Test Bank for International Relations, 12th Edition

Chapter 2: Realist Theories MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Modern realist theory developed in reaction to __________. A) the Cold War B) idealism C) Marxism D) constructivism Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify at least three assumptions of the theory of realism. Topic: Realism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2. Thomas Hobbes belongs to the __________ school of thought. A) Marxist B) neoconservative C) realist D) objectivist Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify at least three assumptions of the theory of realism. Topic: Realism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 3. The most important feature of international relations according to a realist is __________. A) international law B) power C) absolute gains D) morality Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify at least three assumptions of the theory of realism. Topic: Realism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4. According to the text, the best single indicator of a state’s power may be the size of its __________. A) army B) air force C) population D) total GDP 1 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe two different ways to conceptualize and measure power. Topic: Power Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5. The ability to get another actor to do what it would not otherwise have done, or not to do what it would have done, is the definition of __________. A) power B) anarchy C) rationality D) realism Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe two different ways to conceptualize and measure power. Topic: Power Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6. With respect to power, __________. A) it is not difficult to measure the power of another state accurately B) the relative power of a state is more important to realists than the absolute power of a state C) more powerful states will always defeat weaker states in a war D) if a state’s own values become widely shared among other states, it is harder to exercise power over them Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe two different ways to conceptualize and measure power. Topic: Power Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 7. Which factor is a long-term power resource? A) preparedness of a state’s military forces B) loyalty of a state’s politicians to their leader C) quality of a state’s bureaucracy D) credibility of a state’s commitments Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe two different ways to conceptualize and measure power. Topic: Power Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 8. A short-term element of power includes the __________. 2 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. A) reputation of a state for keeping its word B) ability of a state to shape other states’ perceptions C) capacity of a state to produce weapons quickly D) strength of a state’s scientific and technological base Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe two different ways to conceptualize and measure power. Topic: Power Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 9. In 2011, Libyan revolutionaries fought dictator Muammar Gaddafi, eventually receiving support from NATO and the United States, leading to a rebel victory. This exemplifies the altering of which of the following? A) state equality B) asymmetric warfare C) global influence D) power estimation Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe two different ways to conceptualize and measure power. Topic: Power Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 10. __________ is/are an element of power on which an actor can draw over the long term, whereas __________ is an element of power that allows an actor to exercise influence in the short term. A) Economic capacity; geography B) Technology; reputation C) Natural resources; military force D) Government; population Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe two different ways to conceptualize and measure power. Topic: Power Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 11. Which of the following is a less tangible long-term element of power? A) national borders B) education of the population C) public support for government policies D) mobility of the state’s military Answer: B 3 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe two different ways to conceptualize and measure power. Topic: Power Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 12. In 2013, General Jim Mattis argued that “If you don’t fund the state department fully, then I need to buy more ammunition ultimately.” This argument emphasizes the importance of __________. A) military force B) economic strength C) conventional weapons D) diplomacy Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe two different ways to conceptualize and measure power. Topic: Power Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 13. A new __________ trend within the last decade culminated in the election of Donald Trump as president of the United States. A) hegemonic B) isolationist C) internationalist D) realist Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.3 Define anarchy and explain its importance in preventing international cooperation. Topic: The International System Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 14. Which of the following has probably been a less important factor contributing to the trend of increasing isolationism in the United States? A) terrorist attacks of September 2001 B) unpopularity of the Iraq War within the American public C) protracted involvement of the United States in Afghanistan D) worsening economic conditions in the United States since 2007 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.3 Define anarchy and explain its importance in preventing international cooperation. Topic: The International System Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 4 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 15. Anarchy in the international system refers to __________. A) complete chaos in which every actor is on its own B) the absence of structure and rules influencing state behavior C) the presence of disruptive states triggering interstate conflicts D) the absence of a central government that can enforce rules Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.3 Define anarchy and explain its importance in preventing international cooperation. Topic: The International System Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16. The theory that focuses on the importance of the structure of the international system, rather than on the internal makeup of individual states, is known as __________. A) neoliberal institutionalism B) the English school C) constructivism D) neorealism Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.3 Define anarchy and explain its importance in preventing international cooperation. Topic: The International System Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 17. The idea that the largest wars will result from challenges to the top position in the status hierarchy is referred to as the __________. A) security dilemma B) power transition theory C) hegemonic stability theory D) strategy of deterrence Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.3 Define anarchy and explain its importance in preventing international cooperation. Topic: The International System Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 18. Which of the following is least likely to be persuasively explained by the hegemonic stability theory? A) outbreak of World War I B) Great Depression of the 1930s 5 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. C) outbreak of World War II D) relative stability between the two superpowers during the Cold War Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.3 Define anarchy and explain its importance in preventing international cooperation. Topic: The International System Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 19. __________ are those who favor U.S. leadership and activism in world affairs. A) Moralists B) Internationalists C) Realists D) Unilateralists Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.3 Define anarchy and explain its importance in preventing international cooperation. Topic: The International System Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 20. Working through international institutions to achieve foreign policy goals is the preference of __________. A) isolationists B) unilateralists C) multilateralists D) realists Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.3 Define anarchy and explain its importance in preventing international cooperation. Topic: The International System Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 21. Which treaty is commonly thought of as the start of the modern international system? A) Treaty of Versailles B) Treaty of Paris C) Treaty of Rome D) Treaty of Westphalia Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.3 Define anarchy and explain its importance in preventing international cooperation. 6 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Topic: The International System Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 22. Realists believe that __________. A) states are the least important actors in international relations B) states act in an international system characterized by anarchy C) absolute gains are more important than relative gains D) humans, by their very nature, are altruistic Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.3 Define anarchy and explain its importance in preventing international cooperation. Topic: The International System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23. A security dilemma occurs when __________. A) budget constraints do not allow for proper domestic security measures B) the actions taken by a state to ensure its own security threaten the security of other states C) governments are unable to decide on a comprehensive security strategy D) a state does not want to cooperate with another state but it is obliged to do so Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.3 Define anarchy and explain its importance in preventing international cooperation. Topic: The International System Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24. The general idea that one or more states’ power is being used to counter that of another state or group of states is called __________. A) bandwagoning B) balance of power C) dominance D) containment Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.3 Define anarchy and explain its importance in preventing international cooperation. Topic: The International System Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 25. How is a middle power distinguished from a great power? 7 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. A) Middle powers can be large geographically but not highly industrialized, whereas great powers have the world’s strongest economies to pay for military forces and other power capabilities. B) Middle powers can be small geographically but not highly industrialized, whereas great powers cannot be small geographically. C) Middle powers operate in a balance-of-power system, whereas great powers operate in a hegemonic system. D) Middle powers do not have nuclear weapons, whereas great powers possess large nuclear arsenals. Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.3 Define anarchy and explain its importance in preventing international cooperation. Topic: The International System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 26. According to international relations research, a __________ power distribution appears to be best at maintaining peace. A) unipolar B) bipolar C) tripolar D) multipolar Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.3 Define anarchy and explain its importance in preventing international cooperation. Topic: The International System Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 27. The principle of sovereignty suggests that states should not meddle in the __________ and decision processes of other states. A) alliances B) maritime regimes C) internal affairs D) altruistic tendencies Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.3 Define anarchy and explain its importance in preventing international cooperation. Topic: The International System Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 28. A recent example of the principle of state sovereignty is __________. 8 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. A) rebel strikes in Somalia B) Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait C) North Korea’s violation of the Non-Proliferation Treaty D) China’s withdrawal from the international system Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.3 Define anarchy and explain its importance in preventing international cooperation. Topic: The International System Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 29. Based on the logic of the balance of power, which of the following is a good example of an alliance that can be said to be currently balancing the United States? A) North Atlantic Treaty Organization B) European Union C) North American Free Trade Agreement D) United Nations Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.3 Define anarchy and explain its importance in preventing international cooperation. Topic: The International System Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 30. Which of the following statements is correct about the views of the United States in the world between 2002 and 2017? A) The decline in global opinion of the United States was not correlated with the Bush administration. B) The U.S. war on terror led to an increase in favorability ratings among virtually all countries surveyed. C) Global public opinion of the United States varies widely based on region. D) Favorability ratings of the United States continued to increase throughout the Obama administration. Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.3 Define anarchy and explain its importance in preventing international cooperation. Topic: The International System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 31. The current constellation of power in the international system could best be described as a __________ system. A) unipolar 9 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. B) bipolar C) tripolar D) multipolar Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.3 Define anarchy and explain its importance in preventing international cooperation. Topic: The International System Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 32. According to power transition theorists, who argue that the most dangerous time for major war is when power is relatively equally distributed, a war between __________ and __________ would be an example of this dynamic in action. A) China; the United States B) Bosnia; Serbia C) Russia; the Ukraine D) Mexico; the United States Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.3 Define anarchy and explain its importance in preventing international cooperation. Topic: The International System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 33. Which of the following arguments might a realist make to explain why states engage in balancing behavior? A) States do not trust each other due to the anarchic nature of the international system. B) States believe that a balance of power provides perpetual peace. C) States are trying to maintain instability in the international system. D) States believe that a balance of power ensures interstate cooperation. Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.3 Define anarchy and explain its importance in preventing international cooperation. Topic: The International System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 34. Realists believe that hegemony __________. A) causes instability in the international system B) reduces anarchy and deters aggression in the international system C) enhances the sovereignty of less-powerful states D) tends to allow conflicts among middle powers or small states 10 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.3 Define anarchy and explain its importance in preventing international cooperation. Topic: The International System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 35. Which of the following factors best explains the choice of the United States to be either isolationist or internationalist in its foreign policy in the twentieth century? A) regional economic considerations B) international hegemony considerations C) American security concerns D) international law and organizations Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.3 Define anarchy and explain its importance in preventing international cooperation. Topic: The International System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 36. Which of the following factors best explains why the United States is ambiguous about the use of multilateralism in its foreign policy? A) America’s superpower status B) the cost of dues to multilateral organizations such as the UN C) skepticism about the abilities and goals of national organizations D) lack of the ability to disband international organizations Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.3 Define anarchy and explain its importance in preventing international cooperation. Topic: The International System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 37. How does the great power system of the twentieth century compare with that of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? A) The great power system in the twentieth century was global, whereas the great power system in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was European. B) The United States dominated the great power system of the twentieth century, whereas France dominated the great power system of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. C) The Concert of Europe was a feature of the great power system of the twentieth century, whereas the great power system of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries saw constant conflict in Europe. 11 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. D) World Wars I and II were major conflicts in the great power system of the twentieth century, whereas the great power system of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries saw no major conflicts as Britain served as an effective balancer. Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.3 Define anarchy and explain its importance in preventing international cooperation. Topic: The International System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 38. The fluidity of alliances is underscored by __________. A) liberals B) anarchists C) realists D) idealists Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain the purpose of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) alliance and how the purpose has changed over the history of the alliance. Topic: Alliances Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 39. After the Cold War ended, NATO forces were __________. A) cut B) expanded C) kept stable D) attacked Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain the purpose of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) alliance and how the purpose has changed over the history of the alliance. Topic: Alliances Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 40. At the turn of the twenty-first century, the Organisation of African Unity re-formed as the __________, a stronger organization with a continent-wide parliament, central bank, and court. A) African Community B) African Union C) Organization of African States D) Africans United Answer: B 12 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain the purpose of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) alliance and how the purpose has changed over the history of the alliance. Topic: Alliances Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 41. Most modern alliances __________. A) are formalized in written treaties B) concern economic issues C) exist for one issue at one time D) are frequently broken without consequences Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain the purpose of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) alliance and how the purpose has changed over the history of the alliance. Topic: Alliances Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 42. Article V of the North Atlantic Treaty calls for NATO members to come to the defense of a fellow member under attack. It was invoked for the first time when __________. A) the Soviet Union and East Germany constructed the Berlin Wall B) Ethiopia attacked Somalia C) Serbs attacked Bosnia in 1994 D) the United States came under terrorist attack in 2001 Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain the purpose of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) alliance and how the purpose has changed over the history of the alliance. Topic: Alliances Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 43. Which type of state is most likely to face a danger of being dragged into wars over relatively unimportant issues as a result of extended deterrence in an alliance? A) great powers B) middle powers C) small powers D) client states Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain the purpose of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) alliance and how the purpose has changed over the history of the alliance. Topic: Alliances Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 13 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 44. Which of the following is a concern connected to the recent expansion of NATO membership? A) Consensus in decision making is becoming less difficult. B) Enlargement may be seen by others as a threat. C) Coordination and cooperation will become less difficult. D) The costs of the organization will be larger for each individual member. Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain the purpose of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) alliance and how the purpose has changed over the history of the alliance. Topic: Alliances Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 45. In response to NATO expansion, one could expect Russia to __________. A) reduce the number of joint military exercises with states such as China B) try to annex one of the most recent members of NATO such as Montenegro C) overthrow the Syrian government and consolidate its own rule in the region D) increase its military cooperation with states such as Venezuela Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain the purpose of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) alliance and how the purpose has changed over the history of the alliance. Topic: Alliances Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 46. Plans actors use to develop and deploy capabilities to achieve their goals are known as __________. A) foreign policy decisions B) power strategies C) bargaining decisions D) negotiating decisions Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe the Prisoner’s Dilemma game, and explain how it is an analogy for the international system. Topic: Strategy Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 47. Which theory best describes China’s policy toward Taiwan? A) liberalism B) idealism C) realism 14 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. D) Marxism Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe the Prisoner’s Dilemma game, and explain how it is an analogy for the international system. Topic: Strategy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 48. One implication of the assumption of rationality is that __________. A) states are unitary actors that can think about their actions coherently and make choices B) while a state can identify its interests, putting priorities on them is nearly impossible C) states are very rarely capable of performing a cost-benefit analysis on actions D) states’ decisions always have beneficial consequences Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe the Prisoner’s Dilemma game, and explain how it is an analogy for the international system. Topic: Strategy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 49. How does a zero-sum game compare with a non-zero-sum game? A) In a zero-sum game, one player’s gain is by definition equal to the other’s loss, whereas in a non-zero-sum game, players’ gains and losses cancel each other out. B) In a zero-sum game, one player’s gain is by definition equal to the other’s loss, whereas in a non-zero-sum game, it is possible for both players to gain or lose. C) In a zero-sum game, both players win, whereas in a non-zero-sum game, both players lose. D) Zero-sum games are more typical in international political economy, whereas non-zero-sum games are more typical in international security. Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe the Prisoner’s Dilemma game, and explain how it is an analogy for the international system. Topic: Strategy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 50. The typical outcome in the Prisoner’s Dilemma is that __________. A) neither prisoner confesses, thereby ensuring the best outcome for both B) both prisoners confess, thereby ensuring the best outcome for both C) one prisoner decides not to confess, believing he can do so later D) both prisoners confess, thereby ensuring each is worse off than if they both did not confess Answer: D 15 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe the Prisoner’s Dilemma game, and explain how it is an analogy for the international system. Topic: Strategy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 51. Some liberalists have argued that introducing communication to the Prisoner’s Dilemma in the form of a lawyer who can relay messages between both prisoners could change the payoff matrix in favor of cooperation. Applied to international relations, who or what could play the role of the “lawyer”? A) a local neighborhood organization B) a superpower such as the United States C) a regional organization such as the South Asian Association D) an individual such as a military officer Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe the Prisoner’s Dilemma game, and explain how it is an analogy for the international system. Topic: Strategy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know 52. India faces which of the following concerns with its neighbor China? A) Both claim the region of Kashmir as part of their national territory. B) China is blamed for Islamic militant attacks in India. C) China is a major rival in the region attempting to exert strong leadership in the region. D) India relies on Chinese pipelines to ship oil and gas into East Asia. Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe the Prisoner’s Dilemma game, and explain how it is an analogy for the international system. Topic: Strategy Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 53. __________ refers to a reciprocal process in which two (or more) states build up military capabilities in response to each other. A) Compellence B) Deterrence C) An arms race D) Escalation Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe the Prisoner’s Dilemma game, and explain how it is an analogy for the international system. Topic: Strategy 16 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 54. Which of the following statements is true about rationality? A) Decision makers often lack information necessary to accurately estimate the costs of an action. B) It is relatively easy to determine the national interest, because all states are interested in power. C) All international relations scholars accept the assumption that states are rational actors. D) It is easy to calculate intangible political benefits against the tangible costs of a war. Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe the Prisoner’s Dilemma game, and explain how it is an analogy for the international system. Topic: Strategy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It 55. In an effort to gain influence in the world, it would be feasible to expect Taiwan to __________. A) unilaterally declare independence and seek support from the United Nations B) grant conditional foreign aid to several small and poor countries in the world C) create an alliance with Russia and ask for admission to various international organizations D) withdraw from the Non-Proliferation Treaty and begin enriching uranium Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe the Prisoner’s Dilemma game, and explain how it is an analogy for the international system. Topic: Strategy Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It ESSAY 56. Realism is a theory of international relations with long and widespread intellectual roots. While underlying assumptions have remained essentially the same, scholars and practitioners have refined the principles and rules of behavior for centuries. Trace this development, specifying who the primary contributors to realism have been and what the particular contribution of each has been. Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Outline what realist theory is. 2. Compare and contrast those foundational principles of realism as they have changed or fallen out of favor over time, in the context of those that have remained constant. Such principles may relate to power, human nature, international order, and potential for peace. 17 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3. Cite examples such as World War I and the Vietnam War from the text to illustrate the development of realism in international relations. 4. Outline the primary contributors to realism, such as Sun Tzu, Thomas Hobbes, Niccolò Machiavelli, Hans Morgenthau, etc., and their particular contributions. 5. Perhaps conclude with an evaluation of the value of the contribution of each figure. Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify at least three assumptions of the theory of realism. Topic: Realism Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 57. In 2011, Libyan revolutionaries initially struggled to overthrow authoritarian leader Muammar Gaddafi until these rebels received military support from the United States and NATO. How might “soft power” and “hard power” have been utilized alternatively in the revolutionaries’ struggle against the Libyan regime? How might each of these two types of power be said to have contributed to the success in defeating that regime? Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Describe the aspects of “soft” and “hard” power, and briefly profile the opposing sides of the Libyan civil war. 2. Explain why the revolutionaries struggled to overthrow Gaddafi and how military support from the United States and NATO made a critical difference in their struggle. 3. Evaluate the role of diplomacy, strategic communications, foreign assistance, civic action, and economic reconstruction and development (as soft power) in the Libyan revolutionaries’ struggle, and the role of military and aggressive economic influence (as hard power) in that same struggle. 4. Assess how key elements of each type of power might have aided in the defeat of the Gaddafi regime. 5. Offer a concise summary and effective conclusion. Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe two different ways to conceptualize and measure power. Topic: Power Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 58. “The exercise of power always carries risks of unintended consequences.” What does this statement from the text actually mean? Do you agree or disagree with this argument? Be sure to include relevant examples in your discussion. Then, discuss what factors you think could explain the unintended consequences of the exercise of power in international relations. Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Discuss what the argument is referring to. For example, the logic of power suggests that in a war, the more powerful state will generally prevail. Thus, estimates of the relative power of the two antagonists should help explain outcomes. 2. Explain whether you agree with the argument and cite examples. For instance, students might cite the Libyan revolutionaries’ fight against dictator Muammar Gaddafi in 2011. 18 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3. Discuss what could explain the unintended consequences of the exercise of power. For example, a big GDP may help a country win a war, but it does not eliminate the elements of complexity and luck as situations evolve over the longer term. 4. Offer a concise summary and effective conclusion. Learning Objective: 2.2 Describe two different ways to conceptualize and measure power. Topic: Power Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 59. The concept of balance of power is fundamental in international relations. What does it mean? How meaningful can it be at the beginning of the twenty-first century, given the impact of globalization and modern warfare in which one’s opponents may not be attached to any particular state? Is it possible that it requires redefinition? If so, what should it mean? If not, why not? Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Provide a satisfactory explanation of how balance of power is crucial to international relations, employing the key terms military capabilities and dominance. 2. Explain how the complexities created by globalization and modern warfare impact the significance of balance of power, noting the fluidity of alliances and policies necessary when one’s opponents may not be attached to any particular state, as well as the increasing emphasis on economic power over military power. 3. Describe the redefinition that such an evolving and evolved role of balance of power appears to demand, taking into account the details already touched upon, and perhaps those elements of future international relations that might require this redefinition. 4. If the concept of balance of power does not appear to require redefinition, a vigorous analysis of why not will be necessary. 5. Provide a concise summary and effective conclusion. Learning Objective: 2.3 Define anarchy and explain its importance in preventing international cooperation. Topic: The International System Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 60. “The central theme of international relations is not evil but tragedy. States often share common interest, but the structure of the situation prevents them from bringing about the mutually desired situation.” (Robert Jervis) The above quote symbolizes an overwhelming problem in international relations today. What is that problem, and why does it plague international relations in particular? What, if anything, can be done about it? Justify your response. Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Explain why Jervis might emphasize the word “tragedy,” rather than the word “evil.” Students might refer to the concept of security dilemma and discuss how anarchy does not allow long-term cooperation even between two defensive states. 19 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2. Describe how a more cooperation-based international community creates greater opportunity for tragedy to be created or allowed to persist. 3. Evaluate how this problem is particularly prominent in international relations, and how cooperation does not inherently have to equate to slowness of action, or lack of action altogether. 4. Provide a concise summary and effective conclusion. Learning Objective: 2.3 Define anarchy and explain its importance in preventing international cooperation. Topic: The International System Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 61. When the United States engages in international relations, it may follow a unilateral or a multilateral approach. To what do the concepts unilateralism and multilateralism refer? Do you think the United States under the Barack Obama administration could be explained by unilateralism or multilateralism? Provide one example supporting your argument. How do you think this has changed under the Donald Trump administration? Justify your rationale by using at least one relevant example. Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Define the concepts of unilateralism and multilateralism. 2. Explain in what way the Obama administration employed a multilateral approach instead of a unilateral one. For instance, during President Obama’s term in office, the NATO alliance assumed new importance in Afghanistan and in the 2011 Libya campaign, and UN dues were repaid. 3. Explain in what way the Trump administration has employed a rather unilateral approach so far. For instance, during President Trump’s term in office, the United States has withdrawn from a global climate treaty, from the Trans-Pacific Partnership, and from UNESCO. 4. Provide a concise summary and effective conclusion. Learning Objective: 2.3 Define anarchy and explain its importance in preventing international cooperation. Topic: The International System Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 62. “The lack of a ‘world police’ to punish states if they break an agreement makes enforcement of international agreements difficult.” What does this statement from the text actually mean? Focusing on the recent developments in North Korea’s nuclear weapons policy, discuss whether you agree with this argument. What do you think the North Korea case implies regarding the enforcement of norms in international relations? Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Discuss what the argument is referring to. For example, states seek to preserve their sovereignty in the international arena, and the anarchical system of international relations makes it difficult to impose rules on sovereign states. 2. Explain whether you agree with the argument, using North Korea’s nuclear weapons policy as an example. Students might cite North Korea’s violation of the Non-Proliferation 20 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Treaty (NPT) in the 1990s when it stopped allowing inspections of its nuclear facilities; North Korea’s withdrawal from the NPT in 2002 and its building of nuclear bombs, one of which it exploded in 2006; or North Korea’s continued work on its nuclear program and missile delivery systems in the years since, including tests of both in 2016 and 2017. 3. Discuss the implications of North Korea’s behavior in the international arena. The examples above show the difficulty of enforcing international norms in the sovereignty-based international system. 4. Provide a concise summary and effective conclusion. Learning Objective: 2.3 Define anarchy and explain its importance in preventing international cooperation. Topic: The International System Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 63. “The Arab-Israeli conflict has always been the main point of tension in the Middle East.” Explain this statement, and discuss whether you agree or disagree with the argument. In your discussion, take into account the recent developments in the Middle East. What alternative do you think could be labeled as the main conflict dynamic in the Middle East? Be sure to include at least one relevant example in your answer. Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Explain the statement. Students should note that the Arab-Israeli conflict created a general anti-Israel alignment of the Arab countries for decades. 2. Discuss whether you agree or disagree with the argument. Students might point out that the alignment among Arab nations broke down as Egypt in 1978 and then Jordan in 1994 made peace with Israel; Arab countries continue to express varying degrees of solidarity with each other and opposition to Israel; Israel fought a month-long war with Hezbollah guerrillas in southern Lebanon in 2006; and Israel fought Hamas militants in Gaza in 2008 and 2012. 3. Provide an alternative source of tension in the Middle East today. For example, the main conflict dynamic in the Middle East is now the opposition of Shi’ite and Sunni countries, centered on Iran and Saudi Arabia. The civil war in Syria that spread to neighboring Iraq embodies that split, as does the civil war in Yemen, with Iran and Saudi Arabia fighting a proxy war using opposing groups. 4. Provide a concise summary and effective conclusion. Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain the purpose of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) alliance and how the purpose has changed over the history of the alliance. Topic: Alliances Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 64. Public opinion in the United States toward NATO has varied significantly since the alliance was formed in 1949. Explain what NATO is, and discuss the general levels of public support for NATO during the Cold War and in the period since the Cold War ended. How do you think the increasing criticism of NATO during the Donald Trump administration has influenced Americans’ view of the organization? What do you think would explain this recent trend in public opinion? 21 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Define NATO, and explain why it was created. 2. Discuss the level of public support for NATO during the Cold War. Explain that during most of the Cold War, public support for NATO was strong because it served as a safety net against the communist threat. 3. Discuss the level of public support for NATO since the Cold War ended. Explain that since the end of the Cold War, the public has begun to question the value of NATO versus its cost to the United States, mostly because communism is no longer an existential threat for the United States. 4. Discuss why most Americans still have a favorable view of NATO despite increasing criticism of the alliance by the Trump administration. For example, it is possible that growing discussions about NATO are increasing support for the alliance. 5. Provide a concise summary and effective conclusion. Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain the purpose of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) alliance and how the purpose has changed over the history of the alliance. Topic: Alliances Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It 65. When might states involve themselves in a game of “Chicken”? Why? Describe a historical instance of Chicken that has occurred on the world stage between the 1960s and today. What was at stake for the players, and what were their particular interests in pursuing this “game”? Be sure to support your interpretation with logical argumentation and empirical evidence. Answer: The ideal answer should include: 1. Describe the nations who might be most likely to engage in “Chicken,” and why. Such states might include, most prominently, North Korea, Iran, Cuba, and perhaps Russia or China, etc. Students might argue that China and Russia might be most likely to engage in Chicken because they have significant power and yet not entirely stable nations, and North Korea, Iran, and perhaps Cuba might be most likely to engage in Chicken because they have a relatively limited amount of power and international support, contributing to their relatively unstable regimes. 2. Describe a specific modern instance of Chicken. The Cuban Missile Crisis or Iraq’s invasion and occupation of Kuwait would serve well. 3. Assess the risks and rewards for both sides. In the case of the Cuban Missile Crisis, for instance, both sides risked nuclear war and the appearance of weakness in the face of backing down. The potential rewards for both sides included peace and the projection of power, along with the rewards of continued containment of Cuba and Soviet influence in the Caribbean for the United States, on the one hand, and expanded Soviet influence in the Caribbean, on the other. 4. Offer a concise summary and effective conclusion. Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe the Prisoner’s Dilemma game, and explain how it is an analogy for the international system. Topic: Strategy Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know 22 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.