Test Bank For Society, 15th Edition

Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e Chapter 2: Culture In this revision of the test bank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in Society: The Basics, 15th edition. The questions are tagged according to four levels of learning that move from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The four levels are: Remember the Facts: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material Understand the Concepts: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas Apply What You Know: a question applying sociological knowledge to some new situation Analyze It: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship The 168 questions in this chapter’s test bank are divided into four types. True/False questions are the least demanding. As the table below shows, almost all of these fall within the two lowest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Remember the Facts” and “Understand the Concepts”). Multiple-choice questions, which also involve the lowest three levels, are relatively less demanding as well. Short answer questions span a broad range of skills (from “Understand the Concepts” to “Analyze It”). Finally, essay questions are the most demanding because they represent the highest levels of cognitive reasoning. Types of Questions Remember the Facts Understand the Concepts Apply What You Know Analyze It True/False Mult Choice Essay Total Qs 41 (50%) Short Answer 0 43 (73%) 0 84 14 (24%) 29 (35%) 8 (50%) 0 51 2 (3%) 12 (15%) 2 (12%) 1 (9%) 17 0 59 0 82 6 (37%) 16 10 (91%) 11 16 168 Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e Chapter 2: Culture TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1. Businesses in this country can profit from recognizing the cultural diversity of the U.S. population. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2. People around the world have much the same outward appearance and wear the same clothing and bodily decoration. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 3. Culture refers to the values, beliefs, behavior, and material things that form a way of life. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 4. One example of nonmaterial culture is the types of vehicles people use to get around in their daily lives. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5. Experiencing an unfamiliar culture can generate culture shock. Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6. There is a single way of life that is biologically “natural” to humans everywhere. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 7. For at least 12,000 years, humans have used culture as a strategy for survival. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 8. The Census Bureau reports that only ten different languages are spoken in the United States. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 9. Symbols refer to anything that carries meaning that is recognized by people who share a culture. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 10. The emergence of computer-based instant messaging shows us that new symbols are being created all the time. Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 11. The story of Helen Keller, who became blind and deaf, shows how the development of our humanity depends on the ability to understand and use symbols. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 12. Through the use of symbols, people make sense of their surroundings. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 13. The gesture we commonly call “thumbs up” is used in all of the world’s societies to signify that something is very good. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 14. The process of cultural transmission cannot take place unless members of a society have a written language. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15. In high-income countries such as the United States, everyone has the ability to read and write. Answer: False Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 16. English is not the most widely spoken first language in the world, but it has become the preferred second language throughout most of the world. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 17. The Sapir-Whorf thesis states that the language we use shapes the reality we perceive. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 18. Values are standards that serve as broad guidelines for living. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 19. Most people in the United States share the value that everyone should not only have equality of opportunity, but also equality in all aspects of social standing. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20. Compared with cultures around the world, the way of life in the United States has a relatively high emphasis on individualism. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 21. People in the United States tend to view the past as being better than the present. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 22. Cultural values in the United States always go together—they are all consistent with one another. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23. One emerging value in the United States is the importance of personal growth, including spiritual activity. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 24. Cultural values in high-income nations tend to be secular-rational, giving greater importance to personal self-expression. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25. In general, low-income nations have cultures that value individualism and personal self-expression. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e 26. Mores are norms that have great moral significance. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 27. Across the United States, mores vary more than folkways. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 28. Values and norms help to define a society’s “ideal culture.” Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 29. Technology refers to knowledge people use to make a way of life in their surroundings. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 30. Gerhard Lenski used the concept “sociocultural evolution” to refer to the process by which technological innovation changes the character of societies. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 31. Hunting-and-gathering societies generate a material surplus. Answer: False Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 32. Hunting-and-gathering societies are nomadic. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 33. Forces of nature have the greatest effect on societies with the simplest technology. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 34. The subordination of women by men is clearly evident and extreme in hunting-andgathering societies. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 35. Horticultural societies typically form permanent settlements. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 36. Pastoral and horticultural societies are not capable of producing a material surplus. Answer: False Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 37. Agrarian societies typically have dramatic social inequality. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 38. Agriculture differs from horticulture because it makes use of animal-drawn plows that can cultivate much more land. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 39. Industrial societies use powerful sources of energy to drive large machinery. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 40. The industrial era was underway in parts of Europe by the time the explorer Christopher Columbus reached the Americas in 1492. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 41. The use of industrial technology typically raises economic living standards. Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 42. In general, industrialization results in more schooling and a sharp increase in the share of the population that is illiterate. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 43. In a postindustrial society, computers, social media, and other information technology play a major part in the operation of the economy. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 44. Japan is a more multicultural society than the United States. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 45. The United States has a popular culture, but not a high culture. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e 46. Most people participate in numerous subcultures without necessarily becoming very committed to any of them. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 47. The fact that hip-hop music and the DJ scene were invented in the low-income, African American neighborhoods of New York show that people of all social positions help create U.S. cultural patterns. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 48. Multiculturalists claim that, over the course of U.S. history, most non-English immigrants were advised to adopt the cultural patterns of the English—their “betters”— rather than “melt in.” Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 49. Afrocentrism refers to the dominance of European cultural patterns. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 50. Subculture is more at odds with dominant culture than counterculture. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 51. Cultural lag refers to the fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 52. Cultural change results from invention, discovery, and diffusion. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 53. Cultural relativism means using your own cultural standards to evaluate another culture. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 54. Rock-and-roll music in the United States is one cultural trait that has nothing in common with music that was popular a short time before it emerged. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 55. The structural-functional approach sees culture as a relatively stable system of integrated patterns people use to meet their needs. Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 56. Cultural universals refer to patterns that are held by everyone in a society. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 57. Karl Marx argued that a society’s economic system was shaped by its value system. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 58. Sociobiology explores how human biology has shaped today’s culture. Answer: True Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 59. It is fair to say that humans always remain prisoners of their existing culture. Answer: False Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e 60. The chapter-opening story of the diversity initiative at Charles Schwab & Co. shows us that ________ a. various minorities respond to the same advertising in exactly the same way. b. Asian American immigrants prefer English to their native language when they are doing business. c. learning more about cultural diversity can help a company boost sales. d. All of these are correct. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 61. The United States is the most ________ of all countries. a. multicultural b. culturally uniform c. slowly changing d. traditional Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 62. What is the term for the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that together make up the way of life for a group of people? a. Social structure b. Social system c. Culture d. Society Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 63. As a part of human culture, religion is an example of ________ a. material culture. b. nonmaterial culture. c. culture shock. Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e d. human nature. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 64. The intangible world of ideas created by members of a society is referred to as ________ a. high culture. b. material culture. c. norms. d. nonmaterial culture. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 65. Cars, computers, and iPhones are all examples of which of the following? a. High culture b. Material culture c. Norms d. Nonmaterial culture Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 66. Looking all around the world, what we find everywhere is ________ a. the same ideas about what is right. b. people enjoying the same sports. c. people creating diverse cultural systems. d. the same standards that define what is beautiful and ugly. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 67. Among all forms of life, humans stand out as the only species that________ a. relies on culture to ensure survival. b. has patterned ways of living. c. has biological instincts. d. makes use of tools. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 68. The term Homo sapiens, the name of our species, comes from Latin meaning ________ a. “person of culture.” b. “intelligent person.” c. “one who walks upright.” d. “person who evolves.” Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 69. According to scientists, Homo sapiens first appeared on Earth about how long ago? a. 2,500 years b. 25,000 years c. 250,000 years d. 250 million years Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 70. The concept of ________ refers to a shared way of life, and the term ________ refers to a political entity. a. culture; society Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e b. c. d. country; nation nation; culture culture; nation Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 71. The United States is multicultural because ________ a. everyone holds the same values and beliefs. b. each individual holds many different and conflicting values and beliefs. c. there are many widely shared values and beliefs. d. in this country we find many different languages and ways of life. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 72. Sociologists define a symbol as ________ a. anything that carries meaning to people who share a culture. b. any material cultural trait. c. any gesture that conveys insult to others. d. social patterns that cause culture shock. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 73. The fact that texting is based on a new and evolving set of symbols shows us that ________ a. today’s young people are smarter than their parents. b. symbols are static elements. c. culture changes over time. d. we are not dependent on our culture’s symbols. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 74. The language widely spoken by people in more nations of the world than any other is ________ a. Spanish. b. Chinese. c. English. d. Hindi. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 75. Cultural transmission refers to the process of ________ a. cultural patterns moving from one society to another. b. using the oral tradition. c. passing cultural patterns from one generation to another. d. using writing to enshrine cultural patterns. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 76. The Sapir-Whorf thesis states that ________ a. language involves attaching labels to the real world. b. people see the world through the cultural lens of their language. c. most words have the same meaning if spoken in different languages. d. every word exists in all known languages. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 77. Standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good, and beautiful are called ________ a. folkways. b. norms. c. mores. d. values. Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 78. The dominant values of U.S. culture include ________ a. a deep respect for the traditions of the past. b. a belief in equality of condition for all. c. a belief in individuality. d. a belief in personal intuition over science. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 79. While one dominant value of U.S. culture is the right to equal opportunity and freedom, another is ________ a. equality of condition. b. “being” rather than “doing.” c. racism and group superiority. d. belief in tradition. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 80. Key values of U.S. culture ________ a. always fit together easily. b. change quickly, even from year to year. c. are shared by absolutely everyone in a society. d. are sometimes in conflict with one another. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 81. An emerging value in our society is found in which of the following expressions? a. “What was good enough for my parents is good enough for me.” Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e b. c. d. “The present is better than the past.” “Work is important, but I want more time for leisure and personal growth.” “It’s good to be free.” Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 82. Low-income countries have cultures that value ________ a. economic survival. b. equal standing for women and men. c. self-expression. d. individualism. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 83. ________ are rules about everyday, casual living; ________ are rules with great moral significance. a. Mores; folkways b. Folkways; mores c. Proscriptive norms; prescriptive norms d. Prescriptive norms; proscriptive norms Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 84. Wrong-doing, such as an adult forcing a child to engage in sexual activity, is an example of violating cultural ________ a. mores. b. symbols. c. folkways. d. control. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Difficult Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e Skill Level: Apply What You Know 85. The early U.S. sociologist who described the difference between folkways and mores was ________ a. Emile Durkheim. b. William Graham Sumner. c. Harriett Martineau. d. George Herbert Mead. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 86. ________ distinguish between right and wrong; ________ distinguish between right and rude. a. Mores; folkways b. Taboos; mores c. Folkways; mores d. Prescriptive norms; proscriptive norms Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 87. An act of kindness, such as opening the door for an elderly man, illustrates conforming to ________ a. mores. b. taboos. c. folkways. d. proscriptive norms. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 88. Elements of social control in everyday life include shame, guilt, and ________ a. ideal culture. b. real culture. c. sanctions. d. material culture. Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 89. The fact that some married men and married women are sexually unfaithful to their spouses is an example of ________ culture, while the fact that most adults say they support the idea of sexual fidelity is an example of ________ culture. a. high; low b. low; high c. ideal; real d. real; ideal Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 90. Sociologists refer to tangible or physical human creations as ________ a. nonmaterial culture. b. artifacts. c. technology. d. values. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 91. What is the term for the application of cultural knowledge to the task of living in an environment? a. Real culture b. Ideal culture c. Cultural transmission d. Technology Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e 92. According to Gerhard Lenski, which of the following has the greatest power to shape a society? a. Technology b. Social conflict c. Human ideas d. Human desire for change Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 93. According to Lenski, the term “sociocultural evolution” refers to ________ a. changes brought about by new ways of thinking. b. changes created by ideas coming from other societies. c. change that results from social conflict. d. changes that occur as a society acquires new technology. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 94. Today, hunting-and-gathering societies ________ a. are quickly spreading around the world. b. represent about half the world’s population. c. are few in number, but are found on every continent. d. are close to disappearing from the world. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 95. In hunting-and-gathering societies the ________ a. population is small and nomadic. b. population is large and live in villages. c. population is small and they raise crops and animals. d. population is large and most people are farmers. Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 96. In hunting-and-gathering societies ________ a. men and women do almost entirely the same tasks. b. men hunt animals while women gather vegetation. c. women hunt animals while men gather vegetation. d. men and women work together as hunters. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 97. The social standing of women and men in hunting-and-gathering societies is ________ a. unequal, with men controlling farming. b. fairly equal, with men and women each making a vital contribution to survival. c. unequal, with women raising the young while men secure food. d. equal, because both men and women perform the same tasks. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 98. A constant danger to people living in hunting-and-gathering societies is ________ a. loss of tradition. b. growing more food than people can carry. c. the forces of nature, including storms and droughts. d. the forces of social inequality. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e 99. By definition, horticultural societies are those in which people ________ a. are nomadic. b. hunt animals and gather vegetation. c. have learned to raise animals. d. use simple hand tools to raise crops. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 100. The first type of society to generate a material surplus was ________ a. hunting and gathering. b. horticultural and pastoral. c. agrarian. d. industrial. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 101. What type of society engages in large-scale farming based on the use of plows drawn by animals or more powerful energy sources? a. Hunting and gathering b. Horticultural c. Pastoral d. Agrarian Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 102. Agrarian technology developed based on the use of ________ a. the plow, animal power, and the development of metals. b. the ability to travel, the rise of industry, and elevated living standards. c. cultural diffusion, the use of hand tools to grow crops, and social diversity. d. computers, the Information Revolution, and a global culture. Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 103. In terms of social inequality, agrarian societies generally ________ a. have much more inequality than less productive societal types. b. have about the same amount of social inequality as less productive societal types. c. have less social inequality than less productive societal types. d. come very close to being egalitarian societies. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 104. Which of the following types of society has the most productive specialization? a. Hunting and gathering b. Horticultural and pastoral c. Agrarian d. Industrial Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 105. Which type of human society has existed only since about the year 1750? a. Industrial societies b. Agrarian societies c. Horticultural and pastoral societies d. Hunting-and-gathering societies Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture. Topic: Technology and Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e 106. More than ________ people immigrated to the U.S. between the years 1820 and 2017. a. 4 million b. 14 million c. 40 million d. 84 million Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 107. The distinction between high culture and popular culture is based mostly on ________ a. how advanced the cultural pattern is. b. how long the cultural pattern has existed. c. the social standing of the people who display the cultural pattern. d. how interesting the cultural pattern is. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 108. Sometimes the distinction between high culture and popular culture is not so clear, as shown by the television show Pawn Stars, because ________ a. the family in this show was always very rich. b. reality shows have made families that were low-income nationally-known media stars who are now earning a lot more money. c. Rick Harrison’s mother is a previous Miss America pageant winner. d. reality television never shows “ordinary,” working people. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 109. Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society’s population are referred to as ________ Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e a. b. c. d. high culture. popular culture. elite culture. established culture. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 110. If you were to attend a New York Ballet performance, you would be experiencing ________ a. high culture. b. popular culture. c. cultural transmission. d. virtual culture. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 111. Hip-hop music and the DJ scene first emerged ________ a. on college campuses in the 1980s. b. in the South Bronx during the 1970s. c. among rich people in the 1990s as part of elite culture. d. in the South as part of that region’s tradition culture. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 112. Subculture refers to ________ a. a part of the population lacking culture. b. people who embrace popular culture. c. cultural patterns that set off a part of a society’s population. d. people who embrace high culture. Answer: c Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 113. Harley Davidson motorcycle riders, computer programmers, and jazz musicians all display ________ patterns. a. high cultural b. popular cultural c. virtual cultural d. subcultural Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 114. Multiculturalism is defined as ________ a. efforts to encourage immigration to the United States. b. efforts to establish English as the official language of the United States. c. a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equality of all cultural traditions. d. the idea that the United States should have a single, dominant culture. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 115. About how many adults in the United States speak a language other than English at home? a. 5 million b. 15 million c. 25 million d. 65 million Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e Skill Level: Remember the Facts 116. Other than English, which is the most widely-spoken language in the United States? a. French b. Spanish c. German d. Chinese Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 117. The claim that U.S. culture is wrongly dominated by a European, and especially English, way of life characterizes our culture as ________ a. ethnocentric. b. Afrocentric. c. Eurocentric. d. culturally relative. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 118. Counterculture refers to ________ a. people who differ in some small way. b. popular culture. c. high culture. d. cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 119. The region of the United States where the largest percentage of people speak a language other than English at home is the ________ a. Southwest. b. South. Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e c. d. Northeast. Northwest. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 120. Cultural integration refers to the fact that ________ a. U.S. society contains many cultural patterns. b. European cultural patterns dominate U.S. society. c. change in one cultural pattern is usually linked to changes in others. d. everyone in the United States shares most cultural values. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 121. Compared to college students of the late 1960s, more of today’s college students are concerned with ________ a. developing a philosophy of life. b. making money. c. seeking justice in the world. d. being involved in political affairs. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 122. The concept “cultural lag” refers to the fact that ________ a. the rate of cultural change has been slowing. b. some societies advance faster than others do. c. some people are more cultured than others. d. some cultural elements change more quickly than others. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 123. A good example of cultural lag is ________ a. gaining the ability to modify genetic patterns in humans before understanding the possible social consequences of doing so. b. a slowing in the rate of invention in the computer industry. c. older people trying to make younger people respect tradition. d. virtual culture replacing traditional culture. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 124. Cultural change is set in motion in three general ways. What are they? a. Invention, discovery, and diffusion b. Invasion, invention, and experiment c. Immigration, imagination, and innovation d. Adaptation, integration, and immigration Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 125. The spread of cultural traits from one society to another is called ________ a. immigration. b. cultural transmission. c. popular culture. d. diffusion. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 126. Ethnocentrism refers to ________ a. people taking pride in their ethnicity. Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e b. c. d. claiming that another culture is better than your own. judging another culture using the standards of your own culture. understanding another culture using its own standards and values. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 127. A person who criticizes the Amish farmer as being “backward” for tilling his fields with horses and a plow instead of using a tractor is displaying ________ a. ethnocentrism. b. cultural relativism. c. cultural diffusion. d. cultural integration. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 128. The practice of understanding another culture on its own terms and using its own standards is called ________ a. ethnocentrism. b. cultural relativism. c. cultural diffusion. d. cultural integration. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 129. The emergence of rock-and-roll in the United States demonstrates ________ a. the lack of a youth culture. b. that musical tastes are not linked to people’s social standing. c. that cultural patterns change over time. d. that cultural patterns rarely change. Answer: c Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 130. The flow of _______ from country to country adds to the creation of a global culture. a. goods b. animals c. violent acts d. humanitarian acts Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 131. Which theoretical approach states that the stability of U.S. society rests on core values shared by most people? a. The structural-functional approach b. The social-conflict approach c. The symbolic-interaction approach d. The sociobiology approach Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 132. Cultural universals are elements of culture that ________ a. have always been part of U.S. culture. b. have diffused from the United States to other countries. c. have come to the United States from elsewhere. d. are part of every known culture. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e 133. Telling jokes is an example of ________ a. a cultural universal. b. material culture. c. cultural relativism. d. cultural lag. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 134. Which theoretical approach is linked to the philosophical doctrine of materialism? a. The structural-functional approach b. The social-conflict approach c. The symbolic-interaction approach d. The sociobiology approach Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 135. A theory that explains how schooling helps prepare young people for the work they will do as adults represents the ________ a. structural-functional approach. b. social-conflict approach. c. symbolic-interaction approach. d. sociobiology approach. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 136. A Marxist analysis of U.S. culture suggests that our competitive and individualistic values reflect ________ a. the values of the “founding fathers.” b. trends in Western European history. c. this nation’s capitalist economy. Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e d. this nation’s family system. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 137. The theoretical approach that highlights the link between culture and social inequality is the ________ a. structural-functional approach. b. social-conflict approach. c. symbolic-interaction approach. d. sociobiology approach. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 138. A feminist theoretical analysis of language in the U.S. suggests that cultural patterns support ________ a. gender inequality. b. gender equality. c. a capitalist economy. d. the family system. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 139. Which theoretical approach gives an evolutionary explanation of why the sexual “double standard” is found around the world? a. The structural-functional approach b. The social-conflict approach c. The symbolic-interaction approach d. The sociobiology approach Answer: d Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 140. Culture acts as a constraint, limiting human freedom because ________ a. much culture is habit, which members of a society repeat again and again. b. humans cannot create new culture for themselves. c. culture always discourages change. d. culture forces us to make choices. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.6: Critique culture as limiting or expanding human freedom. Topic: Culture and Human Freedom Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 141. Culture is a source of human freedom because ________ a. culture does not guide behavior. b. all culture changes very quickly. c. as cultural creatures, humans make and remake the world for themselves. d. culture is habitual. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.6: Critique culture as limiting or expanding human freedom. Topic: Culture and Human Freedom Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 142. What is the difference between material and nonmaterial culture? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 143. What causes culture shock? Provide an example of culture shock in everyday life. Answer: Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 144. Define and explain the importance of each of the five common components of all human culture: symbols, language, values, beliefs, and norms. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 145. What are five of the key values in U.S. culture? What quality do these values seem to have in common? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 146. What difference is found in cultural values when comparing low-income nations and high-income nations? Explain this pattern. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 147. Give an example of each of the following: (a) folkways, (b) mores, (c) a prescriptive norm, and (d) a proscriptive norm. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 148. What is the difference between “ideal” and “real” culture? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 149. What does Gerhard Lenski mean by “sociocultural evolution”? Why does he argue that technology shapes every aspect of society? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 150. Briefly describe societies based on hunting and gathering, pastoralism, horticulture, agriculture, and industry. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 151. What is the difference between high culture and popular culture? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 152. Explain how the development of hip-hop music demonstrates the fact that even people of low social position play a part in creating culture. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 153. What is the difference between subculture and counterculture? Define your terms carefully. Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 154. What is ethnocentrism? What is cultural relativism? Identify a problem with each. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 155. What basic view of culture underlies the structural-functional approach? What is one weakness or limitation of this approach? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 156. What basic view of culture underlies the social-conflict approach? What is one weakness or limitation of this approach? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 157. What does the sociobiology approach tell us about human culture? What is one weakness or limitation of this approach? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e ESSAY QUESTIONS/TOPICS FOR SHORT PAPERS 158. Write a short essay in which you assess the idea that there is no single way of life that is “natural” for humanity. What comes naturally to our species is the creation of diverse patterns of human culture. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 159. “Human nature is the development of culture.” Explain how human beings came to be the only creatures to make use of culture as a strategy for survival. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival. Topic: What Is Culture? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 160. How does ideal culture differ from real culture? Illustrate your essay using three examples of how ideal and real culture differ in U.S. society. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 161. How do cultural values differ in low-income nations and in high-income nations? What reasons can you provide for this difference? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Identify common elements of culture. Topic: The Elements of Culture Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 162. Describe Gerhard Lenski’s model of sociocultural evolution, summarizing several key traits of each stage. What major technological revolutions have reshaped human societies in the past? Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 163. Use the emergence of rock and roll music in the 1950s to illustrate how this musical form was built from music that came before it, but also explain how it was different. How does the story of rock and roll show the link between culture and social class? What about race? What about age? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 164. Identify at least one positive and one negative consequence of declaring English as the “official” language of the United States. Why do some people strongly support this goal? Why do others strongly oppose it? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 165. How does the history of rock-and-roll music illustrate the changing and socially diverse character of our nation’s way of life? Consider race, class, gender, and age in your essay. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 166. After carefully examining National Map 2-1 (showing the share of people who speak a language other than English at home), write an essay that explains how and why the experience of cultural diversity is different for people living in different regions of the United States. Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Macionis: Society: The Basics, 15e Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change. Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 167. Write an essay that highlights the different insights about culture that come from the structural-functional approach, the social-conflict approach, and the sociobiology approach. Is one theoretical approach more appropriate than another? Or does each approach offer insights that are complementary? Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture. Topic: Theories of Culture Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 168. Write a short essay in which you explain the degree to which humans living within a world of culture are free. Answer: Learning Objective: LO 2.6: Critique culture as limiting or expanding human freedom. Topic: Culture and Human Freedom Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.