Test Bank For The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History, 6th Edition

Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – The First River-Valley Civilizations, 3500-1500 B.C.E. True / False 1. The Egyptian death ritual is complex because of the belief that death was a journey beset with danger. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p.45 Multiple Choice 2. What are the criteria for “civilization?” a. cities b. control of a geographic area as a means of power. c. status distinctions. d. record keeping. e. all of these. ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 27 3. One of the most important breakthroughs which ushered in agriculture in Mesopotamia was a. construction of canals to bring water to distant fields b. the region’s high annual rainfall. c. the introduction of wheat crops. d. large numbers of animals for fertilizer. e. a highly motivated work force. ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 31 4. The earliest historically documented people of Mesopotamia were the a. Sumerians. b. Timpanos. c. Hyksos. d. Hittites. e. Medes. ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 30 5. Which of the following is not included in the Semitic family of languages? a. Hebrew b. Akkadian Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 1 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – The First River-Valley Civilizations, 3500-1500 B.C.E. c. Aramaic d. Phoenician e. Elamite ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 30 6. The term city-state refers to all of the following except a. a small independent state. b. an urban center surrounded by agricultural hinterlands . c. an association of mutually dependent cities. d. self-governing urban centers. ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 31 7. The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia, which achieved particular eminence as the capital of the Amorite king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E., was a. Akkad b. Babylon c. Babylonia d. Baghdad e. Jericho ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 32 8. In the third millennium B.C.E., the political ruler in Sumer was a. a pharaoh. b. a vizier. c. a lugal. d. a kniaz. e. an emperor. ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 32 9. The first dynastic king, Sargon of Akkad, and his four successors, did all of the following except a. organize a system of standardized weights and measures. b. use cuneiform writing. c. issue a comprehensive law code. d. attack Egypt. e. facilitate trade between all the city-states under his control. Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 2 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – The First River-Valley Civilizations, 3500-1500 B.C.E. ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 32 10. Who was the Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792–1750B.C.E.) best known for a code of laws inscribed on a black stone pillar illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases? a. Enkidu b. Sargon c. Hammurabi d. Gilgamesh e. Uruk ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 32 11. Which of the following classes does not belong to Babylonia society? a. The class of slaves b. The class of dependent farmers and artisans c. The class of tenant farmers d. The free, landowning class ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 33 12. Mesopotamian society was made up of three classes, which were created by a. social norms. b. Law Code of Hammurabi. c. hereditary mechanisms. d. unlawful means. e. a vote of the citizenry. ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 33 13. One of the difficulties historians have for understanding the role of women in Mesopotamian society is a. the requirement that they never leave the house. b. their role as primary agricultural producers was not considered noteworthy. c. their role in the military. d. the only existing records were written by elite male scribes. ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 35-36 Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 3 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – The First River-Valley Civilizations, 3500-1500 B.C.E. 14. A professional position reserved for men who had undergone the lengthy training required to be able to read and write using cuneiform, hieroglyphics, or other early, cumbersome writing systems was that of the a. priest b. slave c. king d. business owner e. scribe ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 34 15. Mesopotamian gods were anthropomorphic; that is, they a. took form as the elements of nature. b. were imagined to be humanlike in form and conduct. c. appeared in the bodies of kings while on earth. d. were divine and perfect beings. e. were omniscient. ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 34 16. Mesopotamian priests a. inherited their positions from their fathers. b. bought their positions from the temples. c. were chosen by the kings. d. were chosen by the gods through oracles. e. were chosen by ritual combat. ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 36 17. A massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mud bricks and associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities is known as a: a. altar. b. ziggurat c. open air plaza d. steps leading up to the pyramid e. lugal’s burial chamber ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 35 18. A small charm meant to protect the bearer from evil and found frequently in archaeological excavations in Mesopotamia and Egypt are called: Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 4 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – The First River-Valley Civilizations, 3500-1500 B.C.E. a. cuneiform b. ziggurats c. charm bracelets d. amulets e. scribes ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 35 19. The Mesopotamian writing system is called a. Linear A. b. Arabic c. Persian. d. hieroglyphics. e. cuneiform. ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 35-36 20. An alloy of copper with a small amount of tin (or sometimes arsenic), which is harder and more durable than copper alone, is: a. steel. b. copper. c. iron. d. gold. e. bronze. ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 37 21. The improvements in the Mesopotamian military technology included all of the following except a. bronze weapons. b. chariots. c. metal-tipped arrows used by squads of archers. d. siege machinery. e. incendiary devices. ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 38 22. Cuneiform writing was accomplished by a. incising written symbols in clay. b. alphabetical arrangements of phonemes. Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 5 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – The First River-Valley Civilizations, 3500-1500 B.C.E. c. mathematical calculations on the outside of a clay envelope. d. learning the cuneiform language. e. implanting reed tips and tokens in clay tablets to make patterns. ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 35-36 23. Advances in mathematics and careful observations of nature made the Mesopotamians sophisticated practitioners of: a. biology. b. geology. c. astronomy. d. meteorology. e. none of these. ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 39 24. The culture that developed in Egypt was unique largely because of a. Egypt’s interaction with other civilizations b. Egypt’s natural isolation and essential self-sufficiency c. Egyptian dominance in metalworking d. Egypt’s surplus agricultural production and trade e. Egypt’s large population ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 39 25. Crucial to Egypt’s agriculture was a. a complex system of aqueducts. b. regular rainfall south of the delta. c. proximity to the Nile River. d. favor of the gods. e. there was almost no agriculture in Egypt because it’s a desert. ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 38-39 26. Which of the following was not among Egypt’s natural resources? a. Copper b. Reeds for paper c. Building stone d. Turquoise and gold e. Salt Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 6 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – The First River-Valley Civilizations, 3500-1500 B.C.E. ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 40 27. The central figure in the ancient Egyptian state and believed to be an earthly manifestation of the gods was the: a. scribe b. pharoah c. ma’at d. priest ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 41 28. According to Egyptian belief, the function assigned by the gods to the Egyptian kings was to maintain ma’at, or the a. separation of the divine and natural spheres. b. divinely authorized order of the universe. c. subservience of the people to the king. d. welfare and prosperity of the country. e. accumulation of royal wealth. ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 41 29. A large, triangular stone monument, used in Egypt and Nubia as a burial place for the king was the: a. zaggurat. b. pyrimid. c. burial chamber. d. Solar Ship. e. Menes. ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 41 30. The capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta and where early rulers were interred in the nearby pyramids, was: a. Thebes b. Memphis c. Alexandria d. Cairo e. Babylon ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 42 Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 7 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – The First River-Valley Civilizations, 3500-1500 B.C.E. 31. Egyptian writings were probably first used for a. business inventories. b. hymns to the gods. c. law codes. d. king lists. e. administrative matters. ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 42 32. A system of writing in which pictorial symbols represented sounds, syllables, or concepts, and was used for official and monumental inscriptions in ancient Egypt, is called: a. cuneiform b. ma’at c. hieroglyphics. d. papyrus e. script ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 42 33. Women in Egypt seemed to have a. rights of divorce. b. rights to property. c. more status than in Mesopotamia. d. subordinate status to men. e. all of these. ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 43 34. Fundamental concepts of Egyptian religion were based on a. the desires of the pharaohs. b. extending Egyptian control over competing cultures. c. the vision of a cosmic order that the physical environment of the Nile Valley evoked. d. ideas brought to Egypt from Mesopotamia. e. each person’s individual reflection on what god is like. ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 44 35. Egyptian kingship and religion were closely intertwined because it was believed: Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 8 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – The First River-Valley Civilizations, 3500-1500 B.C.E. a. the pharaoh could determine if one would go to the afterlife. b. the weather was dependent on whether the pharaoh was pleased with his people. c. the pharaoh was the living Horus and son of Re. d. the stability of Egyptian society depended on the quality of the king’s treasures. e. the pharaoh was ordained by god to rule over the kingdom. ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 43 36. Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley civilizations were all a. based on fertile floodplains and river valleys. b. made possible by large agricultural surpluses. c. derived from an earlier, as yet undiscovered, “watershed” civilization. d. based on beer brewing and female labor. e. wiped out by a huge drought. ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 46 37. The region of modern Pakistan which gave birth to the earliest known civilization in the Indian subcontinent is centered on which river? a. Oxus. b. Ganges. c. Indus. d. Nile. ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 46-47 38. The two main cities of early Indian civilization are a. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. b. Akkad and Thebes. c. Syracuse and Illyria. d. Troy and Delhi. e. Riazan and Antioch. ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 46 39. Which was NOT a technology found in Indian civilization? a. metallurgy b. irrigation c. pottery Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 9 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – The First River-Valley Civilizations, 3500-1500 B.C.E. d. mummification e. brick making ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 47 40. A body preserved by chemical processes or special natural circumstances, often in the belief that the deceased will need it again in the afterlifeis called a a. cuneiform. b. embalbed. c. skeleton. d. sarcophogous. e. mummy. ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 45 41. Metal objects unearthed in the Indus Valley a. have been mostly tools and other useful objects. b. have been primarily jewelry and other decorative items. c. belonged to the elite and wealthy classes. d. were used only in urban areas. e. were mostly weapons. ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 46-47 42. Which of the following was probably not one of the components of the “systems failure” that brought down the Indus Valley cities? a. That the Hakra River system dried up b. That invaders from the north and east drove out the inhabitants c. Massive flooding d. Salinization of farmland e. Increased erosion ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 48 43. In order to discovery more specific information about the social structure of Indus Valley civilizations, what needs to be done? a. shared knowledge with other archeologists and historians. b. The writing of the civilization must be deciphered. c. Carbon dating of artifacts. Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 10 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – The First River-Valley Civilizations, 3500-1500 B.C.E. d. Analysis of exhumed bodies e. All of these. ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 48 44. A reed that grows along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt. From it was produced a coarse, paperlike writing medium used by the Egyptians and many other peoples in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East was a. cuneiform b. ma’at c. hieroglyphics. d. papyrus e. script ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 42 Subjective Short Answer Instructions: Identify the following term(s). 45. civilization ANSWER: Answer not provided. POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 27 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications – Identifications 46. Sumerians ANSWER: Answer not provided. POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 30 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications – Identifications 47. Epic of Gilgamesh ANSWER: Answer not provided. POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 27 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications – Identifications 48. city-state ANSWER: Answer not provided. POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 31 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications – Identifications Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 11 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – The First River-Valley Civilizations, 3500-1500 B.C.E. 49. Mesopotamia ANSWER: Answer not provided. POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 31 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications – Identifications 50. Hammurabi ANSWER: Answer not provided. POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 32 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications – Identifications 51. anthropomorphic ANSWER: Answer not provided. POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 34 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications – Identifications 52. ziggurat ANSWER: Answer not provided. POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 35 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications – Identifications 53. amulet ANSWER: Answer not provided. POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 35 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications – Identifications 54. cuneiform ANSWER: Answer not provided. POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 35 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications – Identifications 55. Herodotus ANSWER: Answer not provided. POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 39 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications – Identifications 56. pharoah ANSWER: Answer not provided. Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 12 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – The First River-Valley Civilizations, 3500-1500 B.C.E. POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 41 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications – Identifications 57. ma’at ANSWER: Answer not provided. POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 41 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications – Identifications 58. Great Pyramid of Khufu ANSWER: Answer not provided. POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 41 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications – Identifications 59. Memphis ANSWER: Answer not provided. POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 42 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications – Identifications 60. Thebes ANSWER: Answer not provided. POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 42 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications – Identifications 61. hieroglyphics ANSWER: Answer not provided. POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 42 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications – Identifications 62. papyrus ANSWER: Answer not provided. POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 42 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications – Identifications 63. Levant ANSWER: POINTS: REFERENCES: Answer not provided. 1 p. 43 Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 13 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – The First River-Valley Civilizations, 3500-1500 B.C.E. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications – Identifications 64. Harappa ANSWER: Answer not provided. POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 47 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications – Identifications 65. Mohenjo-daro ANSWER: Answer not provided. POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 47 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Identifications – Identifications Instructions: Answer the following question(s). 66. What are the most important elements necessary for the creation of “civilization” as we know it? Explain how civilization becomes more complex as it obtains these elements, as well as how this kind of civilization differs from earlier social organizations. ANSWER: Students should be able to discuss law, religion, military defense, economy, writing, social hierarchy, labor systems, technology, and other elements that contribute to the creation of a civilization. These factors can be influenced by the geography or natural resources of an area. Once survival is ensured, society becomes more complex as it obtains those elements that organize and shape it, giving it a distinct individuality. When leisure time becomes possible, society can move beyond adapting to creating a unique culture. The most critical factor is centralization, or the creation of a fixed focal point, notably a city, around which all other elements may develop. After cities, the chapter lists seven other criteria for a civilization: a political system defined by territory, specialization of labor activities in nonfood production, a method of recordkeeping, monumental buildings, a social hierarchy and status groups, long-distance trade, and intellectual development. POINTS: 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Short Answer – Short Answer 67. Describe the process by which the main framework of civilization was created in Mesopotamia. ANSWER: Since Mesopotamian civilization was based on villages and cities, it relied on a large agricultural sector to supply its urban areas with food. An agricultural surplus makes possible the existence of merchants, artisans, government officials, scribes, and religious specialists, none of whom are directly engaged in producing food themselves. The cities supplied markets for foodstuffs and crafted items, as well as military protection for the agriculturalists. As political leadership in Sumerian Mesopotamia grew, leaders were able to organize and coerce labor to build an irrigation system, dikes, canals, and roads, which contributed to further agricultural expansion. As cities grew, political, social, religious, educational, judicial, and economic institutions expanded as well. POINTS: 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Short Answer – Short Answer 68. Describe the development of city-states in early Mesopotamia. ANSWER: Most cities evolved from villages. When a successful village grew, small satellite villages Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 14 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – The First River-Valley Civilizations, 3500-1500 B.C.E. developed nearby and eventually merged with the main village to form an urban center. Scholars have long believed that the earliest cities and complex societies arose in southern Mesopotamia in the fourth millennium b.c.e., as a result of the need to organize labor to create and maintain irrigation channels. However, recent archaeological discoveries in northern Mesopotamia, where agriculture first developed in this part of the world and was sustained by rainfall, are suggesting a more complicated picture, as a number of sites in northeast Syria appear to have developed urban centers, bureaucracy, and other elements of social complexity at roughly the same time. Cities needed food, and many Mesopotamian city dwellers went out each day to labor in nearby fields. However, some urban residents did not engage in food production but instead specialized in crafts, manufacturing pottery, artwork, and clothing, as well as weapons, tools, and other objects forged out of metal. Others served the gods or carried out administrative duties. These urban specialists depended on the surplus food production from the villages in their vicinity. In return, the city provided rural districts with military protection against bandits and raiders and a market where villagers could acquire manufactured goods produced by urban specialists. Stretches of uncultivated land, either desert or swamp, served as buffers between the many small citystates of early Mesopotamia. Nevertheless, disputes over land, water rights, and movable property often sparked hostilities between neighboring cities and prompted most to build protective walls of sun-dried mud bricks. POINTS: 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Short Answer – Short Answer 69. How did the status and experience of women change as Mesopotamian society developed into a civilization? ANSWER: Because of their primary role in procuring much of the family’s food, women had relatively high status in hunter-gatherer societies. In the transition to food production, women’s status suffered, as more of the heavy cultivating work was done by men. As increased food supplies encouraged larger family size, raising children occupied greater portions of women’s time, further detracting from their social status. When Mesopotamia developed an urban middle class and private wealth, women were used to enhance family status and privilege through arranged marriages and family alliances. It is possible that women also began to wear veils at this time. New laws granted more control to male family members. Although women had no political role, some women worked outside the home in such occupations as textile weaving, brewing, prostitution, tavern keeping, baking, and fortunetelling, in addition to carrying out the ever-present domestic duties, preserving families, and raising children. POINTS: 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Short Answer – Short Answer 70. Why do we study the early civilizations in isolation from one another? ANSWER: While the early civilizations discussed in the text developed more or less simultaneously, in many cases there was relatively little interaction between them. Each region evolved differently, depending on its specific natural environment. Egypt, for example, arose at approximately the same time as Mesopotamia, but it had a very different pattern of development, with its population gathered by necessity near the Nile River. The expanses of desert around Egypt provided a kind of natural protection and made access to areas from the Middle East and Central Asia difficult. By comparison, Mesopotamia had a multitude of different communities in the Fertile Crescent area. In many cases, this interaction among these communities involved military competition for resources and thus advanced the development of weaponry and military technology; whereas in more isolated regions like Egypt, militarization was a later development. Thus we look at civilizations in isolation from one another so that we have a basis for comparison. Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 15 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – The First River-Valley Civilizations, 3500-1500 B.C.E. POINTS: 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Short Answer – Short Answer 71. Explain how the first Egyptian civilization was shaped by its natural environment. ANSWER: The imposing natural barriers of desert and harbor-less seacoast surrounding Egypt protected it from outside influences and threats. Egypt was also well endowed with the natural resources necessary for forming a civilization. Those barriers and resources allowed it to develop a unique culture in isolation and security. Except for a narrow stretch of fertile land along the Nile River, Egypt is almost entirely desert. Without adequate rainfall, agriculture was made possible only because of the yearly flooding of the Nile, which carried rich deposits of silt along with it. The Nile was also the primary means of communication and transportation. Reeds growing in marshy areas along the river were used for making papyrus (paper), as well as items such as sails and ropes. Egyptians had plenty of stone and clay for building materials; they also had access to metals, from which they could fashion tools and decorative objects. Because of the need to predict the Nile floods and survey taxable agricultural land, mathematics and astronomy became advanced sciences in Egypt. Egyptian religion was rooted in the physical landscape of the Nile Valley and the recurrent cycles and periodic renewal caused by the environment. POINTS: 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Short Answer – Short Answer 72. How did technological advancements enable Mesopotamia to meet the challenges of their physical environment? ANSWER: Students should be able to bring in elements from Chapter 1 to differentiate between Paleolithic and Neolithic eras and historical progress, but they should also be able to discuss the manner in which technology subsequently evolves while a civilization becomes more complex. In the case of Mesopotamia, wheeled carts and sledlike platforms dragged by cattle were used to transport goods in some locations. In the south, where numerous water channels cut up the landscape, boats and barges predominated. In northern Mesopotamia, donkeys were the chief pack animals for overland caravans before the advent of the camel around 1200 b.c.e. The Mesopotamians had to import metals, but they became skilled in metallurgy, refining ores containing copper and alloying them with arsenic or tin to make bronze. Craftsmen poured molten bronze into molds to produce tools and weapons. The cooled and hardened bronze took a sharper edge than stone, was less likely to break, and was more easily repaired. Stone implements remained in use among poor people, who could not afford bronze. POINTS: 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Short Answer – Short Answer 73. Discuss the Egyptian religious beliefs and death rituals as they centered on divine kingship and the pharaoh. ANSWER: Students should explain Egyptians’ connection to the geography of the Nile Valley and their vision of the cosmic order that this geography supported. The abundance and benevolence of the Nile Valley gave them a vision of the cosmos that emphasized renewal and bounty. Students should explain the importance of the monarchy in religious belief as well. The king was a chief priest as well as political leader. The Egyptian state centered on the king, often known by the New Kingdom term Pharaoh, from an Egyptian phrase meaning “palace.” From the time of the Old Kingdom, if not earlier, Egyptians considered the king to be a god sent to earth to maintain ma’at, the divinely authorized order of the universe. He was the indispensable link between his people and the gods, and his benevolent rule ensured the welfare and prosperity of the country. So much depended on the kings that their deaths called Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 16 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – The First River-Valley Civilizations, 3500-1500 B.C.E. forth elaborate efforts to ensure the well-being of their spirits on their perilous journey to rejoin the gods. Massive resources were poured into the construction of royal tombs, the celebration of elaborate funerary rites, and the sustenance of the kings’ spirits in the afterlife by perpetual offerings in funerary chapels attached to the royal tombs. Egypt had many gods, many of whom were depicted with animal heads, others with human form. Students should understand the important temples and festivals held for the gods. Egyptians believed that the afterlife was a journey beset with hazards. Students should describe the extensive preparations of the tomb and the body for the journey to the afterlife. POINTS: 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Short Answer – Short Answer 74. Compare the Egyptian hieroglyphic and Mesopotamian cuneiform writing systems. ANSWER: The earliest form of Egyptian writing, a system of hieroglyphics, developed at the beginning of the Old Kingdom. Hieroglyphics were picture symbols, made with a brush, that stood for words, syllables, or sounds. The writing system was developed for government administration, but Egyptians used it for purposes beyond recordkeeping. Tales of adventure, magic, and love, as well as religious hymns and instruction manuals, were recorded in hieroglyphics and the simplified systems descending from them. The Egyptians also developed the writing material called papyrus, which was made from the stems of the papyrus reed. The plant grew only in Egypt but was in high demand throughout the ancient world. The Mesopotamians wrote on moist clay tablets with a pointed stylus, producing wedge-shaped symbols. Both systems of writing were highly specialized activities that required long training and practice. Literacy afforded individuals prestige and status, as well as administrative qualifications. POINTS: 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Short Answer – Short Answer 75. Compare the civilization in the Indus Valley with the civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. ANSWER: All three civilizations were built around fertile river valleys. The resulting surplus production of foodstuffs supported a government, a religious infrastructure, and a middle class of merchants and artisans. All three civilizations also developed a complex system of writing to accompany the growth of government and urban life. While little is known about the Indus religion, Egyptians and Mesopotamians linked their religious beliefs and practices to the natural environment. Because of the size of the Indus River system, the civilization there was much larger than that in Mesopotamia. Whereas the Mesopotamian civilization was mainly urban, that of the Indus Valley was more dispersed and rural. Metals were more readily available in the Indus Valley, both those occurring naturally and those acquired through trade. Consequently, metal objects tended to be more utilitarian in design and more generally distributed throughout the population. Metal objects in Egypt and Mesopotamia, on the other hand, were more likely to have a decorative and ceremonial function. POINTS: 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Short Answer – Short Answer 76. If you were a historian writing on the Indus Valley civilization, how would you describe this society without the benefit of a deciphered written language? ANSWER: Students should use this question to explore the tools historians use to work on ancient civilizations, as well as the impediments they face. Because the Indus Valley civilization had a written language that is undeciphered, students should recognize the difficulties this presents and explain what other evidence is available. They should discuss the geography of Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 17 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – The First River-Valley Civilizations, 3500-1500 B.C.E. the region and what clues this offers the historian. For example, rivers, ocean access, and particularly mountain ranges all shape the history of a region. When the geography supports intensive cultivation, city life and civilization are possible. The excavations of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa are also fertile sources of information on this society. Although the identity of the people who lived there isn’t certain, the design and construction of the cities suggest the existence of a central government. Natural resources, crafts, and metals can also be discovered. Trade contacts through the Persian Gulf are also evident, although we know little about the Indus Valley religious, social, economic, and political structures. The reasons for the decline of this civilization are also unclear. There is speculation that a natural disaster such as an earthquake or flood may have been responsible. POINTS: 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Short Answer – Short Answer 77. One of the chief attributes of a civilization is ANSWER: cities as administrative centers. POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 27 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Short Answer – Short Answer 78. Mesopotamia means _______________? ANSWER: Land between the rivers (in Greek). POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 29 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Short Answer – Short Answer 79. Hammurabi is famous for what stabilizing factor of civilization? ANSWER: His code of laws, inscribed on a black stone statue. POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 32 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Short Answer – Short Answer 80. What was the purpose of the Egyptian pyramids? ANSWER: Burial tombs, originally for the pharaohs, but after the Middle Kingdom era, for those who could afford it. POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 40-41 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Short Answer – Short Answer Instructions: Answer the following question(s) using Map 2.1 from your textbook (page 28). 81. Examine Map 2.1 and indicate the locations of the river-valley civilizations known to exist between 3500 and 1500 B.C.E. Discuss the common geographical elements and the differences of these civilizations. What geographical elements are important to the development of civilization? ANSWER: Answer not provided. POINTS: 1 Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 18 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2 – The First River-Valley Civilizations, 3500-1500 B.C.E. REFERENCES: p. 28 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Map Exercises – Map Exercises 82. Looking at Map 2.1, show the extent of the trading networks developed by ancient civilizations, and list the most important goods imported and exported. Examining geography and goods traded, can you draw any conclusions about how a civilization emerges? Is it influenced by other regions, or does it emerge independently? ANSWER: Answer not provided. POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 28 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Map Exercises – Map Exercises 83. Examine Map 2.1 and discuss the formation of cities as central to the building of a civilization. Why were these areas ideal for the formation of cities and city-states? Explain why certain areas were not conducive to the formation of cities. ANSWER: Answer not provided. POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 28 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Map Exercises – Map Exercises Instructions: Answer the following question(s) using Map 2.2 from your textbook (page 30). 84. Examine Map 2.2 and show the major geographical features that influenced Mesopotamian civilization, including rivers, oceans and seas, deserts, and mountains. In particular, label the major urban centers and the alluvial plain on which Mesopotamian agriculture depended. ANSWER: Answer not provided. POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 30 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Map Exercises – Map Exercises Instructions: Answer the following question(s) using Map 2.3 from your textbook (page 39). 85. Examine Map 2.3 and discuss the extent of Egyptian civilization during the Old, Middle, and New Kingdom periods. Is there a connection between the topography and resources of an area and the location and extent of these kingdoms? Are there recognizable patterns? ANSWER: Answer not provided. POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 39 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Map Exercises – Map Exercises 86. Examine Map 2.3 and explain why Egypt remained relatively isolated until the end of the New Kingdom expansion. ANSWER: Answer not provided. POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: p. 39 LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PCTA.BCHHJ.11 Map Exercises – Map Exercises Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 19