Test Bank For Introduction to Sociology, 5th Edition

Instructor Resource Ritzer, Introduction to Sociology, 5e SAGE Publishing 2020 Chapter 2: Thinking Sociologically Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Which of these are sets of interrelated ideas that have a wide range of applications, deal with centrally important issues, and have stood the test of time? a. social laws b. hypotheses c. theories d. causes Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: How Do Theories Help Us Understand Politics and Other Social Institutions? Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Sociologist Randall Collins developed a theory of violence. To which of these does it apply? a. state-sanctioned violence such as war b. domestic forms of violence c. major criminal acts such as murder or rape d. all types of violence and all types of victims Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: How Do Theories Help Us Understand Politics and Other Social Institutions? Difficulty Level: Medium 3. When applying theories to an issue, sociologists differ from the average person by being ______ in their approach. a. systematic b. biased c. uninformed d. quantitative Ans: A KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Instructor Resource Ritzer, Introduction to Sociology, 5e SAGE Publishing 2020 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Do Theories Help Us Understand Politics and Other Social Institutions? Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Which of these represents an important difference between a theory of dating generated by a professional sociologist and one proposed by an average person? a. Sociologists will examine more statistical data than the average person. b. Sociologists read the theories already in the scientific literature. c. Sociologists know formulas for generating new theories. d. Sociologists are less aware of biases than the average person. Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: How Do Theories Help Us Understand Politics and Other Social Institutions? Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Sociological theory emerged in Europe during which of these centuries? a. 18th b. 16th c. 19th d. 17th Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Giants of Classical Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Which of these focused on the exploitation of workers in capitalist systems? a. Émile Durkheim b. Karl Marx c. Herbert Spencer d. W. E. B. DuBois Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Karl Marx Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Karl Marx observed that workers produce virtually everything but get only a small portion of reward for it while the owners do little work and make large rewards off the labor of those who work for them. What is the term for this phenomenon? Instructor Resource Ritzer, Introduction to Sociology, 5e SAGE Publishing 2020 a. alienation b. exploitation c. ideology d. class consciousness Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Karl Marx Difficulty Level: Medium 8. What did Karl Marx believe would happen to capitalism eventually? a. It would improve greatly for the workers until society reached full equality. b. It would improve slightly so long as workers unionized. c. It would get worse until the inequality gap led to workers overthrowing the system. d. It would get worse until technology could replace workers, freeing them for other pursuits. Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Karl Marx Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Which term best describes the proletariat’s realization that they are being exploited? a. false consciousness b. class consciousness c. sociological consciousness d. collective consciousness Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Karl Marx Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Which of these was a main objective of Max Weber’s works? a. to analyze the relationship between workers and the owners b. to develop theories for further study c. to analyze the relationship between the economy and religion d. to focus on the elements of Social Darwinism Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Max Weber Instructor Resource Ritzer, Introduction to Sociology, 5e SAGE Publishing 2020 Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Which of these is the title of Max Weber’s best-known piece of work? a. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism b. The Communist Manifesto c. The Origin of the Species d. Society in America Ans: A KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Max Weber Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Max Weber analyzed capitalism, but his real interest was in the increase of which of these? a. religion b. suicide c. rationalization d. alienation Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Max Weber Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Émile Durkheim was concerned with macro-level phenomena, which he referred to as which of these? a. bureaucracy b. anomie c. social facts d. collective conscience Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Émile Durkheim Difficulty Level: Easy 14. Which of these describes the state of people being adrift in society without clear rules? a. exploitation b. anomie c. rationalization d. disorientation Instructor Resource Ritzer, Introduction to Sociology, 5e SAGE Publishing 2020 Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Émile Durkheim Difficulty Level: Medium 15. According to Émile Durkheim, early forms of society were held together by ______, in which people were connected because they performed similar types of work and shared similar beliefs and values. a. organic solidarity b. mechanical solidarity c. automatic solidarity d. structured solidarity Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Émile Durkheim Difficulty Level: Easy 16. When Trevor’s computer stopped operating correctly, he called a computer repair technician to fix it. The computer repair technician depends on people like Trevor, who need computers fixed so that he can earn a livelihood. What best describes this type of relationship? a. mechanical solidarity b. organic solidarity c. structured solidarity d. integrated solidarity Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Émile Durkheim Difficulty Level: Hard 17. An example of ______ is the importance most people in the U.S. place on certain freedoms, such as freedom of speech and freedom of religion. a. mutuality b. organic solidarity c. collective conscience d. collective norms Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Instructor Resource Ritzer, Introduction to Sociology, 5e SAGE Publishing 2020 Answer Location: Émile Durkheim Difficulty Level: Hard 18. To Émile Durkheim, some phenomena, such as structures and norms, stood outside of us and imposed themselves on us. What did he call these structures and norms? a. social facts b. false consciousness c. rationalization d. anomie Ans: A KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Émile Durkheim Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Grog is a hunter in an early hunting and gathering society. Grog’s tribe all does the same basic kinds of work: hunting, gathering, and cooking. Which type of solidarity would Émile Durkheim say best fits Grog’s tribe? a. anomic b. alienated c. organic d. mechanical Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Émile Durkheim Difficulty Level: Medium 20. Which theorist is best known for sociological works that pertained to women and feminism? a. Auguste Comte b. Harriet Tubman c. Harriet Martineau d. Karl Marx Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify other influential early figures in classical sociology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Giants of Classical Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 21. Which important early sociological theorist coined the term sociology and was interested in developing sociology as a science? a. Randall Collins Instructor Resource Ritzer, Introduction to Sociology, 5e SAGE Publishing 2020 b. Auguste Comte c. Harriet Martineau d. Herbert Spencer Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify other influential early figures in classical sociology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Early Sociological Theorists Difficulty Level: Easy 22. Early social theorist Georg Simmel described interactions in his theories by conceptualizing the dimensions of interactions as ______ and ______. a. forms; types b. forms; functions c. social class; race d. types; social facts Ans: A KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify other influential early figures in classical sociology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Georg Simmel Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Which early sociologist is best known for his studies pertaining to race, specifically the divisions that existed between blacks and whites? a. Émile Durkheim b. Max Weber c. Karl Marx d. W. E. B. Du Bois Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify other influential early figures in classical sociology. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: W. E. B. Du Bois Difficulty Level: Easy 24. Which of these refers to the sense of “two-ness” that arises from being both American and African American? a. double consciousness b. double awareness c. color line d. dual conscience Ans: A KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify other influential early figures in classical sociology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Instructor Resource Ritzer, Introduction to Sociology, 5e SAGE Publishing 2020 Answer Location: W. E. B. Du Bois Difficulty Level: Medium 25. Leon’s Facebook page is filled with photos of the many days he spends playing golf at expensive golf courses. Which of these concepts does Leon’s Facebook page exemplify? a. alienation b. conspicuous consumption c. collective conscience d. conspicuous leisure Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify other influential early figures in classical sociology. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Thorstein Veblen Difficulty Level: Hard 26. Sociologists who use the ______ framework focus on how societal institutions, such as our governmental system and health-care system, are necessary and essential to society. a. conflict b. interactionist c. structural-functional d. institutional Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Structural-Functionalism Difficulty Level: Medium 27. Which level of analysis does structural-functionalism focus on? a. micro b. macro c. race d. class Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Structural-Functional Theories Difficulty Level: Medium 28. Students learn many things at school. One of them is to develop valuable skills, such as learning to schedule their time and the significance of deadlines. What type of function would sociologists identify as describing this type of learning? Instructor Resource Ritzer, Introduction to Sociology, 5e SAGE Publishing 2020 a. manifest function b. latent function c. dysfunction d. ideological function Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Structural-Functionalism Difficulty Level: Hard 29. Tariffs can result in a trade war. This is an example of ______. a. manifest function b. latent function c. unanticipated Consequence d. ideological function Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Structural-Functionalism Difficulty Level: Hard 30. Which theorists focus on underlying structures because they think that what happens below the surface is highly consequential to the shape of society? a. conflict theorists b. rational choice theorists c. structuralists d. critical theorists Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Structuralism Difficulty Level: Medium 31. Friedrich Engels believed that female oppression was rooted in the private property rights in capitalism. Because he drew connections between underlying systems of gender inequality and private property, Engels could be considered a ______ theorist. a. conflict b. structuralist c. communist d. postmodern Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Instructor Resource Ritzer, Introduction to Sociology, 5e SAGE Publishing 2020 Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Structuralism Difficulty Level: Medium 32. Which concept describes the task of looking beneath and beyond facades to identify important underlying factors that have enormous effects on human behavior? a. debunking b. piggybacking c. double consciousness d. false consciousness Ans: A KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Structuralism Difficulty Level: Medium 33. Which theory sees society as held together by power and coercion? a. structuralism b. rational choice theory c. conflict theory d. exchange theory Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Conflict Theory Difficulty Level: Hard 34. With which statement would Ralf Dahrendorf agree? a. Authority resides in the past, not the present. b. Authority resides in the societal level, not the individual level. c. Authority resides in functions, not structures. d. Authority resides in positions, not specific individuals. Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Conflict Theory Difficulty Level: Hard 35. Which theorists believe that culture has become more important than the economic system? a. feminists b. queer theorists c. structural-functionalist theorists Instructor Resource Ritzer, Introduction to Sociology, 5e SAGE Publishing 2020 d. critical theorists Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 36. Which of these focuses on the role of symbols and how their meanings are shared and understood by those involved in human interaction? a. conflict theory b. exchange theory c. ethnomethodology d. symbolic interactionism Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 2-3: Compare structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Symbolic Interactionism Difficulty Level: Easy 37. Proponents of feminist theory focus on how ideas pertaining to gender have been ______, rather than ______. a. biologically determined; socially constructed b. socially constructed; biologically determined c. adaptively constructed; socially constructed d. naturally constructed; biologically constructed Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Feminist Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 38. Which theory is based on the idea that there are no fixed and stable identities that determine who we are? a. structural theory b. conflict theory c. interactionist theory d. queer theory Ans: D KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Queer Theory Difficulty Level: Medium Instructor Resource Ritzer, Introduction to Sociology, 5e SAGE Publishing 2020 39. Which statement would critical theories of race and racism agree with? a. Colorblindness is a good goal for the future. b. Colorblindness is already the norm among most people in the developed world. c. Colorblindness is a new form of racism. d. Colorblindness has a negative impact on women. Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Critical Theories of Race and Racism Difficulty Level: Medium 40. Modernity can be described in terms of ______. a. the economy b. rationality c. exploitation d. solidarity Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Postmodern Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 41. What is the relationship of postmodern theory to modern theory? a. Postmodern theory deconstructs grand narratives of modern theory. b. Postmodern theory expands upon grand narratives of modern theory. c. Postmodern theory largely agrees with grand narratives of modern theory. d. Postmodern theory has no comment on grand narratives of modern theory. Ans: A KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Postmodern Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 42. Proponents of postmodern theory focus on which of these? a. scientific approaches to the social world b. limited and unrelated snapshots of the social world c. grand narratives d. responding to theories from classical sociology Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Instructor Resource Ritzer, Introduction to Sociology, 5e SAGE Publishing 2020 Answer Location: Postmodern Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 43. Nan goes to Las Vegas to visit the Eiffel Tower at the Paris Las Vegas hotel and casino. This is an example of which of these concepts? a. simulation b. exposition c. pastiche d. grand narrative Ans: A KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Postmodern Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 44. Which statement about symbols is TRUE for a symbolic interactionist? a. Symbols are set in stone and everyone understands them, which makes interaction predictable. b. Symbols can be interpreted in many ways, which makes interaction fluid. c. Symbols are used by individuals but are not used by groups. d. Most people prefer to not use symbols in interaction. Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Symbolic Interactionism Difficulty Level: Medium 45. Which of these is a term that describes words, gestures, and even objects that stand in to represent something else? a. signs b. signals c. symbols d. representations Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Symbolic Interactionism Difficulty Level: Easy 46. Ethnomethodologists are likely to study which of these? a. institutions b. individuals c. conversations Instructor Resource Ritzer, Introduction to Sociology, 5e SAGE Publishing 2020 d. global cultures Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Ethnomethodology Difficulty Level: Easy 47. Peter and Mary have been married for several years. Peter has been unhappy for several months and is thinking about initiating a divorce. He decides to make a list of the benefits and costs of the relationship. Peter is using a form of which theory? a. conflict theory b. exchange theory c. symbolic interactionist theory d. structural-functional theory Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Exchange Theory Difficulty Level: Hard 48. Exchange theorists focus on social behavior between people who are doing which of these? a. acting out their social roles b. rationally seeking profit c. being basically altruistic and kind d. being emotionally driven Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Exchange Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 49. According to exchange theory, what can be said of “hooking up”? a. It shows how emotions and drives are the basis of interactions. b. It is only likely among those who have not yet taken on adult roles. c. It rarely develops in isolation from other exchange relationships. d. It is a deviant type of exchange in a relationship. Ans: C KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/ functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Exchange Theory Difficulty Level: Medium Instructor Resource Ritzer, Introduction to Sociology, 5e SAGE Publishing 2020 50. Which of the following is the premise of the rational choice theory? a. Rewards and costs determine a person’s choices. b. People act intentionally to achieve goals. c. Coercion is the driving force behind all decisions. d. Individual choices are only limited by self-generated constraints Ans: B KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Rational Choice Theory Difficulty Level: Medium True/False 1. All sociologists theorize. Ans: T KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Do Theories Help Us Understand Politics and Other Social Institutions? Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Sociological theories, once created, usually only apply to a specific subject area such as religion, sports, or work. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: How Do Theories Help Us Understand Politics and Other Social Institutions? Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Randall Collins’s theory of violence is designed to show how violence is inherent in people instead of social contexts. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Do Theories Help Us Understand Politics and Other Social Institutions? Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Sociologists typically use only their own theories to inform their work. Instructor Resource Ritzer, Introduction to Sociology, 5e SAGE Publishing 2020 Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Do Theories Help Us Understand Politics and Other Social Institutions? Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Sociology theory is solely based on Western European thought (and later U.S. thought) from the 19th century forward. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Do Theories Help Us Understand Politics and Other Social Institutions? Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Karl Marx created the communism practiced by the Soviet Union and other countries in the twentieth century. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Karl Marx Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Karl Marx was a macro theorist. Ans: T KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Karl Marx Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Max Weber’s best-known work is The Communist Manifesto. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Max Weber Difficulty Level: Medium 9. The process by which social structures are increasingly characterized by the most direct and efficient means to their ends is called rationalization. Ans: T Instructor Resource Ritzer, Introduction to Sociology, 5e SAGE Publishing 2020 KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Max Weber Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Max Weber believed that rationalization was positive for society. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Max Weber Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Both Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim had a positive view of human beings. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Emile Durkheim Difficulty Level: Medium 12. To Emile Durkheim, the most important social fact is class consciousness. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Emile Durkheim Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Emile Durkheim’s most famous study is The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Emile Durkheim Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Georg Simmel developed a micro level theory of social interaction. Ans: T KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify other influential early figures in classical sociology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Georg Simmel Difficulty Level: Easy Instructor Resource Ritzer, Introduction to Sociology, 5e SAGE Publishing 2020 15. Annie is interested in using Georg Simmel’s theory to understand social interaction. As a result, she is most likely to focus on who the people are when they come to the interaction (e.g. rich or poor people) . 19. Structuralism is a theory concerned with structures and functions. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify other influential early figures in classical sociology. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Georg Simmel Difficulty Level: Medium 16. W. E. B. Du Bois is best known for his studies that focus on race relations. Ans: T KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify other influential early figures in classical sociology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: W. E. B Du Bois Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Double consciousness is an awareness of yourself as a human being and a member of a social class. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify other influential early figures in classical sociology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: W. E. B Du Bois Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Émile Durkheim focused on how the wealthy display their wealth. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify other influential early figures in classical sociology. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Thorstein Veblen Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Sitting on the porch sipping margaritas every evening so that your neighbors can see how you spend your time is an example of conspicuous consumption. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify other influential early figures in classical sociology. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Thorstein Veblen Difficulty Level: Easy Instructor Resource Ritzer, Introduction to Sociology, 5e SAGE Publishing 2020 20. Jenna spends most of her paycheck on designer bags. Jenna is exemplifying inconspicuous consumption. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify other influential early figures in classical sociology. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Thorstein Veblen Difficulty Level: Easy 21. Emile Durkheim is associated with Structural Functionalism Ans: T KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Structural-Functionalism Difficulty Level: Medium 22. Observable consequences that negatively affect the ability of a given system to survive, adapt, or adjust are known as dysfunctions. Ans: T KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Structural-Functionalism Difficulty Level: Easy 23. Karl Max is associated with Structuralism. Ans: T KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Structuralism Difficulty Level: Medium 24. Debunking is associated with structural functionalism. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Structuralism Difficulty Level: Medium 25. Conflict theorists focus on the power struggles that exist between different groups in society. Ans: T KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their Instructor Resource Ritzer, Introduction to Sociology, 5e SAGE Publishing 2020 major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Conflict Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 26. Critical theorists focus on class struggles. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 27. Mass culture is a term to describe a culture that reflects truth and freedom back to its consumers. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 28. Feminist theorists would be likely to include patriarchy in their analysis of society. Ans: T KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Feminist Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 29. People who identify with all genders are known as pangender. Ans: T KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Queer Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 30. Colorblindness is a term used by theorists of critical theories of race and racism to describe a way of improving race relations. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Critical Theories of Race and Racism Difficulty Level: Medium Instructor Resource Ritzer, Introduction to Sociology, 5e SAGE Publishing 2020 31. Interaction could NOT take place without symbols: words, gestures, and even objects that stand for things. Ans: T KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Inter/Actionist Theories Difficulty Level: Medium 32. Ethnomethodologists are most concerned with how people think. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ethnomethodology Difficulty Level: Easy 33. George Homans was the main figure in exchange theory. Ans: T KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Exchange Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 34. Exchange theorists argue people make choices based on instinct and emotion. Ans: F KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Exchange Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 35. According to rational choice theory, people act intentionally to achieve their goals. Ans: T KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Rational Choice Theory Difficulty Level: Medium Essay 1. Consider the current state of the U.S. in light of Karl Marx’s theories. What is one way Instructor Resource Ritzer, Introduction to Sociology, 5e SAGE Publishing 2020 that Marx’s predictions hold when looking at current behaviors in the U.S. economic system? What is one way that they failed to predict what would happen? Ans: Varies, but examples for each could include: Marx was right about the growing income gap between the top of the economic system—the “capitalists”—and everyone else—the “proletariat.” Marx was also right about the need for capitalists to find the cheapest sources of labor and resources around the world. However, Marx was wrong about the proletarian revolution, which hasn’t happened and seems very unlikely to happen, and he was wrong about the evolution of systems from capitalism to communism. Capitalism continues to exist and shows no sign of ending anytime soon. KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Karl Marx Difficulty Level: Hard 2. Identify and explain the two levels that theorists Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber focused on when they analyzed society. Explain the similarities and differences of focus among them. Ans: Marx, Weber, and Durkheim had in common a focus on the macro structures of society. Marx and Weber were both critical of these macro structures. Marx criticized capitalism while Weber was critical of the rationalization of society in capitalist systems. Durkheim was not like Marx and Weber. He had a mostly positive view of macro structures, feeling that they were not only necessary but highly desirable. Marx and Weber worried about too much control over the individual by society, but Durkheim worried more about too little control or guidance to help the individual function well in society and control his or her passions. KEY: Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify the most important classical sociologists and their major contributions to the field. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension and Analysis Answer Location: The Giants of Classical Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Hard 3. W. E. B. Du Bois was an early contributor to sociology whose work is still relevant today. What did he contribute? (Be sure to identify and explain his concept of double consciousness). How can his work apply today? Ans: Varies, but should include an explanation of double consciousness: the sense of “two-ness” of belonging to two categories simultaneously that are not completely in agreement with one another, where one places the person within the dominant group and the other category places him or her outside of it. Being an American and being an African American in the case of black people in the U.S. is the primary example, but this could be applied to other groups or countries where one identity is considered a dominant category and the other is a minority category. A potential negative consequence of a double consciousness is a sense of tension for the individual between two thoughts or two ideas. However, a positive outcome is that this can produce unique insights about being in either the marginal or the dominant category, or about society in general. Applications will vary. Instructor Resource Ritzer, Introduction to Sociology, 5e SAGE Publishing 2020 KEY: Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify other influential early figures in classical sociology. Cognitive Domain: Analysis and application Answer Location: W. E. B. Du Bois Difficulty Level: Hard 4. Discuss the differences and similarities between the structural-functionalist theoretical perspective and the conflict perspective. Ans: Varies, but should include that structural-functionalism focuses on social structures and their functions. Structural-functionalist theorists start out with a positive view of social structures and believe that current social structures exist because they are necessary and desirable. This gives them a conservative view—if it exists, it must need to exist to perform specific functions. Figures include classical theorist Émile Durkheim and contemporary theorist Robert Merton. Book example given describes national borders and passport controls from a structural-functionalist perspective as a necessary function. The theory later also included dysfunctions, where the consequences may be negative. Merton also added the concepts of manifest (conscious and purposeful) functions and latent (unintended positive) functions. Unintended consequences may also result that are either positive or negative. By contrast conflict theory deriving from Marx is “an inversion” of structural functionalism. It focuses more on the negative than the positive. Society is held together not by the necessity of functions and consensus or agreement with social structures but by power relations and coercion—specifically, the power of some to determine the rules for all. Ralf Dahrendorf is used as a contemporary example of a conflict theorist. Interests are worked out between groups, often in a way that favors one group or class over the other. KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Contemporary Sociological Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 5. How does the exchange theory help us understand how people choose a college? Compare this to how rational choice theory would explain the same thing. Ans: Exchange theory focuses on exchange, rewards, and costs while rational choice focuses on intentionality to achieve goals. So, this answer will vary but should include for exchange theory the idea that people continue in courses of action when the rewards outweigh the costs and discontinue when the costs are greater than the rewards. When searching for a college program, a person might make the choice based on the program with the lowest tuition or the best scholarship, or they might choose to live closest to home so that costs are lowered by living with family. Rational choice theory, on the other hand, would see the desire to graduate from college as a goal someone has, and that people act intentionally to achieve their goals. So, looking for a college would be based on the means most likely to best satisfy their needs and wants, such as having the best program in one’s field to allow them to reach their career goals. However, they must believe they can get “access to scarce resources”—in this case, be accepted into the program. They would also have to meet “the requirements of social Instructor Resource Ritzer, Introduction to Sociology, 5e SAGE Publishing 2020 structures”—in this case, to be able to take on the role of full-time student. KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Exchange Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Use what you know about critical theory to discuss Facebook and the culture industry. According to Ritzer, what is mass culture, and what is the culture industry? Would Facebook be considered a part of the culture industry? Having considered these arguments, do you agree or disagree that Facebook is a part of the “culture industry”? Ans: Varies, but should include a definition of culture industry as the creator of mass culture—culture created by organizations or corporations intended for mass consumption that falsify reality, present themselves as authentic but are not authentically created art created by people, and that presents unchallenging messages that repress and mollify people rather than presenting challenging or upsetting messages that might result in social action or support for social change. Mass culture also ingrains certain brands as a part of creating a consumer culture that connects consumption to social class identities. Ritzer argues that Facebook does contain some mass culture, advertisements, and inauthentic content from companies and organizations, but it also contains content that is generated by people for people and is arguably spontaneous and authentic. Aside from some basic obscenity rules, Facebook exercises little control over the content, so perhaps it is not a part of the culture industry. However, another argument is that even if the content is not part of the culture industry, Facebook as a platform is a “culture industry” medium that makes billions of dollars for its owners. It also is repressing and pacifying people, so they don’t act for social change or spend their time on more meaningful forms of social activism. Finally, it may be a more subtle, personalized, and possibly effective way to target market to individuals toward consumption of specific brands. The respondent can use these points however they like to argue that Facebook is a stronger culture industry or a weakening of culture industry. KEY: Learning Objective: 2.3: Compare and contrast structural/functional, conflict/critical, and inter/actionist theories. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Critical Theory Difficulty Level: Medium