The Development of Children, 7th Edition Test Bank

TestBanks Chapter 02: Biocultural Foundations 1 The similarities and differences between people ultimately are caused by: their biology. their behaviors. their culture. the interaction between cultural and genetic influences. 2 What is the main focus of study for developmental scientists interested in the “biocultural foundations” of development? to investigate how genetic heritage influences development to investigate how culture influences development to investigate how biology and culture interact to shape development to investigate the unique contributions that biological and cultural factors make to development 3 Which of the following BEST describes the motivation for studying biocultural foundations of development? to gain an increased understanding of universal pathways of development to gain an increased understanding of variations in developmental pathways to gain an increased understanding of the origins and significance of both commonalities and differences in developmental pathways to determine the exact contribution of biology and culture to development 4 Japanese researchers who attempted to lure macaque monkeys out into the open by scattering sweet potatoes on the beach observed ____________. entirely new patterns in the daily lives of the monkeys very little change in the daily lives of the monkeys new behaviors on the part of the adult male monkeys, but no change in the behaviors of the adult females or babies new forms of food preparation, but few other changes in the monkey’s activities 5 Culture is ____________. passed on through biological processes composed of material and symbolic tools limited to humans stable over time 6 Compared to other species, humans use: a more limited set of material tools, but a larger set of symbolic tools. a more limited set of symbolic tools, but a larger set of material tools. more material and symbolic tools. fewer material and symbolic tools. 7 Which of the following is an example of a material tool? language religion bedtime routines gender roles 8 The traditional ways that children in a culture celebrate their birthdays are an example of the use of: a material tool. a symbolic tool. imitation. explicit instruction. 9 A ____________ tool is easy to observe because it exists “out there” in the world. material symbolic cultural mediator 10 A tool that is related to an abstract aspect of a culture’s knowledge, beliefs, and values is known as a: material tool. symbolic tool. cultural tool. mediator. 11 The mechanism by which cultural tools organize people’s activities is known as: enhancement. mediation. moderation. facilitation. 12 Jessica’s parents allow her to watch cartoons while she eats breakfast in the morning. Her mealtime experience is ____________ by her television viewing. evaluated enhanced mediated canalized 13 Culture is transmitted and transformed via “social enhancement” when: children observe and copy the behaviors of others. children are directly taught how to use cultural tools. children spontaneously use the cultural tools available to them in their environment. children are aided in their activities by others who have more knowledge and skill. 14 Which of the following is a form of learning that does NOT require another person to be physically present? social enhancement imitation explicit instruction mitosis 15 Shu Ling observes her mother applying lipstick; she then takes a crayon and moves it across her own lips. This behavior is an example of: social enhancement. imitation. explicit instruction. social facilitation. 16 Four­year­old Alia is eating spaghetti with her fingers. Her father explains to her that eating with her hands is not acceptable and, shows her how to twirl the pasta around her fork. This interaction is an example of how culture is transmitted via: social enhancement. imitation. explicit instruction. social facilitation. 17 Which of the following is an example of symbolic communication? Angela writes her best friend a note to explain her feelings. Ms. Garcia plays piano for her third­grade class. Julian spends 2 hours a day playing video games. David washes the dishes before going to bed at night. 18 Symbolic communication is an essential component of which social process of cultural inheritance? social enhancement imitation explicit instruction social facilitation 19 Carlson and her colleagues helped children gain success in selecting between two unequal portions of candy by: concealing the candy and providing children with symbols to help guide their decision making. telling them which option to select. allowing them to see the two portions of candy as they made their decision. placing the option with more candy closer to the children. 20 Cultures: remain stable over time. transform as individuals modify their uses of cultural tools. always evolve in advantageous ways. undergo change on a predictable timeline. 21 The knowledge of a generation is passed on to the next through: cultural evolution. genetic inheritance. biological evolution. changes in brain structure. 22 Cultural evolution occurs when: a mutated gene is passed from one generation to the next. an acquired biological adaptation is passed from one generation to another. one generation modifies the information passed on from previous generations. each generation learns something for itself, not from the previous generation. 23 Which of the following communities is MOST likely to produce innovations in thinking and technology? a small but isolated group a large but isolated group a small group that is connected to many other groups a large group that is connected to many other groups 24 The transmission of biological characteristics from one generation to the next is called: cultural evolution. heredity. natural selection. meiosis. 25 The specialized structures that contain the blueprints for biological development are called: genes. germs. zygotes. chromosomes. 26 Genes guide formation of which of the following types of traits? physical behavioral physical and psychological physical, behavioral, and psychological 27 The basic units of heredity are: somatic cells. zygotes. mitosis. genes. 28 The particular gene forms that individuals inherit are called: genotypes. recessive traits. phenotypes. monozygotic traits. 29 How can a developmental scientist BEST gain knowledge about an individual’s genotype? by studying the individual’s appearance by observing the individual’s behavior by studying the individual’s genetic material by interviewing the individual’s family members 30 A person’s phenotype is ____________ while his/her genotype is ____________. constant over his/her life; developed through interactions with the environment observable; inherited developed through interactions with the environment; constant over his/her life recessive; dominant 31 The observable characteristics that individuals inherit are called: genotypes. recessive traits. phenotypes. monozygotic traits. 32 “Sonora is a reserved child with long brown hair.” This statement refers to Sonora’s: genotype. genome. phenotype. biological inheritance. 33 The process of natural selection explains that individuals with genotypes that are: not adaptive to their environment have a survival advantage. adaptive to their environment have a survival advantage. not adaptive to their environment are less likely to survive. not adaptive to their environment are less likely to reproduce. 34 The complex molecules on which genes are located are called: oocytes. sperm cells. chromosomes. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). 35 Each person inherits a unique combination of genetic traits through: mitosis. osmosis. genetic imitation. sexual reproduction. 36 Somatic cells are: sperm cells. ova cells. body cells. brain cells. 37 The number of chromosomes contained within a somatic cell is: 23. 26. 23 pairs. 46 pairs. 38 The single cell that is the foundation for all of the cells that a child will have at birth is called a: blastocyst. DNA. gene. zygote. 39 When an ovum is fertilized, both the mother’s and the father’s genetic material are contained in the: ova. genes. zygote. sperm cells. 40 The process by which the zygote creates new somatic cells is called: mitosis. meiosis. twinning. heredity. 41 Mitosis is the process by which: an ovum is fertilized. body cells are formed. genetic mutations occur. sperm cells and ova are formed. 42 The process of meiosis produces: the zygote. germ cells. conception. somatic cells. 43 Sperm cells and ova each contain: 23 chromosomes. 26 chromosomes. 23 pairs of chromosomes. 46 pairs chromosomes. 44 Germ cells reproduce by ____________, whereas somatic cells reproduce by ____________. meiosis; mitosis mitosis; meiosis mitosis; mitosis meiosis; meiosis 45 The chances of any given individual being conceived can be described as a “genetic lottery.” The first step in the genetic lottery is: mitosis. meiosis. the formation of zygote. the morula takes shape. 46 Meiosis is the: process by which the body’s cells duplicate themselves. type of cell division that results in two genetically identical individuals. process of division that results in cells with half the usual number of chromosomes. process of division resulting in cells with twice the normal number of chromosomes. 47 According to the laws of probability, there are ____________ possible genetic combinations for each sperm and ovum. 223 232 1023 2310 48 Monozygotic twins: can be same­sex or opposite­sex. develop from a single fertilized ovum. are often joined at one area of the body. are genetically no more alike than any siblings. 49 “Identical” twins are also called: dizygotic twins. fraternal twins. monozygotic twins. heterozygous twins. 50 Dizygotic twins: are also called “identical” twins. develop from the same fertilized egg. are as genetically similar as other siblings. are genetically more similar than other siblings. 51 Under the ordinary conditions of life, the genetic material carried by our chromosomes is: determinative of our behavior. not altered by our experiences or the passage of time. altered by environmental influences such as our culture. faithfully copied throughout the course of a lifetime through the process of meiosis. 52 Which of the following genotypes represents the genetic sex of females? XY XO XX YY 53 A person who is genetically female has received a(n): Y chromosome from her mother and an X chromosome from her father. X chromosome from her mother and an X chromosome from her father. X chromosome from her mother and no sex chromosome from her father. no sex chromosome from her mother and an X chromosome from her father. 54 A person who is genetically male has received a(n): Y chromosome from his mother and a Y chromosome from his father. Y chromosome from his mother and an X chromosome from his father. X chromosome from his mother and a Y chromosome from his father. X chromosome from his mother and an X chromosome from his father. 55 Which of the following represents the genetic sex of males? XY XO XX YY 56 The sex of an individual is controlled by: all of the chromosomes. all of the father’s chromosomes. a single chromosome. a single gene. 57 A particular form of a gene coded for a particular trait is called a(n): allele. chromosome. zygote. heterozygote. 58 If a person has inherited the same allelic form from both parents, she is ____________ for a trait. ontogenetic homozygous monozygotic heterozygous 59 A person is heterozygous for a trait if she has: not inherited the trait from either parent. developed the trait because of environmental factors. inherited the same allelic form from both parents. inherited a different allelic form from each parent. 60 A dominant allele: expresses itself in heterozygous individuals. is never expressed in heterozygous individuals. is the result of the interaction among several recessive alleles. has a phenotypic expression not affected by the environment. 61 A recessive allele: expresses itself in heterozygous individuals. is never expressed in heterozygous individuals. is the result of the interaction among several recessive alleles. has a phenotypic expression that is not affected by the environment. 62 When a child is heterozygous for a trait associated with a single allele, which of the following outcomes is NOT possible? The child will display a characteristic associated with the dominant allele. The child will display a characteristic associated with the recessive allele. The child will display a characteristic that is associated with full expression of each of the two alleles. The child will display a characteristic that is intermediate between the traits called for by the two alleles. 63 When a child inherits different alleles for skin color from each parent: the darker skin tone will be dominant. the lighter skin tone will be dominant. the result will often be a skin tone intermediate to that of the parents. a blotchy skin color—a combination of the skin colors of both parents—will result. 64 When two different alleles both express themselves in a heterozygous individual in a way that is different from the expression of either allele alone, these alleles are said to be: recessive. dominant. polygenic. codominant. 65 Type AB blood is an example of: codominance. a recessive trait. a homozygous genotype. the influence of the environment on development. 66 The total variety of genetic information possessed by a sexually reproducing population is referred to as the: genetic lottery. epigenesis. genotype. gene pool. 67 An error in the process of gene replication that results in a change in the molecular structure of the DNA is called: a mutation. mitosis. meiosis. canalization. 68 An error in gene replication that results in a change in the structure of genetic material is called: meiosis. a mutation. a phenotype. a sex­linked disorder. 69 Genetic mutations are: a relatively recent phenomenon related to increasing levels of environmental pollutants. always lethal to humans. a fundamental and natural part of human existence since life on Earth began. always of benefit to the individual. 70 MOST genetic or chromosomal abnormalities present at conception: are corrected by the time of birth. lead to early miscarriages. do not express themselves until late in life. cause the offspring to have severe birth defects. 71 Most known human mutations: benefit the organisms in which they occur. are lethal to the organisms in which they occur. repair themselves before a fetus is born. have little impact on development. 72 Approximately what percentage of all human babies are born with some kind of genetic abnormality? 1 percent 3.5 percent 9 percent 17.5 percent 73 Which of the following disorders is caused by a defective recessive allele? Down syndrome neurofibromatosis sickle­cell anemia Turner syndrome 74 If not treated with a special diet, which of the following leads to mental retardation? hemophilia phenylketonuria sickle­cell anemia Down syndrome 75 Phenylketonuria is a genetic disorder that: does not respond to treatment. always leads to mental retardation. is not caused by a recessive gene. responds to a diet low in phenylalanine. 76 Which of the following is linked with having an extra 21st chromosome? phenylketonuria Down syndrome Turner syndrome red­green color blindness 77 How effectively children with Down syndrome function as they grow depends primarily on which of the following? their genotype the age of their parents their phenotype effective educational intervention 78 Children with Down syndrome: nearly always need to be institutionalized. are successfully treated with dietary therapy. are usually not noticeably affected by the disorder. function at a level determined both by the severity of the disorder and the environments arranged for them. 79 The risk for giving birth to a child with Down syndrome: is related to the age of the child’s father. is unrelated to the age of the child’s mother. increases as the age of the prospective mother increases. is about one in 500 births overall. 80 The abilities that individuals with Down syndrome will have are: determined by their unique genetic blueprint. uninfluenced by environmental factors. a result of an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. predictable from the first few weeks of life. 81 A male is born with an extra X chromosome if he has: phenylketonuria. Down syndrome. Turner syndrome. Klinefelter syndrome. 82 Which genetic disorder affects only males? Turner syndrome sickle­cell anemia Klinefelter syndrome Down syndrome 83 Males born with Klinefelter syndrome develop normally until adolescence when they do not acquire facial hair, their sex organs fail to mature, and their voices remain unchanged. These characteristics are due to having a(n): extra X chromosome. extra Y chromosome. extra 21st chromosome. Y chromosome and no X chromosome. 84 A common treatment for Klinefelter’s syndrome is through: surgical procedures. gene therapy. hormone replacement therapy. vocational services. 85 A trait that is easily influenced by environmental conditions is said to have: high phenotypic plasticity. low phenotypic plasticity. high genotypic plasticity. low genotypic plasticity. 86 A trait that is NOT easily altered by changes in the environment is said to be: concrete. plastic. canalized. heritable. 87 The concept that certain characteristics of a species are restricted to a narrow range or expression is called: canalization. meiosis. polygenic inheritance. dominant alleles. 88 A canalized characteristic is: carried on the X chromosome. not easily affected by variations in environment. dependent on particular environmental characteristics. strongly affected by variations in the environment. 89 Certain species­typical characteristics of humans may be restricted to a narrow range, despite wide variations in environmental conditions. An example of this type of characteristic includes the capacity for children to acquire language, which is itself an example of a(n) ____________ process. heterozygous canalized heritable resilient 90 Traits that are resistant to the influence of environmental conditions are ____________, whereas traits that are responsive to environmental conditions are: canalized; plastic canalized; heritable plastic; canalized heritable; learned. 91 The term ____________ refers to the degree to which variations in a particular characteristic among individuals in a specific population are related to genetic differences among those individuals. heritability phenotype genotype variability 92 If we know that a particular characteristic, such as height, is highly heritable for individuals in a specific population, we also know that: this characteristic cannot be influenced much by environmental factors. this characteristic is caused by genetic factors. the genes that cause the characteristic have been identified. the variations in this characteristic for this specific population are correlated with genetic variations. 93 Developmentalists estimate genetic influences by conducting what kind of study? clinical examinations scientific experiments on the phenotypic plasticity for human characteristics kinship studies examinations of canalization 94 What percentage of genes does a woman share with her biological son? 100 75 50 25 95 What percentage of genes do monozygotic twins share? 100 75 50 25 96 More precise estimates of genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences are generally derived from ____________ studies rather than from ____________ studies. twin; family adoption; twin scientific; clinical family; generational 97 One of the better methods used to obtain precise estimates of genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences is the twin study, in which monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins of the same sex are compared to each other and to family members for: differences in blood types only. similarities in blood type only. similarities on any given trait. chromosomal defects. 98 The purpose of an adoption study is to find out if adopted children are more similar to their biological parents and siblings, who share ____________, or to their adoptive parents and siblings, with whom they share ____________. a sense of identity; a common family environment a common family environment; their genes their genes; a sense of identity their genes; a common family environment 99 Which of the following is NOT a concern when interpreting kinship studies? Children reared within the same home do not necessarily share the same family environment. Monozygotic and dizygotic twins may be treated in different ways by their caregivers. Adoptive parents may not be aware of the social and genetic backgrounds of the children they are raising. Siblings reared apart may be placed in homes with similar social and cultural environments. 100 Developmentalists’ increasing appreciation of children’s contribution to their own development is reflected in the concept of: canalization. phenotypic plasticity. heritability. niche construction. 101 When individuals select and modify their environments in ways that impact the development of future generations, a process of ____________ is said to occur. coevolution niche construction ecological inheritance co­construction 102 According to the concept of coevolution: human biological capabilities evolved and then ended with the appearance of human culture. the human brain is not very much larger than that of our primitive ancestors. culture has influenced the evolution of human biology. biological changes occurred that allowed Homo sapiens to use language and generate culture. 103 Sickle­cell anemia is a good example of the: influence of canalization. interaction of heredity and environment. the impact of sex­linked disorders. always lethal outcome of genetic mutations. 104 The consequences of having the sickle­cell trait include which of the following? facial malformations cognitive delays circulatory complications lactose intolerance 105 Which of the following disorders is MORE common among African­Americans than among other segments of the population? thalassemia juvenile diabetes sickle­cell anemia Tay­Sachs disease 106 The ability to easily digest cows’ milk is common among adults: worldwide. from cultures with a history of dairying. from sunny climates. who were given milk to drink as babies. 107 Heterozygous carriers of the sickle­cell gene: are unlikely to live long enough to reproduce. have greater than normal resistance to malaria. are more likely than noncarriers to die from malaria. do not usually die of sickle­cell disease, but are considerably handicapped. 108 People who do NOT carry the sickle­cell gene are LESS resistant to: PKU. malaria. flu viruses. hemophilia. 109 Humans are the only species known to use tools. True False 110 Material tools are always physical objects. True False 111 A cultural tool can be both material and symbolic at the same time. True False 112 Explicit instruction refers to a process in which children observe and copy the behaviors of others. True False 113 Only human beings are able to transmit culture by way of explicit instruction. True False 114 Beng infants are not yet influenced by the abstract and complex symbolic systems in use by adults of their culture. True False 115 Cumulative cultural evolution occurs as variations in the material and symbolic resources of a culture shift over time. True False 116 Cultural evolution represents progress toward increasingly higher levels of sophistication. True False 117 Isolation is a process that can result in erosion of cultural innovations. True False 118 An individual’s genotype and phenotype are always exactly alike. True False 119 Arguments for how natural selection operates to produce particular behavioral phenotypes should be considered tentative. True False 120 Germ cells are also known as zygotes. True False 121 We receive 23 chromosomes from each of our parents. True False 122 Recessive alleles are likely to be expressed in an individual’s phenotype. True False 123 Genetic mutations have only become common in the modern era due to increased environmental pollutants. True False 124 Kinships studies suggest that similarities among kin are greatest when individuals have similar genetic makeups. True False 125 Family studies are generally better than twin studies in revealing the influence of genetic factors on similarities between individuals. True False 126 Niche construction places the responsibility for environmental modification solely on the individual. True False 127 MOST human abilities are highly canalized. True False 128 The continuous interaction of biological, cultural, and environmental factors leads to the similarities and differences between individuals. True False 129 Cultural factors can influence the extent to which particular traits and behaviors become adaptive. True False 130 Sickle­cell carriers suffer from anemia and early death. True False 131 Sickle­cell carriers are resistant to the malaria parasite. True False 132 Differentiate between material and symbolic cultural tools. Provide an example of each. Explain how these tools impact children’s development. Answer: 133 Imagine that you are enjoying dinner at a restaurant. What aspects of the experience reflect your use of material tools? What aspects reflect your use of symbolic tools? Provide a minimum of two examples of each type of cultural tool. Answer: 134 What is “cultural evolution”? Explain how research on macaque monkeys in Japan demonstrates this process. Answer: 135 Explain how research on Tasmanian societies demonstrates an aspect of cultural evolution. Answer: 136 List and describe the three mechanisms by which culture is thought to be inherited. Answer: 137 What are mitosis and meiosis? Describe each process. Under what circumstances does each occur? Answer: 138 Describe the factors that contribute to the unique genetic makeup of every individual. Answer: 139 How would you know if a particular human characteristic is highly canalized? Give one or two examples of human traits that may be highly canalized. Answer: 140 What does it mean if you are homozygous or heterozygous for a particular allele? If two different alleles are present, which will be phenotypically expressed? Give an example. Answer: 141 Describe the relationship between genotype and phenotype. How does this relationship bear on the nature/nurture controversy? How does it relate to the concept of heritability? Answer: 142 Describe one example of how one gene can influence how another gene is expressed. Answer: 143 What are kinship studies? How do they help us to determine the role of heredity in the development of certain characteristics? What are some limitations of these studies? Answer: 144 What are adoption studies? How do they help us determine the influence of genetic and environmental factors in the development of human characteristics? Answer: 145 What is a mutation? How are mutations related to the evolutionary process? Answer: 146 Why are developmental scientists interested in studying mutations and genetic abnormalities? Answer: 147 Why hasn’t the genetic trait for sickle­cell anemia disappeared from the gene pool? Answer: 148 What is PKU? How does it originate, and how is it treated? Answer: 149 What is Down syndrome? What are the distinctive physical characteristics that accompany this disease? Answer: 150 Is there a cultural counterpart to “genetic evolution”? Explain. Answer: 151 What is coevolution? How does it complicate attempts to explain sources of differences between groups of people? Answer: 152 What causes twinning? What are the two types of twins? How are they similar and different in both physical and behavioral characteristics? Answer: 153 What is the purpose of genetic counseling? Who should seek this service? What kind of information can it provide? Answer: 154 What is Klinefelter syndrome? Describe its effects. Answer: 155 What is phenylketonuria (PKU)? By what mechanism does PKU harm development if untreated? What kind of treatment is used to reduce the effects of PKU on development? Answer: 156 What is sickle­cell anemia? Explain why it is a good example of a gene­environment interaction. Answer: 157 Imagine that a friend has just learned that one of his or her parents has been diagnosed as having Huntington chorea, a genetic disease that emerges in middle age. Your friend has no children, and does not yet know whether he or she carries the defective gene. What steps, if any, would you advise your friend to take in making decisions about his or her future life? Explain. Answer: 158 Imagine that you overhear a couple arguing over whether their child’s extroverted personality is due to her early experiences with multiple caregivers or is an inherited personality trait. What can you tell this couple about the relative contributions of experience and genetics to extroversion? Answer: 159 Explain the process of “natural selection” described by Darwin. How does this process account for the emergence of shorter pregnancies among humans? Answer: 160 What is “natural selection”? Describe how the process of natural selection can account for the universality of infant­directed speech. Answer: 161 Explain how the concepts of phenotypic plasticity and canalization work together to organize children’s development. Answer: 162 Studies of lactose tolerance and sickle­cell anemia are often used as illustrations of the coevolution of culture and biology. Describe how one of these conditions provides evidence consistent with this view of human development. Answer: