Test Bank For Social Problems, 16th Edition

CHAPTER 2 PROBLEMS OF HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following are among the key indicators of how well a society is providing health care for its population? a. the number of hospitals and the number of hospital administrators b. life span and the size of the 65-year-old part of the population c. the number of medical schools and the number of physicians d. life expectancy and infant mortality Answer: d Topic: Health Care as a Global Social Problem Learning Objective 2.1: Describe health care as a global social problem. Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate 2. When one compares life expectancy and related indicators between developed and less developed countries, one finds that the less developed countries have __________. a. a longer life expectancy b. higher rates of infant mortality c. lower rates of mortality for children aged 1–4 years d. a longer life expectancy for men, but not for women Answer: b Topic: Health Care as a Global Social Problem Learning Objective 2.1: Describe health care as a global social problem. Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy 3. The average age to which members of a society live is the measure called __________. a. life mortality span b. longevity span c. life expectancy d. infant mortality rate 25 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Answer: c Topic: Health Care as a Global Social Problem Learning Objective 2.1: Describe health care as a global social problem. Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Which of the following statements best explains the differences in life expectancy between “developed” and less developed nations? a. More war occurs in developed nations. b. People in more developed nations are more likely to survive childhood diseases and parasites. c. Modern medicine isn’t used in less developed nations. d. There are more famines in less developed nations. Answer: b Topic: Health Care as a Global Social Problem Learning Objective 2.1: Describe health care as a global social problem. Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate 5. Some women in less developed countries develop a fistula. When is this most likely to occur? a. when they give birth b. when they reach adolescence c. when they marry d. when their genitals are cut Answer: a Topic: Health Care as a Global Social Problem Learning Objective 2.1: Describe health care as a global social problem. Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy 26 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 6. According to the text, in the United States our comparatively poor health is largely due to _________. a. high birth rates and high life expectancy b. the limited number of healthcare professionals available in rural areas c. the emergence of new and deadly epidemics d. growing inequality and lifestyle problems Answer: d Topic: The Scope of Health Care Problems in America Learning Objective 2.2: Identify the scope of health care problems in America. Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate 7. Nora is a sociologist who teaches and does research on social inequality in access to health care. This specialty is called __________. a. organizational b. health-care sociology c. medical sociology d. incident sociology Answer: c Topic: The Scope of Health Care Problems in America Learning Objective 2.2: Identify the scope of health care problems in America. Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Which of the following issues do sociologists find most likely affect access to health care? a. the personal characteristics of the individual b. the time at which the illness strikes c. the occupation aspired to by the person d. social inequality Answer: d Topic: The Scope of Health Care Problems in America Learning Objective 2.2: Identify the scope of health care problems in America. Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate 27 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 9. Medical sociologists often point out that health care institutions themselves are the source of many problems we associate with health in the United States because __________. a. health care never developed as a purely competitive industry or regulated public service b. clinicians ignored the contributions of medical sociologists during the nineteenth century when the health care field developed c. health care institutions perpetuate racial inequality d. health care institutions have refused to treat fistulas Answer: a Topic: The Scope of Health Care Problems in America Learning Objective 2.2: Identify the scope of health care problems in America. Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Difficult 10. In the past, most doctors were generalists. Over time some doctors began to develop narrow specialties and to refer patients to hospitals with special facilities. This practice caused __________. a. Americans to look to Canada to provide medical services b. employers to begin offering health insurance c. medical sociologists to study the health care field d. family doctors and preventive medical practices to suffer Answer: d Topic: The Scope of Health Care Problems in America Learning Objective 2.2: Identify the scope of health care problems in America. Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Difficult 11. The text points out that in 2016, __________million Americans under age 65 did not have health insurance, which represents a __________ since 2010. a. 32 million; a decline b. 45 million; an increase c. 59 million; a decline d. 66 million; an increase Answer: a Topic: Unequal Access to Health Care Learning Objective 2.3: Discuss Americans’ unequal access to health care. Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate 28 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 12. Which of the following statements about health insurance in the United States is true? a. By the 1920s, Americans began to equate health insurance with employment: you get a job and you get insurance. b. As health care costs began to rise substantially in the 1960s, large businesses began to be concerned about costs and started dropping health insurance for their workers, while smaller firms continued to provide insurance. c. Only about 53 percent of workplace firms offer health insurance to employees. d. The cost of health insurance is rolled into taxes. Answer: c Topic: Unequal Access to Health Care Learning Objective 2.3: Discuss Americans’ unequal access to health care. Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Difficult 13. Martin, a high school student, does not have health insurance. Which of the following best describes Martin’s family? a. Martin’s parents are over 65. b. Martin’s parents are both unemployed. c. Martin’s parents are white. d. Martin’s parents have an income below the poverty line. Answer: c Topic: Unequal Access to Health Care Learning Objective 2.3: Discuss Americans’ unequal access to health care. Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate 14. When the health status of blacks and whites are compared, the data show __________. a. white males live about five years longer than do black males, although there is no racial differences among females b. blacks are more likely than whites to rate their own health as fair or poor c. the infant mortality for blacks is about the same as for whites, but life expectancy is lower d. blacks are more likely to receive treatment for illnesses like heart disease, breast cancer, and HIV than are whites because they are more likely to have Medicaid, and whites are more likely to be uninsured 29 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Answer: b Topic: Unequal Access to Health Care Learning Objective 2.3: Discuss Americans’ unequal access to health care. Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Difficult 15. Damien was injured in a car accident, and after receiving medical care, he received a bill for $12,500. What type of health care system is he under? a. fee-for-service b. national health system c. private medicine d. single payer Answer: a Topic: Unequal Access to Health Care Learning Objective 2.3: Discuss Americans’ unequal access to health care. Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Easy 16. When did health insurance start as a fringe benefit associated with employment? a. immediately after the Civil War b. in the 1960s under President Kennedy c. in the 1920s during the Progressive Era d. during World War II Answer: d Topic: Unequal Access to Health Care Learning Objective 2.3: Discuss Americans’ unequal access to health care. Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy 17. You are writing a term paper about the importance of insurance. You have learned that, compared with those who have insurance, people without health insurance __________. a. are twice as likely to postpone seeking medical care and over four times as likely to forgo needed care b. are able to receive charity care from the hospital, but the care is not as thorough c. are less likely after an accidental injury to receive any care and are ten times as likely to receive no recommended follow-up care d. are less likely to be in debt or file bankruptcy 30 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Answer: a Topic: Unequal Access to Health Care Learning Objective 2.3: Discuss Americans’ unequal access to health care. Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Difficult 18. Most people without health insurance __________. a. live in families in which at least one member is employed b. live below the poverty line c. are over the age of 65 d. are Hispanic Answer: a Topic: Unequal Access to Health Care Learning Objective 2.3: Discuss Americans’ unequal access to health care. Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate 19. In 2017, expenditures on health care in the United States amounted to about __________ per person. a. $4,500 b. $6,200 c. $10,500 d. $11,900 Answer: c Topic: The High Cost of Health Care Learning Objective 2.4: Review the reasons for the high costs of health care. Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate 20. Roughly what portion of people WITH health insurance report that they find it difficult to afford the cost of health insurance each month, the copays for doctor visits and prescription drugs, and the deductibles paid for care after the insurance kicks in? a. 15 to 20 percent b. 30 to 40 percent c. 70 to 80 percent d. 100 percent 31 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Answer: b Topic: The High Cost of Health Care Learning Objective 2.4: Review the reasons for the high costs of health care. Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate 21. Recently, increases in the costs of hospital care have slowed, because _______. a. there are more for-profit hospitals offering lower cost care b. fewer people are becoming ill and needing hospitalization c. the population is younger and needs less hospitalization d. of improvements in the efficiency of hospital administration brought on by legislation. Answer: d Topic: The High Cost of Health Care Learning Objective 2.4: Review the reasons for the high costs of health care. Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate 22. What are the top two most expensive services, according to the data on national health expenditures? a. hospital care and physician services b. prescription drugs and nursing care facilities c. malpractice insurance and prescription drugs d. physician services and prescription drugs Answer: a Topic: The High Cost of Health Care Learning Objective 2.4: Review the reasons for the high costs of health care. Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate 23. The Hastings Institute, a non-partisan health research organization, claims that __________ is responsible for at least 40 to 50 percent of the annual rise in health care costs. a. prescription drugs b. medical technologies c. malpractice insurance increases d. the building of new hospitals 32 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Answer: b Topic: The High Cost of Health Care Learning Objective 2.4: Review the reasons for the high costs of health care. Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate 24. The primary demographic factor influencing the cost of health care is __________. a. the increase of upper-class citizens with plenty of money to pay b. the aging population c. women who exert a strong influence on national issues d. the increase in factory workers with dangerous jobs Answer: b Topic: The High Cost of Health Care Learning Objective 2.4: Review the reasons for the high costs of health care. Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate 25. Today, about __________ percent of Americans age 20 and older are overweight. a. 36 b. 53 c. 71 d. 86 Answer: c Topic: The High Cost of Health Care Learning Objective 2.4: Review the reasons for the high costs of health care. Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate 26. Fareen has a BMI of 32, which means that she is classified as __________. a. underweight b. obese c. overweight d. the correct weight 33 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Answer: b Topic: The High Cost of Health Care Learning Objective 2.4: Review the reasons for the high costs of health care. Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy 27. With respect to smoking, __________. a. the first report on the health consequences of smoking was released in 1952 by the tobacco companies, indicating that smoking helps cure the common cold b. smoking is the leading high-risk behavior associated with poor health and early death c. the share of the adult population who smoke has remained steady since the first report on smoking and health was released d. males are twice as likely to smoke as are females Answer: b Topic: The High Cost of Health Care Learning Objective 2.4: Review the reasons for the high costs of health care. Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Difficult 28. Chris smokes cigarettes. Which of the following most likely represents Chris’ demographic characteristics? a. Black; male; lives in the Northeast United States b. Hispanic; age 18–24; below poverty level c. American Indian/Alaska Native; age 25–64; lives in the Midwest d. White; age 18–25; lives in the South Answer: c Topic: The High Cost of Health Care Learning Objective 2.4: Review the reasons for the high costs of health care. Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate 29. The painless killing of a patient suffering from a terminal illness or irreversible coma is called __________. a. advance directive b. euthanasia c. end of life care (ELC) d. Medicare 34 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Answer: b Topic: Ethical Issues Learning Objective 2.5: Summarize the ethical issues surrounding health care. Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy 30. Physician-assisted suicide is a type of __________. a. euthanasia b. advance directive c. ACA d. health care proxy Answer: a Topic: Ethical Issues Learning Objective 2.5: Summarize the ethical issues surrounding health care. Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy 31. An advance directive contains two components. The first is a living will. The second is __________. a. a written statement that explains the patient’s wishes with respect to medical care b. a plan for assisted suicide submitted to the state c. a health care proxy d. privacy documents Answer: c Topic: Ethical Issues Learning Objective 2.5: Summarize the ethical issues surrounding health care. Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate 32. Hadad and his spouse have decided that they need an advance directive, which means __________. a. they are going on the Medicare program b. they have prepared a written statement outlining their wishes for medical care c. they are going on Medicaid to augment their Medicare d. they have purchased long-term care insurance 35 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Answer: b Topic: Ethical Issues Learning Objective 2.5: Summarize the ethical issues surrounding health care. Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate 33. As more outpatient clinics are managed by for-profit corporations, they are more likely to be concerned about earning money and less concerned with providing medical care for those patients who are less likely to be able to pay. This point of view represents which theoretical perspective? a. symbolic interaction b. conflict c. functionalist d. generalist Answer: b Topic: Explanations of Health Care Problems Learning Objective 2.6: Classify explanations for health care problems. Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate 34. Which theoretical perspective would most likely argue that poverty promotes poor health in a variety of ways, such as lacking the money to purchase a nutritious diet or a safe living environment? a. symbolic interaction b. functionalist c. open concept d. conflict Answer: d Topic: Explanations of Health Care Problems Learning Objective 2.6: Classify explanations for health care problems. Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate 36 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 35. Sociologists who view health care problems from a conflict perspective tend to focus on __________. a. tensions associated with social class b. cultural factors c. the effects of institutions d advance directives Answer: a Topic: Explanations of Health Care Problems Learning Objective 2.6: Classify explanations for health care problems. Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy 36. The functionalist perspective argues that a consumer (patient) is not in a position to shop for medical treatment the way one shops for other products or services because the consumer cannot evaluate the need for treatment. This refers to the issue of __________. a. product uncertainty b. restricted entry c. misallocated supply d. information Answer: d Topic: Explanations of Health Care Problems Learning Objective 2.6: Classify explanations for health care problems. Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate 37. The functionalist perspective argues that a consumer does not have sufficient knowledge to judge the effectiveness of sophisticated treatments. This refers to the issue of __________. a. product uncertainty b. misallocated supply c. lack of price competition d. restricted entry Answer: a Topic: Explanations of Health Care Problems Learning Objective 2.6: Classify explanations for health care problems. Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate 37 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 38. The functionalist argument that many health-care services that are restricted to physicians could be performed by trained technicians refers to the issue of __________. a. norms of treatment b. professional dominance c. lack of price competition d. misallocated supply Answer: b Topic: Explanations of Health Care Problems Learning Objective 2.6: Classify explanations for health care problems. Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate 39. The functionalist argument that an abundance of specialists encourages the use of expensive and sophisticated treatments when simpler ones would be just as effective refers to the issue of __________. a. professional dominance b. restricted entry c. information d. misallocated supply Answer: d Topic: Explanations of Health Care Problems Learning Objective 2.6: Classify explanations for health care problems. Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate 40. Interactionist studies of the health of Americans point out that many of the “bad habits” like smoking and drinking alcohol that can contribute to poor health are due to __________. a. the addictive properties of the substances themselves b. lack of willpower among those who are not healthy c. how consumption norms reflect a need or desire to be sociable d. differences in social power among people Answer: c Topic: Explanations of Health Care Problems Learning Objective 2.6: Classify explanations for health care problems. Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate 38 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 41. Julio is studying the social aspects of new students at his college’s orientation program. He notes the different ways that students behave when they are do not yet know other students. Julio is likely to be using what perspective in his study? a. interactionist b. functionalist c. conflict d. generalist Answer: a Topic: Explanations of Health Care Problems Learning Objective 2.6: Classify explanations for health care problems. Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate 42. Which theoretical perspective would be most likely to focus on the way communications, such as advertising images and messages, seek to influence our health-related behaviors?. a. interactionist b. functionalist c. conflict d. generalist Answer: a Topic: Explanations of Health Care Problems Learning Objective 2.6: Classify explanations for health care problems. Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate 43. Which U.S. president is responsible for developing the Affordable Care Act?. a. President Trump b. President Clinton c. President Obama d. President Nixon Answer: c Topic: Social Policy Learning Objective 2.7: Identify key issues in social policy, including the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy 39 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 44. What is the nickname of the ACA? a. Medicaid b. Medicare c. Reversed care d. Obamacare Answer: d Topic: Social Policy Learning Objective 2.7: Identify key issues in social policy, including the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy 45. What are the two primary issues that prompted debate about what to do with the U.S. health care system, leading to reform? a. Health care costs were increasing faster than the rate of inflation; the number of physicans was declining. b. The U.S. life expectancy was decreasing; the number of uninsured was increasing. c. Health care costs were increasing faster than the rate of inflation; the number of uninsured was increasing. d. Rural hospitals were closing; most working adults lacked health insurance from their employer. Answer: c Topic: Social Policy Learning Objective 2.7: Identify key issues in social policy, including the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate 46. Identify a key feature of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). a. A fine is imposed upon anyone who is not covered by health insurance. b. People with pre-existing conditions, except for cancer, can no longer be denied health insurance coverage. c. Preventative care carries only a $26 charge. d. Students can now stay on their parents’ health insurance plan until they are age 22. 40 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Answer: a Topic: Social Policy Learning Objective 2.7: Identify key issues in social policy, including the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate 47. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was passed in what year? a. 1965 b. 1975 c. 1996 d. 2010 Answer: d Topic: Social Policy Learning Objective 2.7: Identify key issues in social policy, including the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy 48. The Affordable Care Act __________. a. is a single-payer system b. offers a subsidy from the federal government to those people who cannot afford to purchase insurance c. mandates that employers must offer health insurance to their workers d. requires all citizens over age 30 to have health insurance Answer: b Topic: Social Policy Learning Objective 2.7: Identify key issues in social policy, including the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate 41 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 49. According to recent research, what is a key reason that the ACA is unpopular among certain groups, even though those groups may actually benefit from the ACA?? a. Many people believe that they cannot choose their own doctor b. Many people are not aware that the ACA and Obamacare are the same thing. c. The ACA is seen as welfare, which tends to be stigmatized d. The ACA was created under President Bill Clinton, and many Republicans have great hostility toward the Clintons. Answer: b Topic: Social Policy Learning Objective 2.7: Identify key issues in social policy, including the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate 50. Which is the best example of a single-payer system in the United States? a. Medicaid b. the ACA c. Medicare d. fee-for-service Answer: c Topic: Social Policy Learning Objective 2.7: Identify key issues in social policy, including the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Easy ESSAY 51. Describe two key standard measures of health. Using these, compare the health of those persons in less developed countries to those persons in developed countries. To what may we attribute these differences? Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Infant mortality is the number of deaths in the first year of life. 2. Life expectancy is how long a person can expect to live, usually calculated from birth. 3. Students can use information from Table 2-1. 42 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Topic: Health Care as a Global Social Problem Learning Objective 2.1: Describe health care as a global social problem. Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate 52. The U.S. has relatively poor health compared to other countries. What two factors largely account for this? Provide at least two specific examples from the text for each factor. Answer: The ideas answer should include: 1. Growing inequality 2. Lifestyle problems 3. Students should provide two specific examples of each. Topic: The Scope of Health Care Problems in America Learning Objective 2.2: Identify the scope of health care problems in America. Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate 53. Describe the structure and history of America’s fee-for-service health care system. Answer: The ideas answer should include: 1. Fee-for-service system means that the individual must pay for medical care and the cost is not rolled into taxes. 2. During WWII, health insurance was offered as a fringe benefit. 3. By 1950s and 1960s, health insurance was firmly tied to employment. 4. By 1970s, health insurance costs began to climb, and small businesses were the first to stop providing health insurance. 5. Today only 53 percent of firms offer insurance to employees. Topic: Unequal Access to Health Care Learning Objective 2.3: Discuss Americans’ unequal access to health care. Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate 54. A major problem in the United States health-care system is unequal access to health care due to lack of health insurance. Which groups in the population have limited access to health insurance? What are the consequences of being uninsured? 43 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Who are the uninsured? Use data from Figure 2-2 (work status, income, race/ethnicity). 2. Uninsured are twice as likely to postpone seeking care, over four times as likely to forgo care, and more than twice as likely to have a prescription go unfilled. 3. Paying for health care reduces money for other necessities. Medical bills contribute to debt and bankruptcy. 4. After an accident, the uninsured are twice as likely to receive no follow-up care, and are less likely to fully recover. Topic: Unequal Access to Health Care Learning Objective 2.3: Discuss Americans’ unequal access to health care. Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate 55. Discuss the racial/ethnic inequalities surrounding health and access to health care. Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Race or ethnicity: Use data from Figure 2-3 (racial differences in life expectancy, infant mortality, and self-reported health). 2. Race or ethnicity: Racial differences in treatment for heart disease, asthma, breast cancer, HIV, nursing home care. 3. Low social class may compound race and ethnic differences. Topic: Unequal Access to Health Care Learning Objective 2.3: Discuss Americans’ unequal access to health care. Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate 56. Rising health-care costs have been an important problem in the United States. Describe the major factors that contribute to these cost increases. Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Hospitals 2. Physicians 3. Malpractice 4. Medical technology 5. Prescription drugs 6. Demographic factors 7. Cultural factors, such as obesity and smoking 44 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Topic: The High Cost of Health Care Learning Objective 2.4: Review the reasons for the high costs of health care. Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate 57. Obesity and smoking are two cultural issues that affect the rising cost of health care. Choose one of these issues and write an essay describing its prevalence, and its contribution to poor health and rising health care costs. Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Obesity: BMI, reasons for obesity, health impacts, early death, costs 2. Smoking: Surgeon General’s report and tobacco companies response, health impacts, early death, who is most likely to smoke (Table2-3), use by youth Topic: The High Cost of Health Care Learning Objective 2.4: Review the reasons for the high costs of health care. Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate 58. What is euthanasia? Summarize the issues surrounding end-of-life ethical concerns. Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Euthanasia 2. Physician-assisted suicide 3. Advance directive Topic: Ethical Issues Learning Objective 2.5: Summarize the ethical issues surrounding health care. Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate 59. Compare and contrast the three sociological approaches to explain health care problems. Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Conflict theory: results of tensions usually associated with class 2. Functionalist perspective: focus on institutions 3. Interactionist perspective: focus on cultural issues, including communication 45 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Topic: Explanations of Health Care Problems Learning Objective 2.6: Classify explanations for health care problems. Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate 60. Describe the Affordable Care Act (ACA), including its key components. What has happened to the ACA in the last few years under President Trump’s administration? Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Created in 2010 by President Obama, nicknamed “Obamacare”. 2. Has reduced the number of people without insurance. 3. Components outlined in Table 2-4. 4. President Trump wants to repeal the ACA but was unsuccessful in Congress. Instead, chiseled away some of its features such as mandate. Topic: Social Policy Learning Objective 2.7: Identify key issues in social policy, including the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate 46 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.