Test Bank for Revel for Political Science: An Introduction, 14th Edition

Chapter 2: Political Ideologies Multiple Choice Questions 1. Adam Smith is associated with __________. a. fascism b. neoconservatism c. classic liberalism d. socialism Correct Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the difference between a political theory and an ideology. Topic: What Is Ideology? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2. Many Americans find it difficult to grasp the power of ideological motivation because of __________. a. the association of ideologies with terrorism b. the power of religious tradition in American society c. the emphasis on moderation and pragmatism in American culture d. the way the founding fathers rejected ideological considerations when writing the Constitution Correct Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the difference between a political theory and an ideology. Topic: What Is Ideology? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 23 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3. The states’ rights questions that led to the American Civil War were primarily __________ in nature. a. ideological b. economic c. partisan d. technocratic Correct Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the difference between a political theory and an ideology. Topic: What Is Ideology? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4. Which philosopher claimed that art, music, and politics hang together and express an underlying Zeitgeist? a. Hegel b. Locke c. Mao d. Marx Correct Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the difference between a political theory and an ideology. Topic: What Is Ideology? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5. An ideology consists of __________. a. a set of plans to improve society b. an open-ended commitment to a political party c. a set of assumptions about how the world works d. a theory that can be proved with empirical evidence Correct Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the difference between a political theory and an ideology. Topic: What Is Ideology? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 24 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 6. Which of the following best expresses the difference between political scientists and ideologues? a. Political scientists argue for changes to political systems, while ideologues want to keep the system as it is. b. Ideologues argue for changes to political systems, while political scientists want to keep the system as it is. c. Political scientists are concerned with real conditions, while ideologues focus on how conditions should be. d. Ideologues are concerned with real conditions, while political scientists focus on how conditions should be. Correct Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the difference between a political theory and an ideology. Topic: What Is Ideology? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 7. The Wealth of Nations was written by __________. a. John Locke b. Adam Smith c. Edmund Burke d. Anthony Downs Correct Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Distinguish between classic and modern liberalism. Topic: Liberalism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 8. The laissez-faire viewpoint recommends __________. a. creating monopolies to ensure efficiency b. leaving the economy alone to promote growth c. intervening heavily in the economy to promote stability d. breaking up large banks to reduce risks to the financial system Correct Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Distinguish between classic and modern liberalism. Topic: Liberalism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 25 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 9. Which of these ideas was first advanced by Adam Smith? a. Human beings are fundamentally moral. b. Self-interest can produce social benefits. c. Governments have a role in preserving traditions. d. The government is inherently hostile to individual rights. Correct Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Distinguish between classic and modern liberalism. Topic: Liberalism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 10. A modern liberal would argue that markets __________. a. are self-correcting b. require regulation to function properly c. are hostile to the preservation of society d. result in unpredictable and irrational outcomes Correct Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Distinguish between classic and modern liberalism. Topic: Liberalism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11. A modern liberal would most likely support which of the following policy proposals? a. Eliminate the minimum wage. b. Cut taxes for top income earners. c. Privatize the social security system. d. Increase regulations on the banking sector. Correct Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Distinguish between classic and modern liberalism. Topic: Liberalism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 26 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 12. Which statement accurately describes the relationship between classical liberalism and modern conservatism? a. Modern conservatism is a more radical ideology than classical liberalism. b. Modern conservatism retains many of the principles of classical liberalism. c. Classical liberalism is deeply opposed to the tenets of modern conservatism. d. Classical liberalism generated the opposition that gave rise to modern conservatism. Correct Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Distinguish between classic and modern liberalism. Topic: Liberalism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 13. Which of these is true of Adam Smith’s legacy? a. He advanced ideas that supported the rise of fascism. b. He influenced the development of the classical liberal ideology. c. He put forward the ideas that led to the development of socialism. d. He laid out the critique of liberalism that led to the rise of neoconservatism. Correct Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Distinguish between classic and modern liberalism Topic: Liberalism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14. Which of these statements adheres most closely to the ideas of Thomas Hill Green? a. Tax cuts for businesses tend to spur economic growth. b. Unregulated markets self-adjust to produce socially beneficial outcomes. c. Economic exchanges between citizens in a democracy are inherently free. d. The minimum wage is necessary to prevent employers from taking advantage of workers. Correct Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Distinguish between classic and modern liberalism. Topic: Liberalism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 27 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 15. Classic liberals and modern liberals generally agree on the benefits of ____________. a. free speech b. open borders c. traditional family values d. government intervention in the marketplace Correct Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Distinguish between classic and modern liberalism. Topic: Liberalism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It 16. Which of these figures is one of the founders of classic conservatism? a. G.W.F. Hegel b. Edmund Burke c. Margaret Thatcher d. Niccolo Machiavelli Correct Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Contrast Burkean conservatism with its current variety. Topic: Conservatism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 17. Milton Friedman’s ideas contributed to the development of __________. a. fascism b. socialism c. classic liberalism d. modern conservatism Correct Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Contrast Burkean conservatism with its current variety. Topic: Conservatism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 28 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 18. Milton Friedman and Adam Smith both argued that __________. a. markets function best when left alone b. markets require regulation to function properly c. a progressive tax system promotes freedom and equality d. the minimum wage is needed to equalize the power of owners and workers Correct Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Contrast Burkean conservatism with its current variety. Topic: Conservatism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 19. In the United States, a modern conservative is most likely to support government action that __________. a. reduces the power of big banks b. supports traditional Christian values c. protects the rights of minority groups d. addresses the root conditions of poverty Correct Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Contrast Burkean conservatism with its current variety. Topic: Conservatism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 20. Modern conservatism combines which of these sets of views? a. Hegel’s economic views and Green’s social views b. Burke’s economic views and Hegel’s social views c. Green’s economic views and Smith’s social views d. Smith’s economic views and Burke’s social views Correct Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Contrast Burkean conservatism with its current variety. Topic: Conservatism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 29 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 21. How do classic conservatives address the issue of change? a. They believe that change should happen gradually rather than suddenly. b. They believe that change is only positive if it happens through government action. c. They argue that change should first occur at the elite level before spreading to the lower classes. d. They believe that change driven by technological advancement is almost always beneficial to society. Correct Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Contrast Burkean conservatism with its current variety. Topic: Conservatism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 22. The Communist Manifesto was written by __________. a. Karl Marx b. John Locke c. Mao Zedong d. Adam Smith Correct Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Explain how socialism split into several varieties. Topic: Socialism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 23. Which statement describes a central difference between Marx and Lenin? a. Marx opposed imperialism, whereas Lenin supported imperialism. b. Marx preferred social democracy, whereas Lenin preferred socialism. c. Marx advocated for a proletarian revolution, whereas Lenin advocated for a military coup d’état initiated by the upper class. d. Marx focused on the situation within a particular capitalist country, whereas Lenin focused on promoting global revolution. Correct Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Explain how socialism split into several varieties. Topic: Socialism Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 30 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 24. According to Lenin, imperialist countries build colonial empires to __________. a. exploit people and resources b. demonstrate the efficiency of capitalism c. spread liberty and prosperity around the world d. encourage socialist revolution against oppressive regimes Correct Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Explain how socialism split into several varieties. Topic: Socialism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 25. Why was Titoism ultimately unsuccessful in Yugoslavia? a. It created an unstable system centered on the charisma of a single leader. b. It was so ideologically extreme that it failed to gain widespread public support. c. It rendered the nation vulnerable to exploitation by advanced capitalist countries. d. It aimed at submerging ethnic identities beneath an overarching nationalist identity. Correct Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Explain how socialism split into several varieties. Topic: Socialism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 26. Which of these was central to Lenin’s vision of the Russian socialist party? a. It had to be socially tolerant. b. It had to be broadly popular. c. It had to be theoretically open. d. It had to be centrally organized. Correct Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Explain how socialism split into several varieties. Topic: Socialism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 31 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 27. Which statement describes the difference between Maoism and Titoism? a. Titoism was more fascist in ideology than Maoism. b. Titoism was more closely based on the ideas of Karl Marx. c. Maoism was a more radical form of communism than Titoism. d. Maoism was more specific to a particular set of economic conditions. Correct Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Explain how socialism split into several varieties. Topic: Socialism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It 28. Which of these ideologies is based on principles derived from the views of Karl Marx? a. Fascism b. Libertarianism c. Neoconservatism d. Social democracy Correct Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Explain how socialism split into several varieties. Topic: Socialism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 29. A Marxist utopia would include which of the following elements? a. an equal distribution of wealth b. unlimited economic liberty and property rights c. government action to preserve traditional values d. civil rights protections and extensive market regulation Correct Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Explain how socialism split into several varieties. Topic: Socialism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It 32 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 30. According to Karl Marx, a communist system is one where the government __________. a. is rendered unnecessary b. is limited to national security matters c. creates policies to promote rapid economic growth d. ensures that one social class does not oppress another Correct Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Explain how socialism split into several varieties. Topic: Socialism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It 31. Which of these is an extreme form of nationalism? a. conservatism b. fascism c. liberalism d. socialism Correct Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Trace the origins of nationalism until the present day. Topic: Nationalism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 32. Which of these countries has had a fascist government? a. China b. Ireland c. Italy d. Switzerland Correct Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Trace the origins of nationalism until the present day. Topic: Nationalism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 33 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 33. Giuseppe Mazzini’s concept of freedom asserts that __________. a. the government must provide basic services for all citizens b. rights to privacy, free speech, and protest are fundamental c. there should be minimal government interference in the economy d. individuals gain meaning through subordination of their will to the national will Correct Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Trace the origins of nationalism until the present day. Topic: Nationalism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 34. Which of the following is most likely to characterize a fascist regime? a. a propensity to engage in war b. a strong respect for human rights c. centralized planning of the economy d. tolerance of ethnic and religious diversity Correct Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Trace the origins of nationalism until the present day. Topic: Nationalism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It 35. Which of these provides a nationalist country with the strongest unifying factor? a. a stable economy b. a common enemy c. a strong one-party state d. a respectful civil society Correct Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Trace the origins of nationalism until the present day. Topic: Nationalism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 34 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 36. After World War I, Germany and Italy used ___________ to build support for another war. a. religious ideology b. bureaucratic management c. extreme nationalist ideas d. resentment of the aristocracy Correct Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Trace the origins of nationalism until the present day. Topic: Nationalism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 37. Neoconservatism emerged in the United States during the __________. a. 1920s b. 1940s c. 1970s d. 2000s Correct Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.6: List and define as many current ideologies as you can. Topic: Ideology in Our Day Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 38. Which ideology prefers virtually no government involvement in anything other than personal and national security? a. fascism b. libertarianism c. Marxism d. neoconservatism Correct Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.6: List and define as many current ideologies as you can. Topic: Ideology in Our Day Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 35 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 39. Which statement best explains the pro-choice position of libertarians? a. A fetus has no political rights. b. Outlawing abortion will not prevent it from happening. c. Reproductive choice helps keep women out of poverty and off of welfare. d. The government has no place making personal decisions about peoples’ private lives. Correct Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.6: List and define as many current ideologies as you can. Topic: Ideology in Our Day Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 40. Which of these is an assumption underlying feminism? a. Gender roles and attitudes are socially conditioned. b. Men and women are biologically predisposed to perform different social roles. c. Individuals find their identities through family ties and unified national values. d. The government has an important role to play in preserving traditional family values. Correct Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.6: List and define as many current ideologies as you can. Topic: Ideology in Our Day Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 41. Which of the following statements accurately characterizes environmentalism in the United States? a. Environmentalists’ demands have only been partially satisfied. b. Environmentalists have gained ground through the formation of new political parties. c. Environmentalists’ concerns have been incorporated into both major parties’ platforms. d. Environmentalists have been consistently ignored by the Environmental Protection Agency. Correct Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.6: List and define as many current ideologies as you can. Topic: Ideology in Our Day Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 36 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 42. Neoconservatives are opposed to __________. a. nation-building b. welfare spending c. military intervention d. unregulated markets Correct Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.6: List and define as many current ideologies as you can. Topic: Ideology in Our Day Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 43. How did Irving Kristol conceptualize the relationship between neoconservatism and liberalism? a. Neoconservatism departed from liberalism’s pessimistic outlook. b. Neoconservatism borrowed many ideals found within liberalism. c. Neoconservatism expanded the application of liberalism to a global context. d. Neoconservatism recognized what he perceived to be the naiveté of liberalism. Correct Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.6: List and define as many current ideologies as you can. Topic: Ideology in Our Day Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 44. Which statement accurately describes present-day China? a. China has moved more closely towards state ownership of the entire economy. b. China is moving to mirror the political and economic structure of the Western world. c. China retains an authoritarian political structure even as it continues to open its markets. d. China has adopted significant political reforms as part of its program to modernize the economy. Correct Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.6: List and define as many current ideologies as you can. Topic: Ideology in Our Day Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 37 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 45. Which statement fits with feminist views of the challenges women face in the present-day world? a. Too many women choose to leave the workforce early due to overly generous maternity benefits. b. Women have less power in society because they are naturally less assertive and confident than men are. c. Too many lucrative jobs are legally closed to women because of men’s dominance of the political system. d. Women have difficulty gaining economic and political power because men are socialized into leadership roles. Correct Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.6: List and define as many current ideologies as you can. Topic: Ideology in Our Day Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 46. Which of the following groups would be most likely to support spreading American values abroad? a. Feminists b. Marxists c. Modern liberals d. Neoconservatives Correct Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.6: List and define as many current ideologies as you can. Topic: Ideology in Our Day Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It 47. The “end of ideology” argument was developed by __________. a. Karl Marx b. Daniel Bell c. Mao Zedong d. Francis Fukuyama Correct Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.7: Evaluate the “end of ideology” argument. Topic: Is Ideology Finished? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 38 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 48. Which of these statements is consistent with Francis Fukuyama’s view? a. A centralized world government is inevitable. b. Ideological conflict is a product of inherent human traits. c. There will be no more world wars over conflicting ideologies. d. War will always be necessary to protect American interests abroad. Correct Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.7: Evaluate the “end of ideology” argument. Topic: Is Ideology Finished? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 49. Daniel Bell and Francis Fukuyama would agree that __________. a. capitalism has no serious rivals in today’s world or in the future b. socialism deserves a second chance in the advanced industrial world c. there will always be significant competition among ideological perspectives d. any ideology can produce a prosperous society given high-quality leadership Correct Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.7: Evaluate the “end of ideology” argument. Topic: Ideology in Our Day Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 50. Which statement, if true, undermines the arguments of Daniel Bell and Francis Fukuyama? a. Capitalism has no significant rival in the modern era. b. Capitalism has spread successfully to the formerly-socialist world. c. Many nations continue to practice variants of socialism with some success. d. The world’s remaining communist countries are adopting free-market reforms. Correct Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.7: Evaluate the “end of ideology” argument. Topic: Is Ideology Finished? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 39 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. True/False Questions 51. The origin of the left-right ideological spectrum dates back to 1789. Correct Answer: TRUE Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Explain the difference between a political theory and an ideology. Topic: What Is Ideology? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 52. Maoism is a form of conservatism. Correct Answer: FALSE Learning Objectives: LO 2.1: Explain the difference between a political theory and an ideology./LO 2.4: Explain how socialism split into several varieties. Topics: What Is Ideology?/Socialism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 53. The term laissez-faire generally indicates a desire for government intervention in economic matters. Correct Answer: FALSE Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Distinguish between classic and modern liberalism. Topic: Liberalism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 54. Classic liberalism split into modern liberalism and socialism. Correct Answer: FALSE Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Distinguish between classic and modern liberalism. Topic: Liberalism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 40 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 55. Edmund Burke gave theoretical expression to the traditional conservative view. Correct Answer: TRUE Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Contrast Burkean conservatism with its current variety. Topic: Conservatism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 56. Bernstein was responsible for revising Marxism. Correct Answer: TRUE Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Explain how socialism split into several varieties. Topic: Socialism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 57. Liberals are more likely than conservatives to espouse nationalist views in the United States. Correct Answer: FALSE Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Trace the origins of nationalism until the present day. Topic: Nationalism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 58. Former Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev would be considered a reformer. Correct Answer: TRUE Learning Objective: LO 2.6: List and define as many current ideologies as you can. Topic: Ideology in Our Day Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 59. Those favoring Islamism would condemn Western excesses like fancy cars and enormous homes. Correct Answer: TRUE Learning Objective: LO 2.6: List and define as many current ideologies as you can. Topic: Ideology in Our Day Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 41 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 60. The fact that socialism still exists in a number of countries supports the ideas of Francis Fukuyama. Correct Answer: FALSE Learning Objective: LO 2.7: Evaluate the “end of ideology” argument. Topic: Is Ideology Finished? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know Essay Questions 61. Describe how modern liberalism differs from classical liberalism and explain how modern conservatism related to classical liberalism. Correct Answer. An ideal response will: a. indicate a basic understanding of classic liberalism, modern liberalism, and modern conservatism. Classic liberalism favored limited government and free markets. It was based economically on the work of Adam Smith. b. indicate that modern liberalism suggests that competition is imperfect. The system produces a large underclass, and wealth is distributed unequally. Modern liberals favor unions, increased wages for workers, and educational opportunities. Modern liberalism tends to favor government intervention in the economy to produce outcomes that are more fair. c. discuss how modern conservatism resembles classic liberalism in terms of favoring limited government and property rights. Therefore, classic liberalism is similar to modern conservatism. Modern conservatism, however, does favor government regulation of morality and promotion of religious values. The answer might also indicate an understanding of neoconservatism, which often favors the United States promoting democracy abroad, sometimes through use of the military. Learning Objectives: LO 2.2: Distinguish between classic and modern liberalism; LO 2.3: Contrast Burkean conservatism with its current variety. Topics: Liberalism; Conservatism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 42 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 62. Describe the schisms that have occurred among Marxist thinkers and explain why these schisms occurred. Correct Answer. An ideal response will: a. discuss some of the different views of socialism. This could include welfarism, social democracy, and communism. The answer might indicate that these all have links to Marxism. b. discuss social democracy, which is a mild form of socialism. Social democracies have become welfare states—hence the term ‘welfarism.’ c. discuss how communism emerged as Marxist theory merged with Leninism. d. discuss Maoism, which is an extreme form of communism featuring guerrilla warfare, and Titoism, which is a more moderate form of communism that includes certain features of capitalism. Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Explain how socialism split into several varieties. Topic: Socialism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 63. Explain how nationalism can be dangerous to a nation. Use both theoretical ideas and concrete examples to support your claims. Correct Answer. An ideal response will: a. indicate an understanding of nationalism, which is an exaggerated belief in the greatness and unity of one’s country. b. indicate that nationalism can lead to an “us against them” mentality. It can lead to conflict and even world wars. c. discuss how regional divisions could divide a nation. In the United States, there are divisions across states and regions. Occasionally, some people have suggested that one or more states leave the union (though this is extremely unlikely to happen). d. discuss how nationalism can lead to people failing to question what government is doing. For example, following the 9/11 terrorist attacks, many people who questioned the president or the idea of going to war were labeled unpatriotic. Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Trace the origins of nationalism until the present day. Topic: Nationalism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 43 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 64. Describe Islamism and explain why some people consider this ideology potentially dangerous. Correct Answer. An ideal response will: a. indicate that Islamism blends religion, nationalism, socialism, and “rage against modernity.” This view suggests that the West and America specifically are eroding Islamic culture and values. b. indicate that Islamism resembles nationalism, except the focus is on an extreme form of Islam. This can lead to terrorism, the goal of the destruction of Israel, and the attempted takeover of the Muslim world. c. discuss how the West has the challenge of deciding whether to confront or avoid Islamism. Learning Objective: LO 2.6: List and define as many current ideologies as you can. Topic: Ideology in Our Day Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 65. Evaluate the “end of ideology” argument by considering the facts that fit and contradict this view on today’s world. Correct Answer. An ideal response will: a. discuss how Daniel Bell argued that ideological debates were coming to an end. Communism had failed, and what was left was a technical discussion of how to implement the welfare state. b. discuss how Francis Fukuyama furthered this argument, suggesting that capitalism had won, and there were no longer challenges to this dominant ideology. He referred to this as the “end of history.” c. indicate that a strength of the argument is that communism does appear to be collapsing, and capitalism does appear to dominate, at least in much of the Western world. d. indicate that there are also weaknesses in these arguments. For example, socialism still exists in much of the world, Islamism and authoritarian capitalism have emerged, and there are many forms of capitalism. Learning Objective: LO 2.7: Evaluate the “end of ideology” argument. Topic: Is Ideology Finished? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 44 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.