Test Bank for Strangers to These Shores, 12th Edition

Chapter 2: Culture and Social Structure Multiple Choice 1) When people create meaning and significance in life through the use of language or symbols, they are creating __________. A) B) C) D) nonmaterial culture material culture acculturation nonverbal communication Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain how culture influences one’s perceptions. Topic/A-head: The Concept of Culture Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy 2) A) B) C) D) is a basic U.S. value. Freedom Interdependence Community Superstition Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain how culture influences one’s perceptions. Topic/A-head: The Concept of Culture Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy 3) Shared cultural A) B) C) D) encourage solidarity by embodying society’s fundamental expectations. materials beliefs norms laws Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain how culture influences one’s perceptions. Topic/A-head: The Concept of Culture Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy 4) Physical objects created by members of a society and the meanings/significance attached to them are known as __________. A) B) C) D) nonmaterial culture material culture values norms Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain how culture influences one’s perceptions. Topic/A-head: The Concept of Culture Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 6) The Thomas theorem states that __________. A) B) C) D) people have to be taught to hate and fear if people define a situation as real, it becomes real in its consequences the world of reality is taken for granted each generation passes its cultural values on to the next generation Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain how culture influences one’s perceptions Topic/A-head: The Concept of Culture Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy 7) Culture is __________. A) B) C) D) shared universal made up from scratch for each generation a relatively unimportant part sociological study Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain how culture influences one’s perceptions. Topic/A-head: The Concept of Culture Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Easy 8) What feature of language may connote both intended and unintended prejudicial meanings? A) B) C) D) Social structure Culture Linguistic relativity Beliefs Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain how culture influences one’s perceptions. Topic/A-head: The Concept of Culture Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Easy 9) __________ is an example of material culture. A) B) C) D) Money The exchange of ideas Religion Acculturation Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain how culture influences one’s perceptions. Topic/A-head: The Concept of Culture Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty: Moderate 10) If members of a men’s group are annoyed because a woman has asked to speak at their meeting, their response may be elicited because women’s participation may be a(n) __________. A) nonmaterial cultural behavior B) norm violation C) acculturation Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. D) nonverbal communication Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain how culture influences one’s perceptions. Topic/A-head: The Concept of Culture Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty: Moderate 11) Students who sit quietly in class and take careful notes are fulfilling societal expectations of behavior, which are called __________. A) B) C) D) mores values norms material culture Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain how culture influences one’s perceptions. Topic/A-head: The Concept of Culture Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty: Moderate 12) The basic U.S. value of __________ is at odds with the value of “individualism.” A) B) C) D) efficiency progress science external conformity Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain how culture influences one’s perceptions. Topic/A-head: The Concept of Culture Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty: Moderate 13) Jose’s parents teach Jose how to follow the walk symbols at a stoplight so that he knows how to safely cross the street. This exchange is an example of __________. A) B) C) D) cultural transmission norms nonmaterial culture cultural diffusion Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain how culture influences one’s perceptions. Topic/A-head: The Concept of Culture Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty: Moderate 14) Jeremy knows very little about his family’s heritage, and as a fourth generation Irish-American, most people simply assume he is a white American. It is safe to say that Jeremy’s family has been __________. A) B) C) D) acculturated naturalized culturally transmitted culturally diffused Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain how culture influences one’s perceptions. Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Topic/A-head: The Concept of Culture Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty: Difficult 15) Oscar is a symbolic interactionist. He believes that social interaction among people of different cultures may be difficult because __________. A) B) C) D) the two parties do not share the same definitions of symbols people have a natural reluctance to relate to strangers strangers are intimidated by the natives of the host country one group tries to dominate the other Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain how culture influences one’s perceptions. Topic/A-head: The Concept of Culture Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty: Difficult 16) Dominique whistled at her brother to get his attention. Dominique is using __________. A) B) C) D) paralinguistic signals language vocal communication nonverbal notation Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain how culture influences one’s perceptions. Topic/A-head: The Concept of Culture Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty: Difficult 17) Settling in an area already containing family, friends, or compatriots is known as __________. A) B) C) D) chain migration joined resettlement parallel social institutions recycling Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.2 Examine how culture changes and spreads. Topic/A-head: Cultural Change Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy 18) The fact that cultures owe a substantial debt to other cultures because of the spread of ideas, inventions, and practices is called __________. A) B) C) D) cultural transmission convergence cross-cultural impregnation cultural diffusion Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.2 Examine how culture changes and spreads. Topic/A-head: Cultural Change Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Easy Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 19) What do sociologists call a minority group’s establishment of its own clubs, organizations, stores, churches, newspapers, and schools? A) B) C) D) Duplication Parallel social institutions Redundant social patterns Subcultural networking Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.2 Examine how culture changes and spreads. Topic/A-head: Cultural Change Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Easy 20) In convergent subcultures we tend to see __________. A) B) C) D) continued residential clustering everyday ethnicity in language, dress, and cultural behavior a gradual assimilation process high rates of interpersonal conflict Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.2 Examine how culture changes and spreads. Topic/A-head: Cultural Change Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Easy 21) When Juan arrived in Milan, he was surprised to find that people drank wine during working lunches. This is an example of __________. A) B) C) D) cultural transmission culture irrelevance culture diffusion culture shock Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.2 Examine how culture changes and spreads Topic/A-head: Cultural Change Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty: Moderate 22) __________ would likely lead to culture shock. A) B) C) D) Finding that everyone around dresses like you Behaving according to societal norms Not understanding the slang used by people around you Encountering a group that expresses different opinions than you Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.2 Examine how culture changes and spreads. Topic/A-head: Cultural Change Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty: Moderate 23) Which group illustrates a persistent subculture? A) Hasidic Jews B) Irish C) Germans Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. D) Italians Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.2 Examine how culture changes and spreads. Topic/A-head: Cultural Change Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty: Moderate 24) Relationships between majority and minority groups are influenced by differences in culture, as well as __________. A) B) C) D) structural conditions acculturation cultural ethnocentrism religious beliefs Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.3 Explain how structural conditions affect intergroup relations. Topic/A-head: Structural Conditions Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Easy 25) Which of the following is a social or economic condition that would likely foster conflict between minority groups? A) B) C) D) Stagnant economy Ample resources Agrarian based economy Expanding economy Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.3 Explain how structural conditions affect intergroup relations. Topic/A-head: Structural Conditions Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Easy 26) Technological improvements in communication and transportation __________. A) B) C) D) have no real impact upon dominant-minority relations may actually delay assimilation accelerate the assimilation process because they make for a smaller world are important only because they encourage more people from distant places to migrate to the United States Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.3 Explain how structural conditions affect intergroup relations. Topic/A-head: Structural Conditions Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty: Moderate 27) It is only by examining the intersection of __________ that we can understand the continued widespread existence of black poverty. A) B) C) D) race and class slavery and assimilation occupational and cultural mobility cultural diffusion and economic determinism Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.5 Evaluate the role of social class in intergroup relations. Topic/A-head: Social Class Skill Level: Remember the Facts Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Difficulty: Easy 28) What is a core cause of the “tangle of pathology” in black communities? A) B) C) D) Juvenile delinquency Adult crime Welfare dependency Family deterioration Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.5 Evaluate the role of social class in intergroup relations. Topic/A-head: Social Class Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy 29) Cultural traits of the poor transmitted from one generation to the next refers to __________. A) B) C) D) social stratification the culture of poverty ethclasses internal-colonialism theory Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.5 Evaluate the role of social class in intergroup relations. Topic/A-head: Social Class Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy 30) The hierarchical ranking of the members of society based on the unequal distribution of resources, power, and prestige is known as __________. A) B) C) D) poor social class skills pluralism social stratification culture shock Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain how stratification also affects intergroup relations. Topic/A-head: Stratification Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy 31) The 1930s Warner study on social-class differentiation asked people how they thought others compared to them, also known as a __________. A) B) C) D) reputational method longitudinal method cohort effect power-differential theory Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.5 Evaluate the role of social class in intergroup relations. Topic/A-head: Social Class Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Easy 32) Warner’s Yankee City study found an important link between social class status and __________. Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. A) B) C) D) length of residence in the United States religious belief political participation gender Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.5 Evaluate the role of social class in intergroup relations. Topic/A-head: Social Class Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Easy 33) Milton Gordon’s ethclass groupings represent __________. A) B) C) D) the eventual decline of ethnicity as a significant factor the supremacy of ethnicity over social class because of ethnic reawakening the subsocieties resulting from the intersection of ethnicity and social class an abstract concept, not one of primary relationships Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.5 Evaluate the role of social class in intergroup relations. Topic/A-head: Social Class Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Easy 34) __________ is one of the four social categories proposed by Milton Gordon that play a part in forming ethclasses. A) B) C) D) Technological advances Race Social class Religion Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.5 Evaluate the role of social class in intergroup relations. Topic/A-head: Social Class Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Easy 35) Edward Banfield described the lower classes as attaching high value to __________. A) B) C) D) being present-oriented sacrifice community service self-improvement Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.5 Evaluate the role of social class in intergroup relations. Topic/A-head: Social Class Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Easy 36) The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996 __________. A) B) C) D) implied that structural problems prevented many from working placed a five-year limit on government assistance acknowledged that most living in poverty also have jobs required welfare recipients to work after two years of assistance Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.5 Evaluate the role of social class in intergroup relations. Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Topic/A-head: Social Class Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Easy 37) Miranda is Catholic and her family has lived in the same working-class neighborhood in Boston for four generations. Miranda could be considered to be part of a(n) __________. A) B) C) D) race ethclass dominant class persecuted minority group Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.5 Evaluate the role of social class in intergroup relations. Topic/A-head: Social Class Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty: Difficult 38) Barry believes that most poor people are caught in a cycle where they end up developing bad habits and belief systems which keep them in poverty. He is a supporter of Moynihan’s interpretation of the __________ theory. A) B) C) D) ethclass pluralist culture of poverty language hypothesis Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.5 Evaluate the role of social class in intergroup relations. Topic/A-head: Social Class Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty: Difficult 39) The differences that are present between two cultures is known as __________. A) B) C) D) cultural differentiation cultural transmission pluralism assimilation Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.6 Examine factors that underlie intergroup conflict. Topic/A-head: Intergroup Conflict Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy 40) The ____________ strongly emphasizes having outgroup friends as a path toward reducing prejudice. A) B) C) D) contact hypothesis Thomas theorem persistent subculture culture Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.6 Examine factors that underlie intergroup conflict. Topic/A-head: Intergroup Conflict Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Easy 41) Cynthia began working in the copy room of a large corporation but is now the manager of an entire corporate Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. division. This is an example of __________. A) B) C) D) occupational mobility luck right place phenomenon career achieved status Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.6 Examine factors that underlie intergroup conflict. Topic/A-head: Intergroup Conflict Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty: Moderate 42) Jeremy, an African American, is trying to put his sociological knowledge to practice in order to reduce prejudice. As someone who sees a lot of value in the interactionist perspective, he wants to employ the __________ and make friends with people who are not black. A) B) C) D) contact hypothesis Dillingham hypothesis feminist perspective outgroup theory Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.6 Examine factors that underlie intergroup conflict. Topic/A-head: Intergroup Conflict Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty: Difficult 43) Michael sees a strong correlation between a group’s economic position and the intensity of negative interactions with the dominant society. Michael’s views are in line with __________ theory. A) B) C) D) functionalist conflict interactionist feminist Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.6 Examine factors that underlie intergroup conflict. Topic/A-head: Intergroup Conflict Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty: Difficult 44) According to theorist William J. Wilson, in which power relationship does the dominant group exercise almost complete control over the subordinate group? A) B) C) D) industrialization capitalism communism paternalism Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.7 Explain how sociology helps us understand ethnic stratification. Topic/A-head: Ethnic Stratification Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy 45) Cultural crashes in China illustrate which sociological mode? A) conflict Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. B) functionalism C) interactionism D) internal-colonialism Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.7 Explain how sociology helps us understand ethnic stratification. Topic/A-head: Ethnic Stratification Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty: Difficult 46) Joe’s family has had uneven experiences in their new country with some people having tremendous success while others who immigrated are stuck in ethnic enclaves and have enjoyed very little prosperity, lending support for __________ theory. A) B) C) D) power-differential internal-colonialism paternalism immigrant assimilation Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.7 Explain how sociology helps us understand ethnic stratification. Topic/A-head: Ethnic Stratification Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty: Difficult 47) __________ represents a minority-against-minority clash over limited resources. A) B) C) D) The 1992 Los Angeles riots Violence between blacks and Australians in Miami in 1988 The 19th-Century race-baiting riots on the West Coast Black-White violence in urban neighborhoods Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.8 Understand the existence of a white culture. Topic/A-head: Is There a White Culture? Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy 48) As the text suggests, white values and behavior patterns might be unrealized by group members because __________. A) B) C) D) group members celebrate pluralism group members want to express their emotions whites don’t exhibit any consistent patterns the values and behaviors are taken for granted Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.8 Understand the existence of a white culture. Topic/A-head: Is There a White Culture? Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy 49) What, according to Hitchcock, is a common value in white culture? A) B) C) D) Avoiding “stepping on people’s toes” Trying to “make a scene” Spontaneity Uncoordinated daily activities Answer: A Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objective: 2.8 Understand the existence of a white culture. Topic/A-head: Is There a White Culture? Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Easy 50) According to the text, recognizing a “white culture” would likely __________. A) B) C) D) prevent dominant group perceptions of racism promote suspicion regarding alternative cultural experiences promote the idea of a single “American” culture relegate whites to the bottom of the racial hierarchy Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.8 Understand the existence of a white culture. Topic/A-head: Is There a White Culture? Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty: Difficult Essay 51) Explain the difference between material and nonmaterial culture. Which should change faster? Use specific examples in your answer. Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Define and explain material culture such as physical objects with examples. 2. Define and explain nonmaterial culture such as ideas and values with examples. 3. Analyze which one should change faster and why. Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain how culture influences one’s perceptions. Topic/A-head: The Concept of Culture Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty: Moderate 52) Explain how knowledge of language and cultural symbols shape our perception of reality. How does this apply to racial and ethnic dynamics? Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Outline the basics of how language structures our perceptions paying attention to how language shapes thought and behavior patterns. 2. Explain why interactionist theory is particularly interested in language as a set of symbols. 3. Apply to racial and ethnic dynamics and to stereotype formation. Learning Objective: 2.1 Explain how culture influences one’s perceptions. Topic/A-head: The Concept of Culture Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty: Moderate 53) Explain the interrelationships between ethnicity and social class. Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Explain and define ethnicity and social class. 2. Show how the two are linked together using examples such as the culture of poverty argument, racial stereotypes, or structural economic conditions. Learning Objective: 2.5 Evaluate the role of social class in intergroup relations. Topic/A-head: Social Class Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Easy Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 54) Compare and contrast Stephen Steinberg and Thomas Sowell’s views of a minority group’s economic success using examples. Which one do you find more useful? Why? Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Note Steinberg’s theory about economic success which minimizes cultural factors using examples. 2. Note Sowell’s theory about economic success which pays great attention to cultural factors using examples. 3. Point out similarities and points of departure with regard to the role of culture. 4. Evaluate which is more powerful. Learning Objective: 2.5 Evaluate the role of social class in intergroup relations. Topic/A-head: Social Class Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty: Difficult 55) Discuss the concept of “white culture.” Do you think there is such a thing? What are the effects of having a “white culture?” Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Describe what “white culture” is from a white studies perspective. 2. Provide evidence for or against its existence as opposed to American culture. 3. Evaluate the effects of “white culture” and how it can lead to a multiracial society Learning Objective: 2.8 Understand the existence of a white culture. Topic/A-head: Is There a White Culture? Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty: Difficult Copyright © 2019, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.