Test Bank for Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application, 5th Edition

Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 5e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 Chapter 2: Police and Public Safety Psychology Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. The first full-time in-house psychologist was ______. A. Martin Reiser B. Kim Rossmo C. Stephen Chandler D. Louis Terman Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-1: Define and describe the common activities and tasks of police psychologists. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Police Psychology: A Developing Profession Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Family therapy is to ______ as crisis negotiation is to ______. A. consulting; assessment B. operational support; intervention C. assessment; consulting D. intervention; operational support Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-2: Discuss police culture, and emphasize that it is not necessarily homogeneous. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Police Psychology: A Developing Profession Difficulty Level: Hard 3. The rules, attitudes, beliefs, and practices that are thought to be accepted among law enforcement officers as an occupational group are known as ______. A. operational support B. police culture C. candidate screening D. psychological assessment Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-2: Discuss police culture, and emphasize that it is not necessarily homogeneous. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Police Culture Difficulty Level: Easy Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 5e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 4. Imagine you are a psychologist who has been asked to complete a fitness-for-duty evaluation. What is the first step you would take? A. assess whether the officer is fit to return to duty B. conduct a job analysis C. determine the officer’s physical fitness level D. establish departmental credibility Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-3: Provide an overview of job analysis and various types of validity as they relate to the assessment of police applicants. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Job Analysis Difficulty Level: Hard 5. A psychologist who participates in the selection and training of hostage negotiation teams is conducting a ______ evaluation. A. fitness-for-duty B. critical incident C. special unit D. deadly force assessment Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-4: Describe various psychological tests and inventories used in the assessment of candidates for law enforcement positions. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Special Unit Evaluations Difficulty Level: Medium 6. All of the following are included in Aumiller and Corey’s domains of practice except ______. A. augmentation B. intervention C. operational support D. organizational consultation Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-1: Define and describe the common activities and tasks of police psychologists. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Police Psychology: A Developing Profession Difficulty Level: Easy 7. CISD stands for ______. A. Correctional Institution Standardized Development B. Criminal Inmate Stress Disorder C. Canadian Institute for Stress Disorders D. Critical Incident Stress Debriefing Ans: D Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 5e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Post-Shooting Traumatic Reactions Difficulty Level: Easy 8. The systematic procedure for identifying the skills, abilities, knowledge, and psychological characteristics that are needed to do public safety work successfully is referred to as ______. A. law enforcement screening B. job analysis C. preemployment screening D. comprehensive skills analysis Ans: b Learning Objective: 2-3: Provide an overview of job analysis and various types of validity as they relate to the assessment of police applicants. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Job Analysis Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Which statement best summarizes how law enforcement has changed during the past 20 years? A. Agencies have become more specialized. B. Officers are committing suicide at higher rates. C. Agencies have become more accepting of the use of deadly force. D. Officers are less receptive to mental health intervention. Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-1: Define and describe the common activities and tasks of police psychologists. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Chapter 2, Introduction Difficulty Level: Hard 10. Which question could a police agency legally ask a candidate during the pre-offer stage of employment? A. How long have you suffered from depression? B. Do you have a physical or mental disability? C. How would you handle a situation involving a suicidal citizen? D. Do you require a wheelchair for long distances? Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-3: Provide an overview of job analysis and various types of validity as they relate to the assessment of police applicants. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and Beyond Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 5e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 Difficulty Level: Medium 11. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission divides disability inquiries into two stages. These stages are ______. A. medical and psychological B. performance-related and health-related C. pre-offer of employment and post offer D. accommodating and holding Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-3: Provide an overview of job analysis and various types of validity as they relate to the assessment of police applicants. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and Beyond Difficulty Level: Easy 12. The screening procedure that assumes that there are traits, habits, reactions, and attitudes that distinguish outstanding from satisfactory police performance is called ______. A. screening-in B. screening-out C. reasonable accommodation D. natural selection Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-3: Provide an overview of job analysis and various types of validity as they relate to the assessment of police applicants. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Screening Out and Screening In Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Which test has been found to be the most valid for the selection of law enforcement personnel? A. the IPI B. the CPI C. the MMPI-2 D. the 16-PF Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-4: Describe various psychological tests and inventories used in the assessment of candidates for law enforcement positions. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conclusions on Psychological Testing for Police and Public Safety Personnel Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Why is it so difficult to predict success or failure in law enforcement work? A. There are no standards for psychological testing. Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 5e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 B. Many law enforcement applicants have mental disorders. C. Law enforcement activities are broad and heterogeneous. D. Much of the work requires specific immeasurable personality traits. Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-4: Describe various psychological tests and inventories used in the assessment of candidates for law enforcement positions. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Conclusions on Psychological Testing for Police and Public Safety Personnel Difficulty Level: Hard 15. Who owns a law enforcement fitness-for-duty evaluation report? A. the evaluating psychologist B. the Federal Bureau of Investigation C. the agency that requested the report D. the chief of the police department Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Fitness-for-Duty Evaluation Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Who typically requests a fitness-for-duty evaluation? A. a police psychologist B. the department head C. a family member of the officer D. the officer Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Fitness-for-Duty Evaluation Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Compared to officers with only a high school diploma, officers with some college education have been shown to ______. A. make better officers B. have better communication skills C. deal more effectively with adolescents D. respond more effectively to crisis situations Ans: B Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 5e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 Learning Objective: 2-3: Provide an overview of job analysis and various types of validity as they relate to the assessment of police applicants. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Preemployment and Post-Offer Psychological Evaluations Difficulty Level: Medium 18. Which type of occupational stressor is often the most prevalent and frustrating for law enforcement personnel? A. task-related stressors B. personal stressors C. external stressors D. organizational stressors Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Organizational Stress Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Which source of stress would be considered an external stressor? A. excessive shift work B. negative police–citizen interactions C. exposure to death D. substance abuse Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: External Stress Difficulty Level: Medium 20. Officer Ludden is a 36-year-old father of twin girls who is called to the scene of an auto accident in which a drunk driver has killed a 4-year-old girl. Despite his anger and sadness, Officer Ludden stoically informs the child’s father that his daughter has died. The officer is likely experiencing ______. A. emotional dissonance B. cognitive subterfuge C. external stress disorder D. expressionless displacement Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings. Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 5e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Organizational Stress Difficulty Level: Hard 20. Boredom and exposure to violent situations are examples of ______ stressors. A. occupational B. external C. personal D. task-related Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Task-Related Stress Difficulty Level: Medium 21. A critical incident is characterized by an unanticipated and ______ event. A. nonroutine B. violent C. confusing D. heroic Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Task-Related Stress Difficulty Level: Easy 22. Which program is often considered a form of racial/ethnic profiling? A. Stop and Frisk B. Critical Incident Stress Debriefing C. Community-Oriented Policing D. Peer Counseling Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: External Stress Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Research has shown that when considering mental health services, many police officers prefer to work with ______. Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 5e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 A. competent mental health professionals who are not officers B. officers who have received training in critical incidents stress debriefing C. peer counselors who understand the cycle of violence D. same-gender professionals Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Personal Stress Difficulty Level: Medium 24. Which statement is correct about post-shooting traumatic reactions? A. Most officers will experience shooting a person in the line of duty at some time in their careers. B. Most officers experience a marital separation or divorce after a shooting incident. C. The majority of large police agencies deny the existence of post-shooting traumatic reactions. D. The topic of post-shooting traumatic reactions has not been adequately studied. Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Post-Shooting Traumatic Reactions Difficulty Level: Medium 25. Research suggest that the overwhelming reason for most police suicides appears to be ______. A. financial problems B. reactions to critical incidents C. easy access to weapons D. difficulties in intimate partner relationships Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-5: Examine police suicide. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Police Suicide Difficulty Level: Medium 26. The majority of all hostage situations ______. A. are relationship-driven B. end in death of the hostage taker C. end in death of the hostage negotiator D. are politically motivated Ans: A Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 5e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Hostage-Taking Incidents Difficulty Level: Medium 27. Which category of hostage taker often requires the involvement of federal officials and is considered the most difficult for police officers? A. political terrorists B. individuals who have committed a crime C. individuals with mental disorders D. prisoners Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Hostage-Taking Incidents Difficulty Level: Medium 28. Early warning systems are used to identify ______. A. female officers at risk for sexual harassment B. potential problem behaviors in officers C. suspects who are vulnerable to coercion D. officers who are insensitive to diversity issues Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Police Bias and Excessive Force Difficulty Level: Medium 29. What is the goal of an FFDE? A. to determine whether an officer is likely to use excessive force B. to determine whether an officer is corrupt C. to determine whether an officer has a mental disorder that would affect his or her job performance D. to determine whether an officer can perform the basic duties required for the job Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 5e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 Answer Location: Fitness-for-Duty Evaluation Difficulty Level: Medium 30. What are the three phases of crisis negotiation? A. internal, external, and post-crisis B. buildup, acute, and resolution C. pre-incident, intra-incident, and post-incident D. organizational, task-related, and external Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Crisis Negotiation Difficulty Level: Medium 31. Which of the following statements about diversity in law enforcement is correct? A. Ethnic minorities are less well represented than women in law enforcement. B. Women now comprise nearly one-third of all police officers nationwide. C. The ethnic and racial makeup of a police department rarely reflects the makeup of the community it serves. D. Non-Caucasian police officers make up under 5% of all police officers in most urban areas. Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender and Ethnic Minority Issues Difficulty Level: Medium 32. As a group, female officers are more likely than men to ______. A. be motivated toward financial rewards of law enforcement B. become involved in incidents of excessive force C. work in small and rural departments D. possess better communication skills Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender and Ethnic Minority Issues Difficulty Level: Medium Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 5e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 33. Which of the following was a key finding of the National Institute of Justice’s 1999 report on police use of force? A. Police force is prevalent in large U.S. cities. B. Police engage in force infrequently. C. Police force escalates quickly. D. Police often take out their internal rage on available suspects. Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-7: Review research findings on police bias and the use of excessive force by police. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Police Bias and Excessive Force Difficulty Level: Medium 34. A 1992 study of police corruption by the Defense Personnel Security Research Center found that the single best predictor of corruption was ______. A. a history of intimate partner violence B. a pattern of violence that begins later in life C. misconduct early in the career D. immature and/or irresponsible behavior Ans: C Learning Objective: 2-7: Review research findings on police bias and the use of excessive force by police. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Police Corruption Difficulty Level: Medium 35. Tragedies, death, serious injuries, and life-threatening situations that police officers encounter are called ______. A. target effects B. critical incidents C. dynamic calculus D. fear-of-failure events Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-4: Describe various psychological tests and inventories used in the assessment of candidates for law enforcement positions. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Task-Related Stress Difficulty Level: Medium 36. Psychologists in the 20th century provided service to police agencies primarily in what area? A. stress management B. hostage negotiation training C. family counseling D. cognitive and aptitude testing Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 5e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-1: Define and describe the common activities and tasks of police psychologists. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Police Psychology: A Developing Profession Difficulty Level: Medium 37. Selection, intervention, and post-intervention monitoring are the three basic phases of ______. A. early warning systems B. police corruption C. hostage negotiation D. job analysis Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-7: Review research findings on police bias and the use of excessive force by police. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Police Bias and Excessive Force Difficulty Level: Medium 38. Excessive force is defined as ______. A. a level of force that exceeds what is justifiable under the circumstances B. any illegal behavior demonstrated by an individual officer C. a pattern of unacceptable behavior inherent in a law enforcement agency D. the discharge of weapons outside the line of duty Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-7: Review research findings on police bias and the use of excessive force by police. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Police Bias and Excessive Force Difficulty Level: Medium 39. Which statement is the most accurate? A. Psychological evaluations of potential law enforcement officers are required by the U.S. Constitution. B. Psychological evaluations of potential law enforcement officers are required in the majority of states. C. Psychological evaluations cannot be required if a law enforcement candidate refuses to participate. D. Psychological evaluations of potential law enforcement candidates have no validity. Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-4: Describe various psychological tests and inventories used in the assessment of candidates for law enforcement positions. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Preemployment and Post-Offer Psychological Evaluations Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 5e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 Difficulty Level: Hard 40. All of the following are considered critical traits for successful police officers except ______. A. good judgment B. physical strength C. interpersonal skills D. decision-making skills Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-3: Provide an overview of job analysis and various types of validity as they relate to the assessment of police applicants. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Job Analysis Difficulty Level: Medium 41. The most common psychological problem experienced by officers after a serious critical incident is ______. A. post-traumatic stress disorder B. chronic fatigue C. Munchausen syndrome by proxy D. substance abuse Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-4: Describe various psychological tests and inventories used in the assessment of candidates for law enforcement positions. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Personal Stress Difficulty Level: Medium 42. Which of the following statements about screening-out and screening-in is correct? A. Psychologists have been more successful at screening out undesirable candidates than at identifying desirable candidates. B. Psychology is making little progress at identifying desirable candidates for law enforcement positions. C. No psychological measures are available for use in screening in candidates. D. Police psychologists have found it a great challenge to eliminate unsuitable candidates than to identify suitable candidates. Ans: A Learning Objective: 2-4: Describe various psychological tests and inventories used in the assessment of candidates for law enforcement positions. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Screening Out and Screening In Difficulty Level: Medium 43. If a psychological measure contains a sufficient number of items that are related to the work performed by law enforcement, it is said to have ______ validity. Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 5e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 A. true B. predictive C. concurrent D. face Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-4: Describe various psychological tests and inventories used in the assessment of candidates for law enforcement positions. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Screening Out and Screening In Difficulty Level: Medium 44. Which type of validity is the most desirable yet most difficult to achieve? A. true validity B. predictive validity C. face validity D. content validity Ans: B Learning Objective: 2-4: Describe various psychological tests and inventories used in the assessment of candidates for law enforcement positions. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Screening Out and Screening In Difficulty Level: Medium 45. Face validity is synonymous with ______ validity. A. true B. predictive C. concurrent D. content Ans: D Learning Objective: 2-4: Describe various psychological tests and inventories used in the assessment of candidates for law enforcement positions. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Screening Out and Screening In Difficulty Level: Medium True/False 1. Research shows that the most effective police officers are physically strong. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2-3: Provide an overview of job analysis and various types of validity as they relate to the assessment of police applicants. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Job Analysis Difficulty Level: Easy Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 5e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 2. Most law enforcement officers complete their career without ever firing a weapon in the line of duty. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2-5: Examine police suicide. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Post-Shooting Traumatic Reactions Difficulty Level: Easy 3. On July 31, 2013, police and public safety psychology was officially recognized by the American Psychological Association as a professional specialty. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2-1: Define and describe the common activities and tasks of police psychologists. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Police Psychology: A Developing Profession Difficulty Level: Easy 4. At the post-offer/pre-hire stage, a police department may make direct inquiries about disabilities. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2-4: Describe various psychological tests and inventories used in the assessment of candidates for law enforcement positions. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and Beyond Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Research shows that compared to other occupational groups, police officers have one of the highest suicide rates in the United States. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2-5: Examine police suicide. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Police Suicide Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Some police agencies implicitly encourage the use of excessive force within their ranks. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2-7: Review research findings on police bias and the use of excessive force by police. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Police Bias and Excessive Force Difficulty Level: Easy 7. A hostage situation is synonymous with a barricade situation. Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 5e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 Ans: F Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hostage-Taking Incidents Difficulty Level: Easy 8. The use of psychologists in crisis negotiation is decreasing. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Crisis Negotiation Difficulty Level: Easy 9. The strongest reason for police suicide involves post-shooting traumatic reactions. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2-5: Examine police suicide. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Police Suicide Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Schedule changes and salary disputes are examples of organizational stressors. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Organizational Stress Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Understanding the police culture is critical to effective police psychology. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2-2: Discuss police culture, and emphasize that it is not necessarily homogeneous. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Police Culture Difficulty Level: Easy 12. The MMPI-2 was originally designed to measure psychopathology and behavioral disorders. Ans: T Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 5e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 Learning Objective: 2-4: Describe various psychological tests and inventories used in the assessment of candidates for law enforcement positions. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–Revised (MMPI-2) Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Typically, the smaller the police department, the more specified the police duties. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2-4: Describe various psychological tests and inventories used in the assessment of candidates for law enforcement positions. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conclusions on Psychological Testing for Police and Public Safety Personnel Difficulty Level: Medium 14. All police agencies have the same style, purpose, and mission. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2-2: Discuss police culture, and emphasize that it is not necessarily homogeneous. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Police Culture Difficulty Level: Easy 15. At its worst, police bias leads to excessive or fatal force. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2-7: Review research findings on police bias and the use of excessive force by police. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Police Bias and Excessive Force Difficulty Level: Medium Essay 1. Why is it important for a police psychologist to be familiar with the Americans with Disabilities Act? Ans: The ADA prohibits discrimination and mandates equal treatment of all individuals regardless of physical or mental disabilities. Its sections on employment prohibit public employers and private employers with 15 or more employees from discriminating against any qualified person with a disability who can perform the essential (as opposed to marginal or incidental) functions of the job he or she holds or seeks. It’s crucial for police psychologists who design employment screening, selection, and promotional procedures for police agencies to be familiar with the act. For example, a police agency must not ask applicants any health or fitness questions that elicit information about disabilities. At the post-offer/pre-hire stage, a police department may make direct Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 5e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 inquiries about disabilities and may require applicants to undergo medical and psychological examinations. The ADA affects receiving citizen complaints; interviewing witnesses; arresting, booking, and holding suspects; operating telephone (“911”) emergency centers; providing emergency medical services; and enforcing the laws. Learning Objective: 2-3: Provide an overview of job analysis and various types of validity as they relate to the assessment of police applicants. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and Beyond Difficulty Level: Hard 2. Choose one of the commonly used inventories in police screening. Describe the instrument, including what the test measures and what we know about its validity. Ans: For example, the Inwald Personality Inventory (IPI) is a 310-item, true–false questionnaire that has 26 scales. The IPI was specifically designed to measure the suitability of law enforcement and public safety candidates based on a variety of personality traits and behavioral patterns. It was developed to measure both normal personality traits and deviant behavioral patterns, such as job difficulties, substance abuse, driving violations, absence abuse, and antisocial attitudes. The IPI has good face validity; however, little research has been conducted recently. Learning Objective: 2-4: Describe various psychological tests and inventories used in the assessment of candidates for law enforcement positions. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Commonly Used Inventories in Police Screening Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Describe three factors that make police work especially stressful when compared to other occupations. Include the category that each stressor falls under in your answer. Ans: For example, shift work is an organizational stressor that interferes with sleeping and eating and can wreak havoc on family life. The need to control emotions is a taskrelated stressor that requires the officer to master the art of constantly switching between human responses and emotional control. Another task-related stressor is dealing with critical incidents such as active shooter events or hostage-taking situations. Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Stress Management Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Identify two critical incidents that a police officer may encounter. Explain how a police psychologist may be helpful to a law enforcement agency during these times. Ans: Officers may encounter events such as the death of a colleague, the accidental killing or wounding of a citizen by the police officer; death or serious injury to a child or multiple children; or events involving a number of deaths, such as major fires, terrorist bombings, or far-reaching natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, or Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 5e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 tornadoes. The police psychologist’s job is to help minimize the harmful effects of job stress as a result of very unusual crisis or emergency situations. Many departments offer pre-incident education in which officers are educated about the potential occurrence and effects of these events. Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Task-Related Stress Difficulty Level: Hard 5. The available research suggests that suicide rates for law enforcement personnel are lower than that of the general population. What may explain this difference? Ans: Suicide rates for law enforcement personnel may be lower due to sophisticated screening procedures and rigorous evaluations at the time of hiring, increased use of stress awareness training, better police training, increased counseling opportunities, and the many services provided by police psychologists and other psychologists working closely with police agencies. Learning Objective: 2-5: Examine police suicide. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Police Suicide Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Name four police psychology organizations. Ans: Answers may include the Police Psychological Services Section of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP-PPSS), Division 18 (Police and Public Safety Section) of the APA, the Society of Police and Criminal Psychology (SPCP), the American Academy of Police & Public Safety Psychology (AAPPSP), the American Board of Police & Public Safety Psychology, and the Criminal Justice Psychology Section of the Canadian Psychological Association (CPA). Learning Objective: 2-1: Define and describe the common activities and tasks of police psychologists. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Police Psychology: A Developing Profession Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Define early warning systems. What does research tell us about their effectiveness? Ans: Early warning systems are data-based management tools, usually consisting of three basic phases: (1) selection, (2) intervention, and (3) post-intervention monitoring. Preliminary research on the effectiveness of early warning systems suggests that they are effective, especially if used in combination with department-wide attempts to raise standards of performance and improve the quality of police services. Learning Objective: 2-6: Describe the roles of psychologists and mental health professionals in assessing and treating officers after critical incidents, such as hostage taking, mass casualties, and shootings. Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 5e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Police Bias and Excessive Force Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Compare and contrast screening-out and screening-in. Ans: Screening-out procedures try to eliminate those applicants who appear to be poorly suited for work in law enforcement. Screening-out procedures are those most commonly used by police psychologists when screening police candidates. Screening-in procedures, on the other hand, are intended to identify those attributes that distinguish one job applicant as being potentially a more effective officer than another. Implicit in this approach is the ability to rank-order applicants, allowing agencies to select the top candidates from a pool that passed the initial screening procedures. This approach assumes that there are traits, habits, reactions, and attitudes that distinguish an outstanding officer from a satisfactory one. Learning Objective: 2-3: Provide an overview of job analysis and various types of validity as they relate to the assessment of police applicants. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Screening Out and Screening In Difficulty Level: Hard 9. Discuss the factors that may contribute to the lack of women in law enforcement. Ans: The major impediment to women gaining a greater proportion of representation in some of the law enforcement agencies across the country is the common perception that policing is a male-oriented profession, requiring physical strength and a display of physical prowess for many of the tasks. This perception seems to hold despite evidence to the contrary. Many women are reluctant to apply, especially when a department has the reputation of being hostile toward women or has a high female officer turnover rate. Women have traditionally encountered resistance from police managers, supervisors, and administrators regarding promotions. Learning Objective: 2-4: Describe various psychological tests and inventories used in the assessment of candidates for law enforcement positions. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Gender and Ethnic Minority Issues Difficulty Level: Hard 10. Describe Scrivner’s profiles of officers who are prone to excessive force complaints. What are the limitations of the study? Ans: Scrivner identified five different officer profiles that are prone to excessive force complaints or charges. These include officers with personality patterns that reflect a lack of empathy for others and antisocial, narcissistic, and abusive tendencies; officers with previous job-related experiences such as involvement in justifiable police shootings; officers who experienced early career–stage problems having to do with their impressionability, impulsiveness, low tolerance for frustration, and general need for strong supervision; officers who had a dominant, heavy-handed patrol style that is particularly sensitive to challenge and provocation; officers who had personal problems Bartol, Introduction to Forensic Psychology: Research and Application 5e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 such as separation, divorce, or perceived loss of status that caused extreme anxiety and destabilized job functioning. The study focused on psychological profiles of individual police officers and was not intended to measure entire police organizations that may implicitly (or explicitly) promote or condone excessive force within their ranks. In some cases, the law enforcement agency itself might be a major factor in implicitly encouraging the use of excessive force by its officers. Learning Objective: 2-7: Review research findings on police bias and the use of excessive force by police. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Police Use of Force Difficulty Level: Hard