Test Bank For Lifespan Development, Seventh Canadian Edition

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition CHAPTER 2: THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT Chapter 2 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Knowledge of ________ is foundational to understanding evolutionary theories. genetics biological processes epigenetics developmental milestones Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.1 Describe the structure and function of genes. 2 02-1-01 23 Knowledge Answer: biological processes 2. Evolutionary theorists propose that the genetic and physiological processes that underlie human behaviour changed gradually over time through _____________ and ____________ . genetic mutation; natural selection cognitive; social behaviour social; cultural behaviour nature; nurture Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.4 Describe how evolutionary theories explain individual differences. 2 02-1-02 24 Knowledge Answer: genetic mutation; natural selection 3. Strings of genetic material in the nuclei of the cell are called genes. chromosomes. deoxyribonucleic acid. amino acids. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.1 Describe the structure and function of genes. 1 02-1-03 24 Knowledge Answer: chromosomes. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 1 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 4. The nuclei of our body cells contain ____ pairs of chromosomes. 15 23 30 46 Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.1 Describe the structure and function of genes. 1 02-1-04 24 Knowledge Answer: 23 5. _____ are the genetic units responsible for determining traits such as a person’s blood type. Genomes Chromosomes Genes Phenotypes Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.1 Describe the structure and function of genes. 1 02-1-05 24 Knowledge Answer: Genes 6. The entire DNA that an individual human body possesses is called its genotype. genome. phenotype. genetic profile. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.1 Describe the structure and function of genes. 1 02-1-06 25 Knowledge Answer: genome. 7. An individual’s own unique genetic blueprint is his or her genome. phenotype. genotype. genetic inheritance. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 2 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 1 02-1-07 25 Knowledge Answer: genotype. 8. _______ are organic compounds that form the core structural elements of muscle, brain, and bone in the human body. Genes Chromosomes Amino acids Proteins Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.1 Describe the structure and function of genes. 2 02-1-08 25 Knowledge Answer: Proteins 9. Describing one’s self as male, 5’10”, with brown eyes and brown curly hair provides details about appearance that would be called one’s ______ in the scientific world. “genome” “phenotype” “polygenetic inheritance” “genotype” Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 1 02-1-09 25 Comprehension Answer: “phenotype” 10. Broad lips, nearsightedness, and freckles are produced by _______ in genetic transmissions. dominant genes two recessive genes polygenetic gene influences multifactorial gene influences Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 1 02-1-10 25-26 Knowledge Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 3 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: dominant genes 11. A pattern of inheritance in which a single gene strongly influences a person’s outward appearance is called polygenetic inheritance pattern. dominant-recessive pattern. expressive gene pattern. silent gene pattern. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 1 02-1-11 25 Knowledge Answer: dominant-recessive pattern. 12. Patrick and Mary both have brown eyes. If their child has blue eyes, then both Patrick and Mary must be carrying a recessive gene for blue eyes. either Mary or Patrick must be carrying a recessive gene for blue eyes. both Mary and Patrick must be carrying a dominant gene for blue eyes. either Mary or Patrick must be carrying a dominant gene for blue eyes. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 2 02-1-12 25-26 Comprehension Answer: both Patrick and Mary must be carrying a recessive gene for blue eyes. 13. Martha carries two genes for brown eyes (dominant gene) and John carries two genes for blue eyes (recessive gene). Their child will have a 50 percent chance of brown eyes. 75 percent chance of brown eyes. 100 percent chance of blue eyes. 100 percent chance of brown eyes. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 2 02-1-13 25-26 Comprehension Answer: 100 percent chance of brown eyes. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 4 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 14. Alexia, Sasha, and Derek have each inherited curly hair from their father. Alexia has wavy hair, Sasha has medium coils, and Derek has tight curls. The variance in the amount and type of curly hair among the children is an example of ________ in genetic inheritance. recessive gene homozygous gene carriers gene expressivity polygenetic influences Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 2 02-1-14 26 Comprehension Answer: gene expressivity 15. Fumi has dark skin. Her husband Liam has pale skin. Their children will likely have dark skin (dominant-recessive). pale skin (dominant-recessive). blended colour skin (polygenetic inheritance). some with dark skin; some with light skin (polygenetic inheritance). Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 2 02-1-15 26-27 Comprehension Answer: blended colour skin (polygenetic inheritance). 16. Height as a genetic trait is largely determined by dominant genes. environmental factors like nutrition and abuse/neglect. genes and environmental factors. race, culture, and gender. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 2 02-1-16 27 Knowledge Answer: genes and environmental factors. 17. ________ are genes found only in the fluid that surrounds an unfertilized ovum. Miscreation genes Morphogen genes Mitochondrial genes Mutant genes Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 5 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 1 02-1-17 27 Knowledge Answer: Mitochondrial genes 18. Epigenetic mechanisms regulate gene expression by altering the DNA structure and function of certain genes. signalling certain genes to be activated or “turned on”. signalling certain genes to be either dominant or recessive. signalling certain genes to be either active or inactive. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.3 Describe how epigenetic mechanisms regulate genes and development. 1 02-1-18 27-28 Knowledge Answer: signalling certain genes to be either active or inactive. 19. Which statement provides the best example of a core belief of ethology evolutionary theory? Human children, regardless of their environment, have the unique ability to learn language early in life without any specific instruction from adults. Evolution has produced genes that cause humans to form emotional relationships like bonding that facilitate survival. Traits like intelligence, shyness, and aggressiveness are directly transmitted through heredity. Evolution has provided humans with genetic programming that helps us cooperate and survive in groups. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.4 Describe how evolutionary theories explain individual differences. 2 02-1-19 28-29 Comprehension Answer: Evolution has produced genes that cause humans to form emotional relationships like bonding that facilitate survival. 20. The study of epigenetic changes related to the development of the brain, behaviour, and psychological processes in relation to environmental factors is known as _____________. behavioural epigenetics. ethology. nativism. evolutionary prenatal programming. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 6 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.3 Describe how epigenetic mechanisms regulate genes and development. 2 02-1-20 28 Knowledge Answer: behavioural epigenetics. 21. Ethology emphasizes genetically determined ________________ behaviours that are assumed to have evolved through natural selection. predictive-adaptive survival hereditary evolutionary psychology Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.4 Describe how evolutionary theories explain individual differences. 2 02-1-21 28 Knowledge Answer: survival 22. ____________ is defined as the study of genetically inherited cognitive and social characteristics produced via natural selection to promote human adaptation and survival. Sociobiology Evolutionary anthropology Evolutionary prenatal programming Evolutionary psychology Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.4 Describe how evolutionary theories explain individual differences. 2 02-1-22 29 Knowledge Answer: Evolutionary psychology 23. According to the predictive–adaptive response theory, a fetus will adapt its ____ to accommodate an anticipated future environment based on conditions in its prenatal environment. perception gestation length physiology calorie intake Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.4 Describe how evolutionary theories explain individual differences. 1 02-1-23 30 Knowledge Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 7 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: physiology 24. Based on clues and conditions in its prenatal environment, a fetus will make changes geared to ensure its survival in a similar postnatal future environment. This survival process is called “natural selection.” “survival of the fittest.” “survival–adaptation response.” “predictive–adaptive response.” Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.4 Describe how evolutionary theories explain individual differences. 1 02-1-24 30 Knowledge Answer: “predictive–adaptive response.” 25. _______ is the branch of science involved in the study of human genetic make-up, including gene location and gene functioning. Epigenetics Human genomics Microbiology Evolutionary biology Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.5 Describe how biological and evolutionary theories contribute to our understanding of disease processes and interventions 1 02-1-25 31 Knowledge Answer: Human genomics 26. According to newer research theories such as the predictive–response theory, to be most effective, early intervention strategies designed to prevent chronic diseases like diabetes must focus on the ____ stage of development. prenatal 0–2 yrs. 0–6 yrs. 0–puberty Learning Objective: 2.4 Describe how evolutionary theories explain individual differences. 2.5 Describe how biological and evolutionary theories contribute to our understanding of disease processes and interventions Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 1 02-1-26 31 Knowledge Answer: prenatal Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 8 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 27. Genetic diseases such as Hemophilia, Huntington’s disease, and sickle-cell disease account for roughly ____% of all human disease in developed countries. 5 10 15 20 Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe how biological and evolutionary theories contribute to our understanding of disease processes and interventions Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 1 02-1-27 30 Knowledge Answer: 5 28. Psychoanalytic theorists explain developmental change in terms of relationships between the individual and his or her environment. assimilation and accommodation of external stimuli. manipulation of environmental influences to reward or punish. the influence of internal drives and emotions upon behaviour. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 1 02-1-28 33 Knowledge Answer: the influence of internal drives and emotions upon behaviour. 29. One of Freud’s most important theoretical contributions is the idea that human behaviour is governed by conscious and ________ processes. self-actualizing unconscious sexual analytical Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 1 02-1-29 33 Knowledge Answer: unconscious 30. The aspect of our personality that demands to be satisfied in pleasurable ways is the ego. psyche. id. subconscious. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 1 02-1-30 33 Knowledge Answer: id. 31. The instinctual drive for physical pleasure present at birth and forming the motivating force behind all human behaviour is the libido. id. ego. superego. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 1 02-1-31 33 Knowledge Answer: libido. 32. According to Freud’s model of personality, which of the following would be most consistent with the actions of the id? restraining your desire to have a hot-fudge sundae. planning to seduce a sexual partner. stealing food to eat when you are hungry. learning from your mistakes. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 2 02-1-32 33 Analysis Answer: stealing food to eat when you are hungry. 33. Alejandro and Miguel were shopping and saw a CD that they both wanted. Alejandro did not have the money to buy the CD, so he decided to steal it. Miguel decided to wait until he had saved the money as he had been punished by his mother for previously stealing a CD. Miguel is acting on his id. ego. superego. libido. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 2 02-1-33 33 Application Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 10 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: superego. 34. One-year-old Melanie has formed a secure attachment to her mother. Erik Erikson would claim that Melanie has mastered which of his psychosocial stages? trust versus mistrust identity versus role confusion autonomy versus shame and doubt industry versus inferiority Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 2 02-1-34 34-35 Comprehension Answer: trust versus mistrust 35. Erikson argued that, in order to achieve intimacy, one must achieve an integrated sense of self. That is, the individual must master the _____________ stage before intimacy can be reached. autonomy versus shame and doubt initiative versus guilt identity versus role confusion generativity versus stagnation Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 1 02-1-35 35 Comprehension Answer: identity versus role confusion 36. According to Sigmund Freud, a ________ is characterized by behaviours that reflect unresolved problems and unmet needs. libido fixation defence mechanism conscious thought Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 1 02-1-36 33 Knowledge Answer: fixation Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 11 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 37. The psychosexual stages in which pleasure comes from touching the genitals are the latency stage and oral stage. oral stage and anal stage. anal stage and latency stage. phallic stage and genital stage. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 1 02-1-37 33 Comprehension Answer: phallic stage and genital stage. 38. Which of the following represents the correct order in the progression of Freud’s stages of psychosexual development? libido, personality structures, defence mechanisms, and identification genital, latency, phallic, oral, and anal oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital anal, oral, phallic, latency, and genital Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 2 02-1-38 33 Knowledge Answer: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital 39. The theorist who developed the theory of psychosocial stages was Sigmund Freud. Erik Erikson. Jean Piaget. B. F. Skinner. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 1 02-1-39 34 Knowledge Answer: Erik Erikson. 40. Erik Erikson believed that one must pass through eight _______ stages to develop a stable identity. psychosocial stages lifespan stages psychosexual stages cognitive–social stages Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 12 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 1 02-1-40 34 Knowledge Answer: psychosocial stages 41. Erikson is to Freud as ________ is to ________. assimilation; accommodation psychosocial; psychosexual identity; cognition reinforcement; mental category Learning Objective: 2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 1 02-1-41 33-34 Comprehension Answer: psychosocial; psychosexual 42. Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development is based on the idea that development occurs from the interaction between changes in age and changes in cognitions. social demands. environmental reinforcements or punishments. defence mechanisms. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 1 02-1-42 34 Knowledge Answer: social demands. 43. What factor is generally considered to be an essential aspect of an infant’s first psychosocial task? learning to control bodily sensations or developing shame if unsuccessful and not sensitively treated by caregivers. becoming purposeful, goal-oriented, and assertive, which leads to conflicts with parents. learning to differentiate tasks that can be accomplished independently and tasks that require assistance to accomplish. being treated lovingly and predictably by caregivers and learning to trust. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 13 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 2 02-1-43 34–35 Analysis Answer: being treated lovingly and predictably by caregivers and learning to trust. 44. Sixteen-year-old Soo Ling is trying to decide what to do about her postsecondary education. She isn’t sure what career she wants to pursue and she can’t decide which postsecondary institution to choose. She is in which of the following stages of Erikson’s theory? identity versus role confusion. trust versus mistrust. industry versus inferiority. integrity versus despair. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 2 02-1-44 34–35 Application Answer: identity versus role confusion. 45. According to Erikson, the foundation or prerequisite for resolving the crisis of intimacy versus isolation is self-esteem and self-efficacy. the formation of an identity. formal operational thought. self-acceptance. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 1 02-1-45 34-35 Comprehension Answer: the formation of an identity. 46. Which of the following is a way to achieve a sense of generativity? quitting your job because you are not able to get along with your new boss. caring for elderly parents. leaving your partner because he or she is abusive. retiring from a long-held occupation or career.. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 2 02-1-46 35 Analysis Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 14 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: caring for elderly parents. 47. Reflecting upon one’s life positively, without regrets, would place an individual on which side of the crisis in late adulthood? generativity identity integrity despair Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 2 02-1-47 35 Comprehension Answer: integrity 48. The idea that each human being is motivated to achieve full human potential is a key concept of which of the following theories? Systems Psychoanalytic Humanistic Social learning Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.8 Describe the basic concepts of humanistic theory. 1 02-1-48 33-36 Knowledge Answer: humanistic 49. Which of the following most accurately represents Maslow’s key concept in his theory of human development? Development is influenced by early childhood experiences and the development of a stable identity. Humans are motivated to develop schemes for understanding their worlds. These schemes further develop through equilibration, assimilation, and accommodation. Deficiency motives are drives to maintain physical or emotional homeostasis by eating, drinking, or being loved; being motives lead us to seek understanding and personal growth. Development is motivated by role models, intrinsic reinforcements, and cognitive elements in learning. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.8 Describe the basic concepts of humanistic theory. 1 02-1-49 35-36 Knowledge Answer: Deficiency motives are drives to maintain physical or emotional homeostasis by eating, drinking, or being loved; being motives lead us to seek understanding and personal growth. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 15 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 50. Why are humanistic theories important to our understanding of human development? They focus only on the best in people. They de-emphasize physical needs. They combine psychoanalytic and learning theories. They view each person as having potential. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.8 Describe the basic concepts of humanistic theory. 3 02-1-50 35-36 Comprehension Answer: They view each person as having potential. 51. Abraham Maslow used the term ________ to describe the ultimate goal of human life. “physiological needs” “esteem needs” “self-actualization” “deficiency motives” Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.8 Describe the basic concepts of humanistic theory. 1 02-1-51 35-36 Knowledge Answer: “self-actualization” 52. Theories that assert that development results from an accumulation of experiences are known as psychoanalytic theories. learning theories. cognitive theories. evolutionary theories. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.9 Explain how classical conditioning occurs. 1 02-1-52 37 Knowledge Answer: learning theories. 52. Learning that results from the association of stimuli is called classical conditioning. operant conditioning. observational learning. social-cognitive conditioning. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 16 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.9 Explain how classical conditioning occurs. 1 02-1-53 37 Knowledge Answer: classical conditioning. 54. Classical conditioning was rooted in the ideas and research conducted by Jean Piaget. Ivan Pavlov. B. F. Skinner. Abraham Maslow. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.9 Explain how classical conditioning occurs. 1 02-1-54 37 Knowledge Answer: Ivan Pavlov. 55. Salivation occurs naturally when you put food in your mouth. In classical conditioning the food is the ________ and salivating is the ________. unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response conditioned stimulus; conditioned response unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response conditioned stimulus; unconditioned response Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.9 Explain how classical conditioning occurs. 2 02-1-55 37-38 Application Answer: unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response 56. In classical conditioning, if the acidity of lemon juice automatically causes your mouth to pucker, the lemon juice is the ________ and the puckering of lips is the ________. conditional stimulus; unconditioned response. conditional stimulus; conditioned response. punishment; conditioned response. unconditional stimulus; unconditioned response. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.9 Explain how classical conditioning occurs. 2 02-1-56 37 Application Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 17 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: unconditional stimulus; unconditioned response. 57. Learning to repeat or stop behaviours because of their consequences refers to classical conditioning. operant conditioning. observational learning. punishment. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.10 Explain the process of operant conditioning. 1 02-1-57 38 Knowledge Answer: operant conditioning. 58. Which of the following is an aspect of operant conditioning that would make a behaviour more likely to occur again? Negative reinforcement. Extinction. Intrinsic reinforcement. Positive punishment. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.10 Explain the process of operant conditioning. 3 02-1-58 38 Knowledge Answer: Negative reinforcement. 59. Marvin is pestering his mother for an advance on his allowance, whining for 10 minutes saying things like, “Please, Mom, can’t I have my allowance early? Please? Oh, come on, Mom, I need it now. Mom!” His mother ignores Marvin’s pleas for 10 minutes, but finally gives in and says, “Oh, all right. Here it is. Anything to stop your whining.” If in the future the boy engages in more whining to get what he wants, and the mother gives in even more easily, then according to the principles of the learning theory, Marvin has been ________ and the mother has been ________. positively reinforced; punished. negatively reinforced; punished. negatively reinforced; positively reinforced. positively reinforced; negatively reinforced. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.10 Explain the process of operant conditioning. 3 02-1-59 38 Analysis Answer: positively reinforced; negatively reinforced. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 18 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 60. Eleven-year-old Madison is expected to keep her room clean and to empty all trash and garbage in the house. When Madison is too busy to complete her household chores, she is grounded. Her parents tell her that until her room is clean and the trash is emptied she is to remain at home, have no visitors, and may not use her iPod. In this situation, grounding serves as a ________ for Madison. negative reinforcement intrinsic reinforcement punishment positive reinforcement Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.10 Explain the process of operant conditioning. 3 02-1-60 38 Analysis Answer: negative reinforcement 61. Roberta has been studying very hard and finds out that she has received an A+ on her English test. Her parents praise her and take her out to buy a new summer outfit. She is so happy that her parents are proud of her that she studies even harder for the next English test. This is an example of positive reinforcement. negative reinforcement. partial reinforcement. extinction. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.10 Explain the process of operant conditioning. 2 02-1-61 38 Application Answer: positive reinforcement. 62. A teacher succeeds in eliminating a student’s undesirable behaviour by ignoring it. This is referred to as negative reinforcement. extinction. shaping. partial reinforcement. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.10 Explain the process of operant conditioning. 1 02-1-62 39 Application Answer: extinction. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 19 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 63. Last year, five-year-old Emily began a bedtime ritual that frustrated her parents. Shortly after being put to bed for the evening, Emily would begin a series of requests: “I need a drink of water.” “Please read me another story.” “I think something is under my bed. Come look!” Emily’s parents finally resolved that they would not respond to Emily and warned her that once she went to bed, she was expected to go quietly to sleep. Through a long and difficult week, Emily’s parents held firm and ignored her pleas and tears. Now, Emily drifts peacefully and quickly to sleep when she is put to bed. Emily’s parents practiced the learning principle of punishment. extinction. positive reinforcement. modelling. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.10 Explain the process of operant conditioning. 3 02-1-63 39 Analysis Answer: extinction. 64. Albert Bandura’s observation that we may learn by watching another person behave in a certain way is the foundation for what theory? social cognitive theory classical conditioning operant conditioning social interaction theory Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.14 Describe Bandura’s concepts of modelling, reciprocal determinism, and self-efficacy. 2 02-1-64 44 Comprehension Answer: social cognitive theory 65. ________ is to Skinner as ________ is to Bandura. Intrinsic reinforcement; scheme Libido; assimilation Unconditional stimulus; working memory Reinforcement; observational learning Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.10 Explain the process of operant conditioning. 2.14 Describe Bandura’s concepts of modelling, reciprocal determinism, and self-efficacy. 1 02-1-65 44 Comprehension Answer: Reinforcement; observational learning Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 20 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 66. Which of the following is an example of behaviour influenced by the principles of social cognitive theory? Lise cooperates when the dentist cleans her teeth. As a result of the role conflict between her parental responsibilities and her need for personal development, Irina decides to drop out of college for a semester. Nick misses his 11 p.m. curfew by one hour and is grounded by his parents for a week. He vows never to let that happen again. When Dr. Jones responds angrily to a request from her daughter Sally, Sally’s sister Judy decides she will wait until tomorrow to ask her mother for permission to buy a new video game. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.14 Describe Bandura’s concepts of modelling, reciprocal determinism, and self-efficacy. 3 02-1-66 44-45 Analysis Answer: When Dr. Jones responds angrily to a request from her daughter Sally, Sally’s sister Judy decides she will wait until tomorrow to ask her mother for permission to buy a new video game. 67. When one-year-old Owen points to every man he sees and says “Daddy,” he has employed which Piagetian process? equilibration assimilation accommodation scaffolding Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.11 Describe how cognitive development progresses, according to Piaget. 2 02-1-67 40-41 Comprehension Answer: assimilation 68. The work of ________ attempts to answer the question “How does thinking develop?” B. F. Skinner Jean Piaget Sigmund Freud Uri Bronfenbrenner Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.11 Describe how cognitive development progresses, according to Piaget. 1 02-1-68 40 Knowledge Answer: Jean Piaget Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 21 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 69. According to the principles of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, if you know how to act at a party, you are using a ________ to guide and direct your behaviour. scheme reinforcement defence mechanism memory Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.11 Describe how cognitive development progresses, according to Piaget. 1 02-1-69 40-41 Application Answer: scheme 70. Twelve-month-old Ahmed pointed to an airplane flying overhead and said “Bird!” This is an example of the Piagetian process of concrete operations. accommodation. preoperational thought. assimilation. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.11 Describe how cognitive development progresses, according to Piaget. 3 02-1-70 40-41 Analysis Answer: assimilation. 71. Three-year-old Ali used to call all flying objects, such as airplanes and slowly falling leaves, “birds.” Now he correctly labels airplanes, butterflies, birds, and bees. What Piagetian process has Ali accomplished? Assimilation. Accommodation. Concrete operations. Scheme. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.11 Describe how cognitive development progresses, according to Piaget. 3 02-1-71 41 Analysis Answer: Accommodation. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 22 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 72. A child who efficiently sucks a breast or a bottle is presented with a drinking straw, which requires a different sucking strategy. What is likely to happen? The child will assimilate a new strategy and immediately be successful at sucking in a new fashion. The child will be frustrated and unable to learn the new strategy. Children who learn to drink from bottles are unsuccessful at learning to drink from straws. The child will accommodate the straw by changing the existing scheme for sucking and adding a new strategy to deal with the straw. The child will abandon previous schemes for sucking and create a new scheme for sucking from a straw. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.11 Describe how cognitive development progresses, according to Piaget. 3 02-1-72 40-41 Analysis Answer: The child will accommodate the straw by changing the existing scheme for sucking and adding a new strategy to deal with the straw. 73. The Piagetian process of accommodation involves taking in an event or experience and connecting it to an existing scheme. changing an existing scheme as a result of new information or experiences. understanding the world in terms of one’s senses and motor actions. using symbols to represent the world. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.11 Describe how cognitive development progresses, according to Piaget. 1 02-1-73 41 Knowledge Answer: changing an existing scheme as a result of new information or experiences. 74. Piaget believed that in the process of ________, children use both assimilation and accommodation to create schemes that fit the reality of their environments. nativism equilibration scaffolding accommodation Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.11 Describe how cognitive development progresses, according to Piaget. 1 02-1-74 41 Knowledge Answer: equilibration Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 23 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 75. In Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, a child begins to understand the world in terms of sensory information and motor activities in the stage of preoperations. from birth to 18 months. of equilibration. from two to six years of age. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.11 Describe how cognitive development progresses, according to Piaget. 1 02-1-75 41 Knowledge Answer: from birth to 18 months. 76. In the ________ stage of cognitive development, a child begins to use symbols to think and communicate and also begins to take others’ perspectives. formal operations sensorimotor preoperational concrete operations Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.11 Describe how cognitive development progresses, according to Piaget. 1 02-1-76 41 Knowledge Answer: preoperational 77. According to Piaget, it is in the ________ stage of cognitive development that a child can manipulate ideas as well as concrete objects or events. In this stage, a child can think about abstract ideas and hypothetical situations. equilibration information processing formal operations concrete operations Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.11 Describe how cognitive development progresses, according to Piaget. 1 02-1-77 41 Knowledge Answer: formal operations Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 24 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 78. According to the information-processing theory of cognition, a developmental psychology student is using the memory process of ________ when she relates the information about memory formation that she learned in developmental psychology class to the information she had previously learned in introductory psychology class. encoding abstraction accommodation equilibration Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.12 Describe information-processing theory processes. 2 02-1-78 41 Analysis Answer: encoding 79. Neo-Piagetian theories have had what effect on information-processing theory? made it more credible contradicted it completely disproved it expanded on it Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.12 Describe information-processing theory processes. 2 02-1-79 43 Knowledge Answer: expanded on it 80. The belief in one’s own capacity to cause an intended event to occur or to perform a task is known as reciprocal determinism. self-efficacy. modelling. reinforcement. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.14 Describe Bandura’s concepts of modelling, reciprocal determinism, and self-efficacy. 1 02-1-84 45 Knowledge Answer: self-efficacy. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 25 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 81. Information that is to be stored in memory, such as a grocery list or a friend’s birthday, is processed in ________ before it is moved to long-term memory for storage. sensory memory the superego the proximodistal stage short-term memory Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.12 Describe information-processing theory processes. 1 02-1-81 43 Knowledge Answer: short-term memory 82. The theory that asserts that a child’s learning of new cognitive skills is guided by an adult, more skilled child, or older sibling who structures their learning experience would be sociocultural theory. classical conditioning. operant conditioning. the hierarchy of needs. Learning Objective: 2.13 Describe how Vygotsky’s concepts of scaffolding and zone of proximal development influence cognitive development. Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2 02-1-82 44 Comprehension Answer: sociocultural theory. 83. Which of the following theories best explains that to teach a child an adult must gain and keep the child’s attention; model the best strategy; and adapt the whole process to the child’s developmental level? psychoanalytic theories social-cognitive theory sociocultural theory information processing theory Learning Objective: 2.13 Describe how Vygotsky’s concepts of scaffolding and zone of proximal development influence cognitive development. Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 1 02-1-83 44 Comprehension Answer: sociocultural theory Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 26 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 84. Seven-year-old Elena is developing her math skills. She can add and subtract single-digit math problems (7 + 3 = 10), and with assistance from her mother, she works double digit problems (12 + 10 = 22). Vygotsky would suggest that this situation illustrates Elena’s adaptive processes of assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration. sensorimotor development. scaffold. zone of proximal development. Learning Objective: 2.13 Describe how Vygotsky’s concepts of scaffolding and zone of proximal development influence cognitive development. Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2 02-1-84 44 Application Answer: zone of proximal development. 85. Holism, the view that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, is a core principle of _______ theory. evolutionary Vygotsky’s sociocultural systems cognitive learning Learning Objective: 2.15 Describe how contexts influence development from Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological perspective. Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2 02-1-85 46 Application Answer: systems 86. Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory is considered a learning theory. humanistic theory. systems theory. cognitive theory. Learning Objective: 2.15 Describe how contexts influence development from Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological perspective. Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2 02-1-86 46 Knowledge Answer: systems theory. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 27 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 87. The systems approach to human development takes into consideration the ever-changing (dynamic) interaction of personal factors with social relationships. biological systems. cognitive processing. external factors. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.15 Describe how contexts influence development from Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological perspective. 2 02-1-87 46 Knowledge Answer: external factors. 88. The level of Bronfenbrenner’s theory that includes the influences of the health care and educational systems is called the _____________. macrosystem. microsystem. exosystem. person. Learning Objective: 2.15 Describe how contexts influence development from Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological perspective. Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2 02-1-88 46-47 Knowledge Answer: exosystem. 89. Which theorists endorse early intervention strategies? ecobiodevelopmentalists neo-Piagetians evolutionary theorists Information-processing theorists Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.16 Explain why ecobiodevelopmentalists endorse early intervention strategies. 1 02-1-89 48 Knowledge Answer: ecobiodevelopmentalists Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 28 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 90. From the 1880s to 1996 the government established and maintained residential schools in order to Canadianize Indigenous children. Which of the following statements has an error in wording about the transgenerational impact of colonization in Canada? isolation, suppression of traditional language and practices, regimented routines, incidents of abuse, malnourishment, exposure to death and disease inadequate education and vocational training ongoing transgenerational physical, psychological, and sociocultural adversities experienced by Indigenous peoples the apprehension, or “scooping up,” of First Nations children for adoption into mostly nonIndigenous families by provincial child protection services which was called “the Twenties Scoop” Learning Objective: 2.15 Describe how contexts influence development from Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological perspective. Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 1 02-1-90 48 Knowledge Answer: ecobiodevelopmentalists Chapter 2 True-False Questions 1. The predictive–adaptive response suggests that the fetus has an intuitive ability to predict its future post-birth environment and is then able to adapt its physiology to ensure survival in that anticipated environment. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.4 Describe how evolutionary theories explain individual differences. 1 02-2-01 30 Knowledge Answer: a. True 2. Behavioural epigenetics research suggests that parental care can physically alter molecular epigenetic structures in offspring. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.3 Describe how epigenetic mechanisms regulate genes and development. 1 02-2-02 28 Knowledge Answer: a. True Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 29 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 3. Gene expression is controlled through dominant-recessive patterns of inheritance. a b True False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.3 Describe how epigenetic mechanisms regulate genes and development. 1 02-2-03 28 Knowledge Answer: a. True 4. The toddler who screams angrily when she is denied candy is being controlled by her ego. a b True False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 2 02-2-04 33 Application Answer: a. True 5. According to Freud, if needs are unmet and problems are not resolved during a child’s early experiences, then a fixation may result. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 1 02-2-05 34 Knowledge Answer: a. True 6. According to Erikson’s theory of development, at mid-life, an individual is confronted with the crisis of integrity versus despair. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 1 02-2-06 34 Knowledge Answer: a. True Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 30 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 7. A major assumption of Maslow’s theory is that each person is born with a basic drive to achieve her or his full potential, or self-actualization. a True. b False. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.8 Describe the basic concepts of humanistic theory. 1 02-2-07 35-36 Knowledge Answer: a. True. 8. Positive punishment is the same as negative reinforcement. a b True Fals Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.10 Explain the process of operant conditioning. 3 02-2-08 38-39 Knowledge Answer: a. True 9. People take less time to learn a new behaviour under partial reinforcement conditions. a b True False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.10 Explain the process of operant conditioning. 1 02-2-09 39 Knowledge Answer: a. False 10. The gradual elimination of a behaviour through repeated non-reinforcement is called extinction. a b True False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.10 Explain the process of operant conditioning. 1 02-2-10 39 Knowledge Answer: a. True Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 31 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 11. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development provides a comprehensive explanation for how children acquire emotional responses such as fear or comfort. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.11 Describe how cognitive development progresses, according to Piaget. 2 02-2-11 40 Comprehension Answer: b. False 12. If Gregory says “doggie” to describe a horse, a cow, and an elephant, then he has not yet learned the Piagetian process of how to accommodate. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.11 Describe how cognitive development progresses, according to Piaget. 2 02-2-12 41 Application Answer: a. True 13. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development has been tremendously valuable in developmental research. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.11 Describe how cognitive development progresses, according to Piaget. 2 02-2-13 40-41 Comprehension Answer: a. True 14. The capacity of short-term memory is much less than the capacity of long-term memory. a b True False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.12 Describe information-processing theory processes. 1 02-2-14 43 Comprehension Answer: a. True Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 32 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 15. A parent tries to help a child learn how to read by sounding out new words. This is an example of scaffolding. a True b False Learning Objective: 2.13 Describe how Vygotsky’s concepts of scaffolding and zone of proximal development influence cognitive development. Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2 02-2-15 44 Application Answer: a. True 16. The systems approach to human development emphasizes the biological system when studying how humans grow. a True b False Learning Objective: 2.15 Describe how contexts influence development from Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological perspective. Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 1 02-2-16 46 Knowledge Answer: a. False 17. Critics of evolutionary theories claim that those theories underestimate the impact of the environment and place too much emphasis on heredity. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.4 Describe how evolutionary theories explain individual differences. COMPARING THEORIES 2.17 Determine the distinguishing characteristics of human development theories. 1 02-2-17 49 Knowledge Answer: a. True 18. Complex chemical units of a chromosome that control or influence inherited traits are called chromosomes. a b True False Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 33 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.1 Describe the structure and function of genes. 1 02-2-18 Knowledge Answer: b. False 19. An individual’s unique genetic blueprint is called a genotype. a b True False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 1 02-2-19 Knowledge Answer: a. True 20. A pattern of inheritance in which a single dominant gene influences a person’s phenotype but two recessive genes are necessary to produce an associated trait is called a dominant-recessive pattern. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 1 02-2-20 Knowledge Answer: a. True 21. Advances in human genomics will play a vital role in predicting and preventing diseases. a b True False Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe how biological and evolutionary theories contribute to our understanding of disease processes and interventions. Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 1 02-2-21 Knowledge Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 34 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: a. True 22. There is growing awareness now of the need to promote early intervention strategies not only during prenatal development but also before conception. a True b False Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe how biological and evolutionary theories contribute to our understanding of disease processes and interventions. Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 1 02-2-22 Knowledge Answer: a. True 23. The last stage in Erikson’s psychosocial theory is generativity vs. stagnation. a b True False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 1 02-2-23 Knowledge Answer: a. False 24. When a response occurs reliably in connection with a conditioned stimulus in this way, it is known as a conditioned (learned) response. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.9 Explain how classical conditioning occurs. 1 02-2-24 Knowledge Answer: a. True 25. Classical conditioning is of interest in the study of development because of the role it plays in the acquisition of emotional responses. a True b False Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 35 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.9 Explain how classical conditioning occurs. 1 02-2-25 Knowledge Answer: a. True 26. Negative reinforcement entails adding a condition (usually something unpleasant) following a behaviour and decreases the chances that the behaviour will occur again. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.10 Explain the process of operant conditioning. 1 02-2-26 Knowledge Answer: a. False 27. Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological systems theory explains development in terms of the relationships among individuals and their environments, or interconnected contexts, over the passage of time, called the chronosystem. a True b False Learning Objective: 2.15 Describe how contexts influence development from Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological perspective. Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 1 02-2-27 Knowledge Answer: a. True 28. In Bronfenbrenner’s theory, the macrosystem (the sociocultural context), is the manifestation of the overarching sociocultural ideologies, values, and beliefs, and organization of the social systems and public policy through macroinstitutions, such as the federal government, in which a child is growing up. a True b False Learning Objective: 2.15 Describe how contexts influence development from Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological perspective. Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 1 02-2-28 Knowledge Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 36 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: a. True 29. Bandura’s ideas emphasize the roles of thinking (cognition) and of learning by observation (modelling) in human behaviour. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.14 Describe Bandura’s concepts of modelling, reciprocal determinism, and self-efficacy. 1 02-2-29 Knowledge Answer: a. 30. Ecobiodevelopmentalists say that the foundations of healthy development, and the origins of many impairments and susceptibilities to diseases and metal disorders, can be biologically embedded through epigenetic–environment interactions beginning prior to conception and continuing throughout the early years of life. a b True False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.16 Explain why ecobiodevelopmentalists endorse early intervention strategies. 1 02-2-30 Knowledge 31. Regarding the transgenerational impacts of colonization in Canada, child apprehension policies inflicted serious emotional harm not only on Indigenous children and their parents but also on future generations of their families and communities. a True b False Learning Objective: 2.15 Describe how contexts influence development from Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological perspective. Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 1 02-2-30 Knowledge Answer: a. True Chapter 2 Short Answer Questions Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 37 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 1. Identify and briefly summarize the basic ideas that are shared by the biological and evolutionary theories of human development. In what ways do these theories differ? Learning Objective: 2.4 Describe how evolutionary theories explain individual differences. 2.5 Describe how biological and evolutionary theories contribute to our understanding of disease processes and interventions. Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2 02-3-01 23–31 Comprehension Answer: 2. How do evolutionary psychology and evolutionary developmental psychology theories differ? Learning Objective: 2.4 Describe how evolutionary theories explain individual differences. Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 1 02-3-02 29-30 Knowledge Answer: 3. What is the predictive-adaptive response? What impact or influence does it have on development? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.4 Describe how evolutionary theories explain individual differences. 2 02-3-03 30 Knowledge Answer: 4. Summarize the most important concepts and assumptions of Erikson’s theory of human development. Choose any two of the stages of this theory and discuss the crisis, the strength to be acquired, and the activities associated with each stage. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 2 02-3-04 34–35 Application Answer: Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 38 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 5. Describe Maslow’s humanistic theory of development. Identify each stage in this theory and discuss how each stage relates to the next. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.8 Describe the basic concepts of humanistic theory. 2 02-3-05 35-36 Comprehension Answer: 6. Explain how classical and operant conditioning affect behaviour and development. What are the similarities and differences in the two approaches? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.9 Explain how classical conditioning occurs. 2.10 Explain the process of operant conditioning. 2 02-3-06 37-39 Comprehension Answer: 7. Three of Piaget’s most useful concepts are scheme, assimilation, and accommodation. Give an example to illustrate each of these concepts. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.11 Describe how cognitive development progresses, according to Piaget. 2 02-3-07 40-41 Application Answer: 8. How might Piaget’s theory and the information-processing theory of cognitive development be thought of as complementary? In other words, what might each theory contribute to an overall greater understanding of children’s cognitive development? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.11 Describe how cognitive development progresses, according to Piaget. 3 02-3-08 40-43 Analysis Answer: Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 39 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 9. How are Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory and Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory similar in their views on human development? How do these theories differ in their explanations of human development? Learning Objective: 2.13 Describe how Vygotsky’s concepts of scaffolding and zone of proximal development influence cognitive development. Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2 02-3-09 44, 46-48 Analysis Answer: 10. Explain how Albert Bandura’s concepts of observational learning and reciprocal determinism shape and influence development. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.14 Describe Bandura’s concepts of modelling, reciprocal determinism, and self-efficacy. 3 02-3-10 44-46 Application Answer: 11. What is the systems approach to human development? List all factors that are relevant to this approach. Include examples of the transgenerational impacts of colonization in Canada. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.15 Describe how contexts influence development from Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological perspective. 2.16 Explain why ecobiodevelopmentalists endorse early intervention strategies. 2 02-3-11 46 Knowledge Answer: Chapter 02 Essay Questions 1. Discuss one major strength or contribution and one major weakness of Freud’s theory. Discuss one major strength or contribution and one major weakness of Erikson’s theory. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 2 02-4-01 33-35 Analysis Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 40 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: Answers will vary 2. A basic assumption of Erikson’s theory is that each new crisis is thrust upon the developing person because of changes in social demands that accompany changes in age. Choose any three of Erikson’s stages and briefly describe the cultural and social demands commonly associated with each stage. Discuss how the crisis of each developmental stage could be successfully and unsuccessfully resolved. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 3 02-4-02 34–35 Analysis Answer: Answers will vary 3. If you had to put together an eclectic theory of human development, which elements of the major theories would you find most useful to include? Select elements from at least three major theories, and explain what you think each element contributes to our understanding of development. What assumptions about development would you include in your eclectic theory of human development? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: See all LOs for this chapter. 3 02-4-03 23–49 Analysis Answer: Answers will vary 4. Explain how genetics, epigenetics, and environmental mechanisms interact to determine health and disease. Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe the structure and function of genes. 2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 2.3 Describe how epigenetic mechanisms regulate genes and development. Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2 02-4-04 23–32 Analysis Answer: Answers will vary 5. Identify and explain the four key elements of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory. Describe how these various contexts influence development from Bronfenbrenner’s perspective. Do you support this approach to development? Why or why not? Include examples of the transgenerational impacts of colonization in Canada. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 41 Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: 2.15 Describe how contexts influence development from Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological perspective. Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: 2 02-4-05 46–48 Analysis Answer: Answers will vary Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 42