boyar. 81. All of the following are true about the jati system except A. it was the category of social classification with subdivisions within each for different castes. B. it served to categorize large numbers of individual families. C. it sometimes offered an opportunity for upward mobility. D. it could serve as a stabilizing factor in Indian life. E. a jati was obliged to provide for its poor and destitute members. 82. Ashoka A. was the founder of Jainism. B. was the only Indian emperor who tried to foster trade. C. changed his personal values and governmental policies after becoming a Buddhist. D. sent Buddhist missionaries to China and Japan to instruct the people. E. was a vaisya. 83. Which of the following accurately describes gender relationships in ancient Indian society? A. The practices concerning education, priesthood service, and property inheritance demonstrated egalitarianism between the genders. B. The superiority of males over females was manifested in all areas of marital life. C. Polygamy, child marriage, and divorce practices demonstrated the emphasis on gender equality. D. Descent was matrilineal. E. A woman achieved “free” status at the age of twenty. 84. It can be said of gender relations among ancient Indians that A. Hinduism advocated respect for the equal rights of men and women. B. men often dominated women. C. women often had no influence or power within individual families. D. women were actually slaves. E. almost all of the early Indian gods were female. 85. A major religion that was founded by Mahavira in the sixth century was A. Daoism. B. Jainism. C. Chandrism. D. Zoroastrianism. E. Hinduism. 86. Asceticism in ancient Indian religion A. served as a substitute for sacrificial practices as a means to placate and communicate with the gods. B. enabled priests to facilitate communication between believers and the gods. C. enhanced sacrificial practices. D. provided means of firmly establishing one’s experiences apart from the realm of spiritual meditative processes. E. reduced food consumption, as desired by Ashoka. 87. Asceticism eventually evolved into the modern practice of body training known as A. karma. B. satya. C. yoga. D. sati. E. samsara. 88. A set of commentaries on the Vedas that emphasized spiritual meditation were the A. Upanishads. B. Kamasutra. C. Rigveda. D. Mahabharata. E. Epistularias. 89. Which of the following statements is a valid observation about Brahman? A. He was a contemporary of the Buddha. B. He was the Creator. C. He demanded monotheism. D. He challenged the caste system. E. He spread Hinduism to China along the Silk Road. 90. The Indian term that refers to the impact of one’s actions in life on a later life after reincarnation is A. satya. B. dharma. C. karma. D. sati. E. khalid. 91. The ultimate goal of Hindus is to A. attain a blissful, eternal afterlife. B. attain an ultimate spiritual reunion with Brahman and escape the pain of living. C. attain eternal life by exchanging one’s karma for Atman. D. be reborn again and again. E. achieve enlightenment in the Western Paradise. 92. On a practical level, reincarnation A. destroyed the caste system. B. provided hope for the lower class. C. prevented the assimilation of the poor into Indian society. D. weakened the authority of Jainism. E. a, b and c 93. The founder of Buddhism was A. Chandragupta Maurya. B. Siddhartha Gautama. C. Mahauira Krishna. D. Ashoka Gupta. E. Mahavira. 94. A key difference between Hinduism and Buddhism was that Buddhism A. claimed that each individual possessed an individual, reincarnatable soul. B. believed in an unyielding caste structure. C. was simpler, as it rejected the numerous Hindu gods. D. required belief in a different, two-tier caste system. E. originated in Mongolia, Siddhartha’s birthplace. 95. Gautama said that the way to avoid suffering was to end desire by A. permanently isolating oneself from the rest of humanity. B. practicing excessive asceticism. C. following the “Middle Path.” D. practicing karma exercises. E. avoiding agricultural projects. 96. Which of the following is a correct statement? A. Jainism was founded by Alexander the Great. B. Ashoka wrote The Prince. C. Jainism required each member to kill a warrior in direct combat. D. Hinduism believed individuals had individual souls. E. The Hindu world-view inhibited the development of science and mathematics in early India. 97. After the decline of the Mauryan Empire, the new kingdom that was founded by nomadic warriors in Bactria was the A. Macedonian Empire. B. Chan Empire. C. Kushan Kingdom. D. Shungas Republic. E. Xiongnu Empire. 98. “The Rule of the Fishes” refers to the A. statement of Buddha about the need to abstain from killing reptiles. B. view that warfare is glorious and was the primary activity of kings and aristocrats. C. development of a major marine fishery program under Ashoka. D. desire of Hindus to eat fish rather than cattle. E. the invasion of the Ganges basis by the Sea Peoples from South Asia. 99. The earliest of the Vedas was the A. Brahmanas. B. Upanishads. C. Rig Veda. D. Ramayana. E. Bodhiyara. 100. The purpose of the Vedas was to provide A. the unchanging theological dogma of Hinduism. B. hymns and ritual sacrifices for tribal Aryan religious ceremonies. C. the historical legacy of the Hindu tradition. D. commentaries on the tribal Aryan religious beliefs. E. the story of the decline of Harappa. 101. The language of the Vedas was A. Prakrit. B. Sanskrit. C. Hindi. D. Gujarati. E. Farsi. 102. The Mahabharata A. describes the peaceful relations between Aryan cousins. B. primarily details the activities of Hindu rulers. C. provides an elaborate discussion of the ethics of the dharma. D. contains Krishna’s sermon in which he advocates the value of success or failure as the paramount objective in all activities. E. sharply attacks belief in the dharma as being irrational. 103. The Ramayana A. is a presentation of Indian values. B. ignores the relationship of gods and animals in human life. C. is a realistic depiction of Indian life. D. describes an Aryan attack on Delhi. E. is the name of the warrior caste. 104. The purpose of Ashoka’s great polished sandstone pillars was to A. commemorate events in Buddha’s life. B. mark pilgrim routes to Daoist holy places. C. warn aliens to leave India. D. provide propaganda for Kautilya’s government. E. celebrate his victories over Alexander the Great. 105. Stupas A. originally housed a relic of Ashoka. B. ultimately became a place of devotion. C. was the site where painting first developed in India. D. were believed to be the homes of Vishnu. E. were pillars, exactly fifty meters high and thirty meters deep. 106. Which of the following is not true about the rock chambers? A. Ashoka originally built them to house monks and wandering ascetics. B. They were carved out of the sides of mountains. C. Ashoka prohibited their use for religious ceremonies. D. Their structural format was similar to that of a Roman basilica. E. One of the most famous rock chambers is at Ajanta. 107. Much of ancient Indian architecture A. only depicted themes of a religious nature. B. only used symbolism in depicting Gautama Siddhartha Gautama. C. depicted the actual image of the Buddha only after 200 B.C.E. D. was much more primitive than that of Egypt. E. was inspired by the Mauryan rulers’ desire to propagate Buddhist ideas in stone structures. 108. For the ordinary Indian, the sensuous paradise that adorned ancient Indian religious art represented A. scientific curiosity. B. salvation and fulfillment. C. a reward for outstanding achievement. D. an active fantasy life. E. the final phase of decadence. 109. Ancient Indian scientific activities A. were based on ideas much like those of Arabia. B. were notably lacking in astronomical interest. C. included the development of the idea that the earth was a sphere. D. were much more significant than Indian religious innovations. E. caused the Indian scientists to be renowned for their world domination in alchemy. 110. Harappan civilization evolved along the Ganges River. True False 111. The Aryans introduced agriculture to the Indian subcontinent. True False 112. The Aryans were a Semitic-peoples. True False 113. There is recent evidence of an early civilization that existed from the Caspian Sea to modern Afghanistan. True False 114. The Arathasastra, associated with the Mauryan court official, Kautilya, has been compared to Machiavelli’s The Prince. True False 115. The caste system was in part a reflection of the light-skinned Aryans conquest of the dark-skinned Dravidians. True False 116. Siddhartha denied the reality of the material or physical world, claiming that it was all an illusion that had to be transcended. True False 117. In comparison to Hinduism, Buddhism was much less egalitarian. True False 118. After the fall of the Mauryan dynasty, the Indian subcontinent was immediately reunified under the Gupta dynasty. True False 119. The language of the Vedas was Prakrit. True False CHAPTER 2–ANCIENT INDIA Key 1. How did the geography of the Indian subcontinent influence the development of civilization there? Answer not provided. 2. Compare and contrast Harappan civilization with civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt? Answer not provided. 3. Discuss the possible impact of India’s climate on the beliefs and practices of early Hinduism. Answer not provided. 4. “The Aryans, although not the first society in South Asia, was the most important society for the contributions they made to subsequent Indian civilization.” Discuss, pro and con. Answer not provided. 5. What are the major Indian castes? How does their makeup resemble, and differ from, the social structures of the Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations? Cite specific evidence. Answer not provided. 6. Was the caste system a stabilizing or a destabilizing factor in Indian society, or both? Give specific examples. Answer not provided. 7. Discuss the concept of reincarnation as it is understood by Hindus. By Buddhists. Are there any differences? Answer not provided. 8. Discuss the possible monotheistic elements in Hindu polytheism. Answer not provided. 9. Were the beliefs of early Hindus and Buddhists fundamentally the same? Why or why not? Answer not provided. 10. In what ways did the events of Ashoka’s reign mark the high point of Buddhism in India? Why? Answer not provided. 11. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Arjuna and Krishna Answer not provided. 12. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Ganges and Indus rivers Answer not provided. 13. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Harappans Answer not provided. 14. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Mohenjo-Daro Answer not provided. 15. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Harappan seals Answer not provided. 16. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). the Deccan Plateau Answer not provided. 17. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Dravidians Answer not provided. 18. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Aryans Answer not provided. 19. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). raja and maharaja Answer not provided. 20. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Rigveda Answer not provided. 21. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Alexander the Great Answer not provided. 22. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Chandragupta Maurya Answer not provided. 23. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Arthasastra Answer not provided. 24. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). varna/caste Answer not provided. 25. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). jati Answer not provided. 26. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). brahmins Answer not provided. 27. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). kshatriya Answer not provided. 28. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). vaisya Answer not provided. 29. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). sudras Answer not provided. 30. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Law of Manu Answer not provided. 31. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). untouchables/pariahs Answer not provided. 32. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). the monsoon Answer not provided. 33. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). asceticism Answer not provided. 34. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). sati Answer not provided. 35. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Hinduism Answer not provided. 36. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Vedas Answer not provided. 37. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Upanishads Answer not provided. 38. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Kamasutra Answer not provided. 39. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Dyaus and Indra Answer not provided. 40. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Vishnu and Siva Answer not provided. 41. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Brahman Answer not provided. 42. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). karma Answer not provided. 43. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). dharma Answer not provided. 44. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). reincarnation Answer not provided. 45. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Buddhism Answer not provided. 46. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Siddhartha Gautama Answer not provided. 47. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). sermon at the deer park at Sarnath/Benares Answer not provided. 48. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Nirvana Answer not provided. 49. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). bodhi Answer not provided. 50. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Atman Answer not provided. 51. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Four Noble Truths Answer not provided. 52. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Middle Path/Eightfold Way Answer not provided. 53. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Mahavira and Jainism Answer not provided. 54. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Mauryan Empire Answer not provided. 55. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Ashokan pillars Answer not provided. 56. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Sanskrit and Prakrit Answer not provided. 57. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Panini Answer not provided. 58. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Mahabharata and Ramayana Answer not provided. 59. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). stupas and rock chambers Answer not provided. 60. Instructions: Identify the following term(s). “rule of the fishes” Answer not provided. 61. The southern area of the Indian subcontinent, a region of hills and upland plateau, is called the A. Ganges River Valley. B. Indus River Valley. C. Deccan Plateau. D. Kara Korum. E. Hindu Kush. 62. The two major cities of the Harappan civilization A. were Gujarat and Panini. B. were both located near the Indian Ocean coast. C. each had over 500,000 inhabitants. D. contained, in the city of Mohenjo-Daro, a pool that was apparently used in ceremonies of purification. E. were established on the bank of the Ganges River. 63. Which of the following correctly describes Harappan civilization? A. It showed no similarity to the civilizations of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. B. Its culture never attained the status of a true civilization. C. It was much more agricultural than its contemporaries in Egypt and Mesopotamia. D. It was a collection of over fifteen hundred towns and cities, ruled by landlords and rich merchants. E. It never developed an urban center of over 3,000 people. 64. The Harappan economy A. was based upon war and conquest. B. is unknown, due to the fact there are no physical or written evidence. C. was devoted to the maintenance of the god Seth. D. was based primarily on agriculture. E. was exclusively involved in manufacturing and trade. 65. The Aryans A. dominated ancient India after their arrival from the north. B. assimilated with the Dravidians to form an egalitarian India. C. introduced agriculture to India. D. created a unified system of tribal alliances and kingdoms within ancient India. E. came originally from Persia and the Arabian peninsula. 66. The Aryans A. were an Indo-European people who spoke the German language. B. crushed Mohenjo-Daro when the Harappan Civilization was at its peak. C. never controlled any of the Deccan Plateau. D. were the first Dravidian people to settle in the Indus Valley. E. were led by tribal chieftains who were called rajas. 67. What army of occupation was driven from India by Chandragupta Maurya? A. the Akkadian army B. the army of Ramses IV C. the forces of the Assyrian king D. the Greek administrators who had remained after Alexander the Great E. the army of Tamir the Lame 68. The Indian term dharma referred to laws setting behavioral standards for which groups in Indian society? A. bodhis and kshatriyas B. rajas and maharajas C. the Dao D. the untouchables E. all inhabitants of India, of all classes 69. According to the Arthasastra, A. the king was required to rule solely in a despotic manner. B. for the king, practical politics and results are more important than the divine law. C. there was to be egalitarian use of political power in the society. D. a primitive form of self-rule were to be given to peasants. E. rulers were to be morally flawless. 70. Chandragupta Maurya A. may have been a member of the army of Alexander the Great. B. feared assassination and had a secret police. C. was the last major Mauryan ruler. D. worshiped the god, Mithras. E. abolished Buddhism in India. 71. The caste system A. was applicable to every member of Indian society. B. was a central element of Buddhist belief. C. was actually more flexible than the Egyptian social structure. D. originated in Macedonia. E. was unsuccessfully opposed by Aryan warriors’ wives. 72. The authority of Mauryan kings was A. limited by the practical aspects of administering a numerous independent city states. B. curtailed by an institutionalized bureaucracy of powerful governors and ministers. C. unlimited by law or custom. D. established by Alexander the Great. E. was diminished by the onset of the Black Death. 73. The members of the caste known as the untouchables, or pariahs, were A. so holy that they would be contaminated if touched even by high priests. B. given extensive opportunity to achieve social mobility. C. required to have a minimum of five children during their lifetimes. D. composed primarily of priests and financial planners. E. given jobs such as handling dead bodies or collecting trash. 74. The three “twice-born” castes were the A. Sikh, Hamar and Maltese. B. sudras, brahmins and kshatriya. C. vaisya, kshatriya and brahmins. D. brahmins, bodhi and mahayana. E. sudra, ashakan and pariah. 75. During the Mauryan Dynasty, A. the government extensively regulated economic activities. B. the rulers showed no interest in major religious developments. C. women were able to own and inherit land and one, Omione, even reigned for years. D. Ashoka created and publicized the ideas of karma and irgun. E. Alexander built a city on the Ganges. 76. The Indian priestly caste was known as the A. kshatriya. B. pariah. C. brahmin. D. vaisya. E. volcana. 77. The Indian warrior caste was known as the A. kshatriya. B. pariah. C. brahmin. D. vaisya. E. jati. 78. Women in ancient India A. were legally owned by their husbands and male children. B. were never permitted to study the Vedas or own land, but could often serve as gurus. C. never married before the age of twenty-one years. D. were in theory required that a widow throw herself upon her dead husband’s funeral pyre. E. were barred from even viewing the ritual of sati. 79. The third-ranked caste, usually viewed as the merchant caste, was the A. kshatriya. B. pariah. C. brahmins. D. vaisya. E. sudras. 80. The term that refers to the system of large, joint families in India is A. jati. B. varna. C. guru. D. sati. E. boyar. 81. All of the following are true about the jati system except A. it was the category of social classification with subdivisions within each for different castes. B. it served to categorize large numbers of individual families. C. it sometimes offered an opportunity for upward mobility. D. it could serve as a stabilizing factor in Indian life. E. a jati was obliged to provide for its poor and destitute members. 82. Ashoka A. was the founder of Jainism. B. was the only Indian emperor who tried to foster trade. C. changed his personal values and governmental policies after becoming a Buddhist. D. sent Buddhist missionaries to China and Japan to instruct the people. E. was a vaisya. 83. Which of the following accurately describes gender relationships in ancient Indian society? A. The practices concerning education, priesthood service, and property inheritance demonstrated egalitarianism between the genders. B. The superiority of males over females was manifested in all areas of marital life. C. Polygamy, child marriage, and divorce practices demonstrated the emphasis on gender equality. D. Descent was matrilineal. E. A woman achieved “free” status at the age of twenty. 84. It can be said of gender relations among ancient Indians that A. Hinduism advocated respect for the equal rights of men and women. B. men often dominated women. C. women often had no influence or power within individual families. D. women were actually slaves. E. almost all of the early Indian gods were female. 85. A major religion that was founded by Mahavira in the sixth century was A. Daoism. B. Jainism. C. Chandrism. D. Zoroastrianism. E. Hinduism. 86. Asceticism in ancient Indian religion A. served as a substitute for sacrificial practices as a means to placate and communicate with the gods. B. enabled priests to facilitate communication between believers and the gods. C. enhanced sacrificial practices. D. provided means of firmly establishing one’s experiences apart from the realm of spiritual meditative processes. E. reduced food consumption, as desired by Ashoka. 87. Asceticism eventually evolved into the modern practice of body training known as A. karma. B. satya. C. yoga. D. sati. E. samsara. 88. A set of commentaries on the Vedas that emphasized spiritual meditation were the A. Upanishads. B. Kamasutra. C. Rigveda. D. Mahabharata. E. Epistularias. 89. Which of the following statements is a valid observation about Brahman? A. He was a contemporary of the Buddha. B. He was the Creator. C. He demanded monotheism. D. He challenged the caste system. E. He spread Hinduism to China along the Silk Road. 90. The Indian term that refers to the impact of one’s actions in life on a later life after reincarnation is A. satya. B. dharma. C. karma. D. sati. E. khalid. 91. The ultimate goal of Hindus is to A. attain a blissful, eternal afterlife. B. attain an ultimate spiritual reunion with Brahman and escape the pain of living. C. attain eternal life by exchanging one’s karma for Atman. D. be reborn again and again. E. achieve enlightenment in the Western Paradise. 92. On a practical level, reincarnation A. destroyed the caste system. B. provided hope for the lower class. C. prevented the assimilation of the poor into Indian society. D. weakened the authority of Jainism. E. a, b and c 93. The founder of Buddhism was A. Chandragupta Maurya. B. Siddhartha Gautama. C. Mahauira Krishna. D. Ashoka Gupta. E. Mahavira. 94. A key difference between Hinduism and Buddhism was that Buddhism A. claimed that each individual possessed an individual, reincarnatable soul. B. believed in an unyielding caste structure. C. was simpler, as it rejected the numerous Hindu gods. D. required belief in a different, two-tier caste system. E. originated in Mongolia, Siddhartha’s birthplace. 95. Gautama said that the way to avoid suffering was to end desire by A. permanently isolating oneself from the rest of humanity. B. practicing excessive asceticism. C. following the “Middle Path.” D. practicing karma exercises. E. avoiding agricultural projects. 96. Which of the following is a correct statement? A. Jainism was founded by Alexander the Great. B. Ashoka wrote The Prince. C. Jainism required each member to kill a warrior in direct combat. D. Hinduism believed individuals had individual souls. E. The Hindu world-view inhibited the development of science and mathematics in early India. 97. After the decline of the Mauryan Empire, the new kingdom that was founded by nomadic warriors in Bactria was the A. Macedonian Empire. B. Chan Empire. C. Kushan Kingdom. D. Shungas Republic. E. Xiongnu Empire. 98. “The Rule of the Fishes” refers to the A. statement of Buddha about the need to abstain from killing reptiles. B. view that warfare is glorious and was the primary activity of kings and aristocrats. C. development of a major marine fishery program under Ashoka. D. desire of Hindus to eat fish rather than cattle. E. the invasion of the Ganges basis by the Sea Peoples from South Asia. 99. The earliest of the Vedas was the A. Brahmanas. B. Upanishads. C. Rig Veda. D. Ramayana. E. Bodhiyara. 100. The purpose of the Vedas was to provide A. the unchanging theological dogma of Hinduism. B. hymns and ritual sacrifices for tribal Aryan religious ceremonies. C. the historical legacy of the Hindu tradition. D. commentaries on the tribal Aryan religious beliefs. E. the story of the decline of Harappa. 101. The language of the Vedas was A. Prakrit. B. Sanskrit. C. Hindi. D. Gujarati. E. Farsi. 102. The Mahabharata A. describes the peaceful relations between Aryan cousins. B. primarily details the activities of Hindu rulers. C. provides an elaborate discussion of the ethics of the dharma. D. contains Krishna’s sermon in which he advocates the value of success or failure as the paramount objective in all activities. E. sharply attacks belief in the dharma as being irrational. 103. The Ramayana A. is a presentation of Indian values. B. ignores the relationship of gods and animals in human life. C. is a realistic depiction of Indian life. D. describes an Aryan attack on Delhi. E. is the name of the warrior caste. 104. The purpose of Ashoka’s great polished sandstone pillars was to A. commemorate events in Buddha’s life. B. mark pilgrim routes to Daoist holy places. C. warn aliens to leave India. D. provide propaganda for Kautilya’s government. E. celebrate his victories over Alexander the Great. 105. Stupas A. originally housed a relic of Ashoka. B. ultimately became a place of devotion. C. was the site where painting first developed in India. D. were believed to be the homes of Vishnu. E. were pillars, exactly fifty meters high and thirty meters deep. 106. Which of the following is not true about the rock chambers? A. Ashoka originally built them to house monks and wandering ascetics. B. They were carved out of the sides of mountains. C. Ashoka prohibited their use for religious ceremonies. D. Their structural format was similar to that of a Roman basilica. E. One of the most famous rock chambers is at Ajanta. 107. Much of ancient Indian architecture A. only depicted themes of a religious nature. B. only used symbolism in depicting Gautama Siddhartha Gautama. C. depicted the actual image of the Buddha only after 200 B.C.E. D. was much more primitive than that of Egypt. E. was inspired by the Mauryan rulers’ desire to propagate Buddhist ideas in stone structures. 108. For the ordinary Indian, the sensuous paradise that adorned ancient Indian religious art represented A. scientific curiosity. B. salvation and fulfillment. C. a reward for outstanding achievement. D. an active fantasy life. E. the final phase of decadence. 109. Ancient Indian scientific activities A. were based on ideas much like those of Arabia. B. were notably lacking in astronomical interest. C. included the development of the idea that the earth was a sphere. D. were much more significant than Indian religious innovations. E. caused the Indian scientists to be renowned for their world domination in alchemy. 110. Harappan civilization evolved along the Ganges River. FALSE 111. The Aryans introduced agriculture to the Indian subcontinent. FALSE 112. The Aryans were a Semitic-peoples. FALSE 113. There is recent evidence of an early civilization that existed from the Caspian Sea to modern Afghanistan. TRUE 114. The Arathasastra, associated with the Mauryan court official, Kautilya, has been compared to Machiavelli’s The Prince. TRUE 115. The caste system was in part a reflection of the light-skinned Aryans conquest of the dark-skinned Dravidians. TRUE 116. Siddhartha denied the reality of the material or physical world, claiming that it was all an illusion that had to be transcended. TRUE 117. In comparison to Hinduism, Buddhism was much less egalitarian. FALSE 118. After the fall of the Mauryan dynasty, the Indian subcontinent was immediately reunified under the Gupta dynasty. FALSE 119. The language of the Vedas was Prakrit. FALSE