Test Bank for Infants and Children: Prenatal Through Middle Childhood, 9th Edition

CHAPTER 2 GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FOUNDATIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE 1) Connor is 5′11″ tall and has brown eyes. Such directly observable characteristics are called ________. A) alleles B) phenotypes C) chromosomes D) genotypes Answer: B Topic: 2.1 Genetic and Environmental Foundations Content Ref: p. 51; screen 2.1 Objective: 2.1a Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Skill: Apply Difficulty Level: Easy 2) Our________ is the complex blend of genetic information that determines our species and influences all our unique characteristics. A) environment B) genotype C) phenotype D) karyotype Answer: B Topic: 2.1 Genetic and Environmental Foundations Content Ref: p. 51; screen 2.1 Objective: 2.1a Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 3) An individual’s ________ is/are affected by his or her lifelong history of experiences. A) karyotype B) genotype C) gametes D) phenotype Answer: D Topic: 2.1 Genetic and Environmental Foundations Content Ref: p. 51; screen 2.1 Objective: 2.1a Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Easy 4) The nucleus of a cell contains ________. A) karyotypes B) chromosomes C) gametes D) cytoplasm Answer: B Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Copyright © 2021 by Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 1 Test Bank for Berk / Infants and Children, 9e Content Ref: p. 52; screen 2.1.2 Objective: 2.1a Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 5) What role do chromosomes play in genetic processes? A) They store and transmit genetic information. B) They ensure that all alleles have an equal chance of being expressed in an individual’s phenotype. C) They help prevent genetic mutations from occurring. D) They modify instructions given by protein-coding genes. Answer: A Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 51; screen 2.1 Objective: 2.1a Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 6) Generally, human ________ come in 23 matching pairs. A) chromosomes B) phenotypes C) cells D) genotypes Answer: A Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 51; screen 2.1 Objective: 2.1a Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 7) Which statement about human chromosomes is true? A) They come in 46 matching pairs. B) They store and transmit genetic information. C) In females, all chromosomes are inherited from the mother. D) Each member of a chromosome pair has a different size, shape, and genetic function. Answer: B Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 51; screen 2.1 Objective: 2.1a Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 8) Each rung of the DNA ladder consists of ________. A) thousands of chromosomes B) 20,000 genes C) a pair of bases D) 23 matching pairs of chromosomes Answer: C Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 51; screen 2.1.1 Objective: 2.1a Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 2 Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Genetic and Environmental Foundations 9) Regulator genes ________. A) modify the instructions given by protein-coding genes B) determine the order of the base pairs in a DNA strand C) determine the way base pairs in a DNA strand match up with each other D) are long, double-stranded molecules consisting of pairs of chemical substances called bases Answer: A Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 52; screen 2.1.1 Objective: 2.1a Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 10) Which statement about gene expression is true? A) A change in a single DNA base pair can affect no more than one trait. B) Many environmental factors within the cell modify gene expression, often influencing human brain development C) Compared to simpler species, humans have fewer proteins related to gene expression. D) Environmental factors do not influence gene expression at the microscopic level. Answer: B Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 52; screen 2.1.1 Objective: 2.1a Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 11) Protein-coding genes directly affect our body’s characteristics by ________. A) determining which alleles will be dominant and recessive B) specifying which bases in DNA can pair with which other bases C) sending instructions for making proteins to the cytoplasm D) dividing pairs of proteins during the process of meiosis Answer: C Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 52; screen 2.1.1 Objective: 2.1a Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 12) Which statement best explains why humans can be about 99.6 percent genetically identical and still exhibit very different characteristics? A) Each rung on the DNA ladder consists of a specific pair of chemical substances called bases. B) In dominant-recessive inheritance, only one allele affects an individual’s characteristics. C) Sequences of base pairs provide genetic instructions that affect phenotypes. D) Even a single difference in a DNA base pair can influence many different traits. Answer: D Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 52; screen 2.1.1 Objective: 2.1a Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Skill: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 3 Test Bank for Berk / Infants and Children, 9e 13) Which statement about human genetic makeup is true? A) We do not share any of our DNA with other mammals. B) Changes in multiple DNA base pairs are necessary to influence human traits. C) The species-specific genetic material responsible for human attributes is extensive. D) Gene expression within human cells cannot be modified by environmental factors. Answer: C Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 52; screen 2.1.1 Objective: 2.1a Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Difficult 14) A human gamete differs from other body cells in that the gamete contains ________. A) regulator genes but not protein-coding genes B) 23 chromosomes C) chromosomes only from the individual’s parent of the same sex D) bases made of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine Answer: B Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 53; screen 2.1.2 Objective: 2.1a Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 15) During meiosis, ________. A) zygotes with 46 chromosomes are formed B) gametes with 23 chromosomes are formed C) the precise combination of genes present in exactly one chromosome is transmitted D) a random amount of genetic material is transmitted from one generation to the next Answer: B Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 53; screen 2.1.2 Objective: 2.1a Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 16) The wide variety of hereditary combinations we see across generations is attributable to the shuffling of genes that occurs during ________. A) meiosis B) methylation C) niche-picking D) proteomics Answer: A Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 53; screen 2.1.2 Objective: 2.1a Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 4 Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Genetic and Environmental Foundations 17) The genetic variability produced by meiosis is adaptive in that it ________. A) creates only gametes with the genes most likely to promote survival in a new environment B) selects genes only from the parent whose genes are responsive to environmental changes C) produces genes with more favorable ratios of adenine to guanine and cytosine to thymine D) makes it likely that at least some individuals will survive as the environment changes Answer: D Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 53; screen 2.1.2 Objective: 2.1a Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Difficult 18) Which statement about sperm production in males is true? A) The cells from which sperm arise are produced continuously throughout life. B) Males are born with a finite number of sperm-producing cells, which decrease in number as the individual ages. C) Later in life, males have a larger number of cells from which sperm arise, but sperm quality decreases. D) The cells from which sperm arise are produced at an increasing rate from sexual maturity until old age. Answer: A Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 53; screen 2.1.3 Objective: 2.1a Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 19) Which statement is true about ova production in females? A) Female sex cells are produced continuously throughout life, with no change in quality. B) Females are born with a bank of ova that decrease in number over time. C) Ova production is continuous throughout a female’s life, but quality decreases with advancing age. D) In a healthy female, ova production begins at birth and continues until puberty. Answer: B Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 53; screen 2.1.3 Objective: 2.1a Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 20) All but one of the pairs of human chromosomes are matching pairs called ________. A) sex chromosomes B) zygotes C) autosomes D) gametes Answer: C Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 53; screen 2.1.3 Objective: 2.1a Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 5 Test Bank for Berk / Infants and Children, 9e 21) A scientist is examining a cell of an organism and attempting to determine whether the organism is a genetic male or a genetic female. What evidence about the cell, if true, would be most relevant to this question? A) The twenty-third pair of chromosomes includes an X chromosome. B) The twenty-third pair of chromosomes includes a Y chromosome. C) The nucleus contains 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. D) The cell contains protein-coding genes and regulator genes. Answer: B Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 53; screen 2.1.3 Objective: 2.1a Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Skill: Apply Difficulty Level: Difficult 22) Unlike the sex chromosomes that form in females, the sex chromosomes that form in males ________. A) can include an X chromosome B) can include a Y chromosome C) never include an X chromosome D) never include a Y chromosome Answer: B Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 53; screen 2.1.3 Objective: 2.1a Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Skill: Apply Difficulty Level: Difficult 23) Which statement about dizygotic twins is true? A) They have the same genetic makeup. B) They result from a zygote that separates into two clusters. C) They are the most common type of multiple offspring. D) They are more genetically alike than ordinary siblings. Answer: C Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 53; screen 2.1.4 Objective: 2.1a Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 24) The release and fertilization of two ova results in ________. A) identical twins B) fraternal twins C) phenylketonuria (PKU) D) intersex traits Answer: B Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 53; screen 2.1.4 Objective: 2.1a Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 6 Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Genetic and Environmental Foundations 25) Fraternal twinning and other multiple births have risen dramatically in industrialized nations over the past several decades. What is one reported cause of this increase? A) global warming B) older maternal age C) early fertilization of the ovum D) variation in oxygen levels Answer: B Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 53; screen 2.1.4 Objective: 2.1a Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 26) Conceiving fraternal twins is ________. A) less likely among women who are tall or overweight B) less likely among women whose families contain fraternal twins C) more likely among women older than 50 than among women in the 30–34 age range D) more likely among women in the 35–39 age range than among women outside this range Answer: D Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 54 Table 2.1 Maternal Factors Linked to Fraternal Twinning; screen 2.1.4 Objective: 2.1a Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Difficult 27) Monozygotic twins ________. A) have the same genetic makeup B) develop more rapidly than children of single births C) are no more genetically alike than ordinary siblings D) tend to be healthier than children of single births Answer: A Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 54; screen 2.1.4 Objective: 2.1a Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 28) Which environmental influence has been shown by animal research to contribute to monozygotic twinning? A) early fertilization of the ovum B) poor maternal nutrition C) temperature changes D) stability in oxygen levels Answer: C Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 54; screen 2.1.4 Objective: 2.1a Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 7 Test Bank for Berk / Infants and Children, 9e 29) If the alleles from both parents are alike, the child is ________ A) homozygous for a particular trait B) female C) heterozygous for a particular trait D) a monozygotic twin Answer: A Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 54; screen 2.1.5 Objective: 2.1b Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 30) Heterozygous individuals who receive one recessive allele for a trait ________ to their children. A) cannot pass that trait B) can pass that trait C) will always pass the dominant trait D) will always pass the recessive trait Answer: B Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 55; screen 2.1.5 Objective: 2.1b Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 31) Carriers of a trait ________. A) are heterozygous, with just one recessive allele B) are heterozygous, with two recessive alleles C) are homozygous, with two dominant alleles D) are homozygous, with two recessive alleles Answer: A Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 55; screen 2.1.5 Objective: 2.1b Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 32) All U.S. states require that each newborn be given a blood test for ________. A) cystic fibrosis B) phenylketonuria (PKU) C) sickle cell anemia D) Huntington disease Answer: B Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 55; screen 2.1.5 Objective: 2.1b Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 8 Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Genetic and Environmental Foundations 33) One well-known recessive disorder that is treatable is ________. A) phenylketonuria (PKU) B) Huntington disease C) Turner syndrome D) Down syndrome Answer: A Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 55; screen 2.1.5 Objective: 2.1b Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 34) If both parents are heterozygous carriers of a recessive trait, ________ percent of their children can be expected to display the recessive trait in their phenotype. A) 0 B) 25 C) 50 D) 100 Answer: B Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 55 Figure 2.3 Dominant–recessive mode of inheritance, as illustrated by PKU; screen 2.1.5 Objective: 2.1b Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Skill: Apply Difficulty Level: Difficult 35) Which statement about dominant and recessive diseases is true? A) Serious diseases are only rarely due to dominant alleles. B) Recessive alleles have no effect on an individual’s likelihood of developing a disease. C) Children who inherit the dominant allele for a disorder rarely develop that disorder. D) Males are more likely than females to inherit recessive disorders carried on the autosomes. Answer: A Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 55; screen 2.1.5 Objective: 2.1b Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Difficult 36) Which serious disease is caused by inheritance of dominant alleles? A) fragile X syndrome B) sickle cell anemia C) Huntington disease D) hemophilia Answer: C Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 55; screen 2.1.5 Objective: 2.1b Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 9 Test Bank for Berk / Infants and Children, 9e 37) Which statement about Huntington disease is true? A) It is a recessive disorder. B) Its symptoms usually do not appear until age 35 or later. C) It occurs in full form when a child inherits two recessive alleles. D) Children who inherit the disorder seldom live long enough to reproduce. Answer: B Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 55; screen 2.1.5 Objective: 2.1b Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 38) Serious diseases are rarely due to dominant alleles because ________. A) dominant alleles are less likely to be passed on than recessive alleles B) disorders caused by dominant alleles usually do not produce symptoms until age 35 or later C) children who inherit the recessive allele cannot develop the disorder and are likely to live long enough to reproduce D) children who inherit the dominant allele always develop the disorder and seldom live long enough to reproduce Answer: D Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 55; screen 2.1.5 Objective: 2.1b Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Difficult 39) In incomplete dominance, ________. A) both alleles are expressed in the phenotype B) a harmful allele is present on the X chromosome C) no alleles are expressed in the phenotype D) exactly one allele is expressed in the phenotype Answer: A Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 55; screen 2.1.5 Objective: 2.1b Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 40) The sickle cell allele is common among ________. A) Jews of European descent B) people of Mediterranean descent C) male European Americans D) Black Africans Answer: D Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 55; screen 2.1.5 Objective: 2.1b Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 10 Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Genetic and Environmental Foundations 41) Carriers of the sickle cell allele ________. A) often do not display symptoms until after they have passed the gene on to their children B) can be treated during infancy if placed on a special diet C) develop sickle-shaped red blood cells that cause problems with digestion D) are more resistant to malaria than are individuals with two alleles for normal red blood cells Answer: D Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 56; screen 2.1.5 Objective: 2.1b Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 42) When a harmful allele is carried on the X chromosome, males are ________. A) somewhat less likely than females to be affected B) more likely than females to be affected C) as likely as females to be affected D) guaranteed to be unaffected, unlike females Answer: B Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 56; screen 2.1.5 Objective: 2.1b Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 43) Males are more likely to be affected by a harmful allele carried on the X chromosome because ________. A) males have two X chromosomes, doubling their chance of receiving the harmful allele B) males are more likely to receive recessive alleles than dominant alleles C) females have a second X chromosome that could suppress the harmful allele D) females always have a second, dominant allele that suppresses all harmful alleles carried on the X chromosome Answer: C Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 56; screen 2.1.5 Objective: 2.1b Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Skill: Apply Difficulty Level: Difficult 44) The majority of individuals with fragile X syndrome suffer from ________. A) a high incidence of childhood cancer B) intellectual disability, attention deficits, and high anxiety C) numerous health problems linked to severe obesity D) a high incidence of diabetes Answer: B Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 56; screen 2.1.5 Objective: 2.1b Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 11 Test Bank for Berk / Infants and Children, 9e 45) Which statement about sex differences in birth outcomes is true? A) Boys are at higher risk for many genetic diseases because males have a greater variety of genes. B) Intellectual disabilities occur at higher rates in girls, whereas infant and childhood deaths occur at higher rates in boys. C) Worldwide, about 103 girls are born for every 100 boys. D) Rates of miscarriage, birth defects, and intellectual disability are all higher for boys. Answer: D Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 56; screen 2.1.5 Objective: 2.1b Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 46) China’s birth sex ratio is ________, an imbalance that is associated with ________. A) 100 boys for every 117 girls; positive social consequences B) 100 boys for every 117 girls; adverse social consequences C) 117 boys for every 100 girls; positive social consequences D) 117 boys for every 100 girls; adverse social consequences Answer: D Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 56; screen 2.1.5 Objective: 2.1b Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 47) Genomic imprinting differs from dominant–recessive inheritance in that in genomic imprinting ________. A) an allele’s expression depends on whether or not it has been silenced by chemical marking B) dominant alleles will always be passed to later generations C) recessive alleles will never be passed to later generations D) carriers of a specific trait tend to express that trait later in life Answer: A Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 57; screen 2.1.5 Objective: 2.1b Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 48) Which statement about mutation is true? A) Some mutations occur spontaneously, simply by chance. B) Mutations cannot be caused by environmental agents. C) Most mutations that have been studied help individuals survive in a changing environment D) Somatic mutations reveal that each of us has a single, permanent genotype. Answer: A Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 57; screen 2.1.5 Objective: 2.1b Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 12 Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Genetic and Environmental Foundations 49) In somatic mutation, the DNA defect ________. A) is passed to the next generation B) causes gametes to mutate C) occurs at conception D) appears in every cell derived from the affected body cell Answer: D Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 57; screen 2.1.5 Objective: 2.1b Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 50) Characteristics that vary on a continuum among people, such as height, weight, and intelligence, are due to ________ inheritance. A) X-linked B) polygenic C) dominant–recessive D) paternal Answer: B Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 58; screen 2.1.5 Objective: 2.1b Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 51) Most chromosomal defects result from ________. A) mistakes during meiosis B) genomic imprinting C) germline mutations D) somatic mutations Answer: A Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 58; screen 2.1.6 Objective: 2.1c Describe major chromosomal abnormalities, and explain how they occur. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 52) The most common chromosomal disorder, occurring in 1 out of every 700 live births, is ________ syndrome. A) XYY B) Klinefelter C) fragile X D) Down Answer: D Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 58; screen 2.1.6 Objective: 2.1c Describe major chromosomal abnormalities, and explain how they occur. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 13 Test Bank for Berk / Infants and Children, 9e 53) In 95 percent of cases, Down syndrome results from ________. A) an extra broken piece of a twenty-first chromosome attaching to another chromosome B) an error during early prenatal cell duplication C) a failure of the twenty-first pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis D) the inheritance of an extra X chromosome Answer: C Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 58; screen 2.1.6 Objective: 2.1c Describe major chromosomal abnormalities, and explain how they occur. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 54) Amit is a young child with a flattened face and almond-shaped eyes. He smiles less readily than other children and has weak muscle tone. He also has speech problems and a limited vocabulary. Amit’s symptoms are most consistent with what condition? A) Down syndrome B) Klinefelter syndrome C) fragile X syndrome D) Prader-Willi syndrome Answer: A Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 58; screen 2.1.6 Objective: 2.1c Describe major chromosomal abnormalities, and explain how they occur. Skill: Apply Difficulty Level: Difficult 55) Which individual would have the highest probability of having a child with Down syndrome if she were to become pregnant? A) Zari, age 15 B) Caroline, age 24 C) Sadie, age 29 D) Aisha, age 47 Answer: D Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 59; screen 2.1.6 Objective: 2.1c Describe major chromosomal abnormalities, and explain how they occur. Skill: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 56) Aside from Down syndrome, the most likely outcome of disorders of the autosomes is that ________. A) the child will have lifelong problems with controlling aggression B) specific cognitive challenges will be identified around puberty C) significant cognitive impairment will be diagnosed by age 5 D) the child will die before birth, in infancy or in early childhood Answer: D Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 59; screen 2.1.6 Objective: 2.1a Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 14 Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Genetic and Environmental Foundations 57) Which challenge is common among children with triple X syndrome or Klinefelter syndrome? A) occasionally attacking other students in a fit of rage B) repeatedly lying to parents and other authority figures C) having difficulty sustaining social relationships D) struggling with reading and vocabulary Answer: D Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 59; screen 2.1.6 Objective: 2.1c Describe major chromosomal abnormalities, and explain how they occur. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 58) Which statement is supported by research on sex chromosome disorders? A) Males with XYY syndrome are more aggressive and antisocial than XY males. B) Verbal difficulties are common among females who are missing an X chromosome. C) Females who are missing an X chromosome have trouble with spatial relationships. D) Most children with sex chromosome disorders suffer from intellectual disability. Answer: C Topic: 2.1 Genetic Foundations Content Ref: p. 59; screen 2.1.6 Objective: 2.1c Describe major chromosomal abnormalities, and explain how they occur. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 59) Bianca and Deion want to have a child, but because Bianca has a family history of fragile X syndrome, they first want to find out if she is a carrier. Bianca and Deion are candidates for ________. A) in vitro fertilization B) genetic counseling C) donor insemination D) amniocentesis Answer: B Topic: 2.2 Reproductive Choices Content Ref: p. 60; screen 2.2.1 Objective: 2.2 Discuss counseling, medical procedures, and reproductive options that can assist prospective parents in having healthy children. Skill: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 60) In which situation would donor insemination be considered an appropriate reproductive choice? A) to overcome female reproductive difficulties B) to stimulate the ripening of several ova C) to allow a woman without a male partner to become pregnant D) to treat a woman whose fallopian tubes are permanently damaged Answer: C Topic: 2.2 Reproductive Choices Content Ref: pp. 60–61 Box: Social Issues: Health: The Pros and Cons of Reproductive Technologies; screen 2.2.1 Objective: 2.2 Discuss counseling, medical procedures, and reproductive options that can assist prospective parents in having healthy children. Skill: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 15 Test Bank for Berk / Infants and Children, 9e 61) Studies show that children conceived through donor insemination or in vitro fertilization ________. A) receive caregiving that is somewhat warmer than that received by children who are conceived naturally B) are at greater risk for chronic diseases than their naturally conceived counterparts C) tend to experience severe adjustment problems throughout childhood D) are usually well-adjusted until adolescence, when they experience a significant rise in psychological problems Answer: A Topic: 2.2 Reproductive Choices Content Ref: pp. 60–61 Box: Social Issues: Health: The Pros and Cons of Reproductive Technologies; screen 2.2.1 Objective: 2.2 Discuss counseling, medical procedures, and reproductive options that can assist prospective parents in having healthy children. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 62) Which statement about reproductive technologies is true? A) Laws regulating their use vary considerably by state and country. B) In surrogate motherhood, the surrogate is always genetically unrelated to the child. C) Donor insemination and in vitro fertilization are interchangeable terms. D) The success of assisted reproduction increases with age until age 50. Answer: A Topic: 2.2 Reproductive Choices Content Ref: pp. 60–61 Box: Social Issues: Health: The Pros and Cons of Reproductive Technologies; screen 2.2.1 Objective: 2.2 Discuss counseling, medical procedures, and reproductive options that can assist prospective parents in having healthy children. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 63) The most widely used prenatal diagnostic method is ________. A) amniocentesis B) chorionic villus sampling C) ultrasound D) maternal blood analysis Answer: A Topic: 2.2 Reproductive Choices Content Ref: p. 62 Table 2.2 Prenatal Diagnostic Methods; screen 2.2.2 Objective: 2.2 Discuss counseling, medical procedures, and reproductive options that can assist prospective parents in having healthy children. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 64) One risk associated with frequent ultrasound use in pregnant women is ________. A) premature labor B) miscarriage C) limb deformities D) low birth weight Answer: D Topic: 2.2 Reproductive Choices Content Ref: p. 62 Table 2.2 Prenatal Diagnostic Methods; screen 2.2.2 Objective: 2.2 Discuss counseling, medical procedures, and reproductive options that can assist prospective parents in having healthy children. 16 Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Genetic and Environmental Foundations Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 65) The use of proteomics to treat heart disease and cancer involves ________. A) mapping the sequence of all human DNA base pairs B) modifying gene-specified proteins involved in the particular disease C) correcting genetic abnormalities by delivering DNA carrying a functional gene to the cells D) using a small tube with a light source to inspect the fetus for structural defects Answer: B Topic: 2.2 Reproductive Choices Content Ref: p 63; screen 2.2.2 Objective: 2.2 Discuss counseling, medical procedures, and reproductive options that can assist prospective parents in having healthy children. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 66) Which statement about adoption is true? A) The worldwide availability of potential adoptees has decreased substantially in the past 20 years. B) Rates of intercountry adoption have increased substantially in recent years. C) More families today are adopting children past infancy. D) Fewer adoptive parents are accepting children with known developmental problems. Answer: C Topic: 2.2 Reproductive Choices Content Ref: p. 64; screen 2.2.3 Objective: 2.2 Discuss counseling, medical procedures, and reproductive options that can assist prospective parents in having healthy children. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 67) Most adopted children ________. A) fare well despite the risks associated with their more problematic childhood experiences B) have persistent social problems linked to insensitive parenting C) are less intelligent than their biological relatives D) have persistent cognitive problems associated with preadoption environmental influences Answer: A Topic: 2.2 Reproductive Choices Content Ref: p. 64; screen 2.2.3 Objective: 2.2 Discuss counseling, medical procedures, and reproductive options that can assist prospective parents in having healthy children. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 68) Which statement about families is true? A) The relationship between parental rejection and developmental problems can be positive or negative, depending on the country studied. B) The unique bonds that an individual forms with his or her family are a key component of that individual’s macrosystem. C) Warm, affectionate family ties are a strong predictor of physical and psychological health. D) Most other microsystem contexts are equal to the family in terms of power and breadth of influence. Answer: C Topic: 2.3 Environmental Contexts for Development Content Ref: p. 65; screen 2.3.1 Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 17 Test Bank for Berk / Infants and Children, 9e Objective: 2.3 Discuss aspects of children’s multi-layered environment that influence their development and well-being. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 69) When Taye and Morgan willingly comply with parental requests, their parents are likely to be warm and gentle in the future. This is an example of a/an ________ influence between parents and their children. A) direct B) coparenting C) maladaptive D) indirect Answer: A Topic: 2.3 Environmental Contexts for Development Content Ref: p. 66; screen 2.3.1 Objective: 2.3 Discuss aspects of children’s multi-layered environment that influence their development and well-being. Skill: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 70) Elena and Juan praise and stimulate their children and mutually support each other’s parenting behaviors. Elena and Juan are engaging in ________. A) collectivism B) permissive parenting C) effective coparenting D) niche-picking Answer: C Topic: 2.3 Environmental Contexts for Development Content Ref: p. 66; screen 2.3.1 Objective: 2.3 Discuss aspects of children’s multi-layered environment that influence their development and well-being. Skill: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 71) Years of education, job held, and income earned are factors used to determine a person’s ________. A) social maturity B) commitment to familism C) macrosystem D) socioeconomic status Answer: D Topic: 2.3 Environmental Contexts for Development Content Ref: p. 67; screen 2.3.2 Objective: 2.3 Discuss aspects of children’s multi-layered environment that influence their development and well-being. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 18 Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Genetic and Environmental Foundations 72) Compared with people who work in professional and technical occupations, those who are employed in skilled and semiskilled manual work tend to ________. A) marry later B) have more children C) prioritize their children’s independence D) have children later in life Answer: B Topic: 2.3 Environmental Contexts for Development Content Ref: p. 67; screen 2.3.2 Objective: 2.3 Discuss aspects of children’s multi-layered environment that influence their development and well-being. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 73) Higher-SES parents are most likely to emphasize which trait in their children? A) politeness B) neatness C) obedience D) self-esteem Answer: D Topic: 2.3 Environmental Contexts for Development Content Ref: p. 67; screen 2.3.2 Objective: 2.3 Discuss aspects of children’s multi-layered environment that influence their development and well-being. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 74) In a study investigating developmental differences between low-SES and higher-SES children, which finding would be most consistent with current research? A) delayed interpersonal development in the higher-SES group B) enhanced cognitive development in the higher-SES group C) lower incidence of behavior problems in the low-SES group D) no cognitive or behavioral differences between the two groups Answer: B Topic: 2.3 Environmental Contexts for Development Content Ref: p. 68; screen 2.3.2 Objective: 2.3 Discuss aspects of children’s multi-layered environment that influence their development and well-being. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 75) In several studies, affluent teenagers were ________ likely than youths in general to ________. A) less; engage in alcohol and drug use B) more; report high levels of anxiety and depression C) less; commit delinquent acts D) more; have physically and emotionally available parents Answer: B Topic: 2.3 Environmental Contexts for Development Content Ref: p. 68; screen 2.3.2 Objective: 2.3 Discuss aspects of children’s multi-layered environment that influence their development and well-being. Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 19 Test Bank for Berk / Infants and Children, 9e Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 76) Research in four developing nations on the impact of education for women revealed that ________. A) although mothers generally use their education to support their children’s intellectual and physical development, education has few benefits for women with no children B) educated women take a more active role in their own lives, including family planning, preventive health measures, and promoting healthy behaviors among others in the home C) while educating girls has a diverse range of effects on purely economic issues, it has little effect on the reproductive choices the girls will later make D) increased emphasis on educating girls was associated with a reduction in support for educating boys Answer: B Topic: 2.3 Environmental Contexts for Development Content Ref: pp. 68–69 Box: Social Issues: Education: Worldwide Education of Girls: Transforming Current and Future Generations; screen 2.3.2 Objective: 2.3 Discuss aspects of children’s multi-layered environment that influence their development and well-being. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 77) Compared with mothers who are illiterate, those with literacy skills are likely to ________. A) spend more time with their children on a daily basis B) adopt a style of interaction that promotes their children’s language development C) engage in more affectionate physical interaction with their children D) promote the education of their daughters over the education of their sons Answer: B Topic: 2.3 Environmental Contexts for Development Content Ref: pp. 68–69 Box: Social Issues: Education: Worldwide Education of Girls: Transforming Current and Future Generations; screen 2.3.2 Objective: 2.3 Discuss aspects of children’s multi-layered environment that influence their development and well-being. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 78) Research in four developing nations indicates that when parents are charged a fee for each child enrolled in school, ________. A) cultural beliefs about gender roles play no role in determining which children are sent to school B) poverty-stricken parents tend to send only their sons to school C) no factor other than these fees plays a role in deciding which children are sent to school D) affluent parents are as likely as poverty-stricken parents to send all of their children to school Answer: B Topic: 2.3 Environmental Contexts for Development Content Ref: pp. 68–69 Box: Social Issues: Education: Worldwide Education of Girls: Transforming Current and Future Generations; screen 2.3.2 Objective: 2.3 Discuss aspects of children’s multi-layered environment that influence their development and well-being. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 20 Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Genetic and Environmental Foundations 79) Which of these groups has the highest poverty rate? A) children younger than 18 B) Hispanic children C) Native-American children D) single mothers with preschool children Answer: D Topic: 2.3 Environmental Contexts for Development Content Ref: p. 70; screen 2.3.4 Objective: 2.3 Discuss aspects of children’s multi-layered environment that influence their development and well-being. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 80) In the United States, child poverty rates are ________. A) higher than in many other economically advanced nations B) lower than in most other economically advanced nations C) lower than in any other Western nation D) higher than in any other economically advanced nation, but lower than the rates of most other Western nations Answer: A Topic: 2.3 Environmental Contexts for Development Content Ref: p. 70; screen 2.3.4 Objective: 2.3 Discuss aspects of children’s multi-layered environment that influence their development and well-being. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 81) In rural communities, poverty rates are ________ than they are in urban areas, and those who live in poverty have ________ access to community services. A) lower; less B) lower, greater C) higher; less D) higher; greater Answer: C Topic: 2.3 Environmental Contexts for Development Content Ref: p. 71; screen 2.3.4 Objective: 2.3 Discuss aspects of children’s multi-layered environment that influence their development and well-being. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 82) Which statement best reflects current research on interventions designed to help poverty-stricken children? A) Difficulties are best addressed one at a time, with those related to parenting addressed first. B) Difficulties are best addressed one at a time, with those related to behavior problems addressed first. C) Poverty-stricken children benefit most from multifaceted efforts that focus on many needs at once. D) Interventions designed to help children and youths surmount the risks of poverty inevitably do more harm than good. Answer: C Topic: 2.3 Environmental Contexts for Development Content Ref: p. 71; screen 2.3.4 Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 21 Test Bank for Berk / Infants and Children, 9e Objective: 2.3 Discuss aspects of children’s multi-layered environment that influence their development and well-being. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 83) Longitudinal follow-up studies of the Better Beginnings, Better Futures Project of Ontario, Canada, revealed a/an ________ participating children. A) reduction in the academic performance of B) increase in adolescent delinquency among C) improved sense of community connection among parents of D) improvement in financial well-being among parents of Answer: C Topic: 2.3 Environmental Contexts for Development Content Ref: p. 73; screen 2.3.5 Objective: 2.3 Discuss aspects of children’s multi-layered environment that influence their development and well-being. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 84) Lilly, whose parents are involved in her school activities and attend parent–teacher conferences, is likely to ________. A) rely on neighborhood resources instead of her parents for advice about academics B) show better academic achievement than her agemates whose parents are less involved C) live in a low-SES household D) have overcome daily stressors associated with deep poverty Answer: B Topic: 2.3 Environmental Contexts for Development Content Ref: p. 74; screen 2.3.5 Objective: 2.3 Discuss aspects of children’s multi-layered environment that influence their development and well-being. Skill: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 85) Low-SES parents often do not approach teachers about their children’s learning, in part because ________. A) there is no evidence connecting parent involvement with better academic outcomes B) daily stressors reduce the time and energy required to do so C) learning has less impact on the psychological health of low-SES students than on that of higher-SES students D) low-SES parents often share backgrounds and values with their children’s teachers. Answer: B Topic: 2.3 Environmental Contexts for Development Content Ref: p. 74; screen 2.3.5 Objective: 2.3 Discuss aspects of children’s multi-layered environment that influence their development and well-being. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 22 Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Genetic and Environmental Foundations 86) One widely held opinion in the United States that contributes to the public’s relatively low support for government-supported benefits for all families is the view that ________. A) the government should adopt policies similar to those of other economically advanced nations B) intruding into family life is acceptable as long as help is needed C) if parents decide to have a baby, then they should be ready to care for it D) people should try to define themselves as part of a group Answer: C Topic: 2.3 Environmental Contexts for Development Content Ref: p. 74; screen 2.3.5 Objective: 2.3 Discuss aspects of children’s multi-layered environment that influence their development and well-being. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 87) In cultures that emphasize collectivism, people place greater value on ________. A) independence B) personal achievement C) collaborative endeavors D) choice in relationships Answer: C Topic: 2.3 Environmental Contexts for Development Content Ref: p. 74; screen 2.3.6 Objective: 2.3 Discuss aspects of children’s multi-layered environment that influence their development and well-being. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Easy 88) In cultures that emphasize ________, people place greater value on independence. A) familism B) coparenting C) collectivism D) individualism Answer: D Topic: 2.3 Environmental Contexts for Development Content Ref: p. 74; screen 2.3.6 Objective: 2.3 Discuss aspects of children’s multi-layered environment that influence their development and well-being. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Easy 89) Which behavior would be considered a departure from the Hispanic cultural ideal of familism? A) daily phone calls between family members B) family members all living in the same city or town C) multiple family members helping to renovate one family member’s home D) extended family members getting together only once or twice a year for major holidays Answer: D Topic: 2.3 Environmental Contexts for Development Content Ref: pp. 74, 75 Box: Cultural Influences: Familism Promotes Competence in Hispanic Children and Youths; screen 2.3.6 Objective: 2.3 Discuss aspects of children’s multi-layered environment that influence their development and well-being. Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 23 Test Bank for Berk / Infants and Children, 9e Skill: Apply Difficulty Level: Easy 90) An adolescent who strongly values familism would be more likely to ________. A) consult with parents or grandparents about major life decisions B) weigh the opinions of distant family members equally with those of close family members C) challenge the views of older relatives in order to demonstrate independence D) focus on issues related to the family to the exclusion of all other issues Answer: A Topic: 2.3 Environmental Contexts for Development Content Ref: pp. 74, 75 Box: Cultural Influences: Familism Promotes Competence in Hispanic Children and Youths; screen 2.3.6 Objective: 2.3 Discuss aspects of children’s multi-layered environment that influence their development and well-being. Skill: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 91) Compared with most Western countries, the United States places greater value on ________. A) individualism B) codependence C) familism D) collectivism Answer: A Topic: 2.3 Environmental Contexts for Development Content Ref: p. 76; screen 2.3.6 Objective: 2.3 Discuss aspects of children’s multi-layered environment that influence their development and well-being. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Easy 92) The United States ranks ________. A) in the top ten nations on most key measures of children’s health and well-being B) higher than Spain and Germany in prevalence of childhood poverty C) higher than Canada in public expenditure on children’s health care D) poorly on key measures of children’s health and well-being Answer: D Topic: 2.3 Environmental Contexts for Development Content Ref: p. 76 Table 2.3 How Does the United States Compare to Other Nations on Indicators of Children’s Health and Well-Being?; screen 2.3.6 Objective: 2.3 Discuss aspects of children’s multi-layered environment that influence their development and well-being. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 93) In the United States, affordable child care is ________. A) required to be provided to families living in poverty B) easier to acquire if the parents are divorced C) in short supply D) usually high in quality Answer: C Topic: 2.3 Environmental Contexts for Development Content Ref: p. 76; screen 2.3.6 24 Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Genetic and Environmental Foundations Objective: 2.3 Discuss aspects of children’s multi-layered environment that influence their development and well-being. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 94) Which statement expresses a reason that it has been difficult in the United States to enact public policies aimed at the well-being and development of children and youths? A) Given the failure of such policies in other Western countries, lawmakers have been resistant to try them in the United States. B) The interdependent nature of U.S. citizens has made the U.S. government hesitant to become involved in family matters. C) Children have less influence in the public policy process because they cannot vote or speak out to protect their own interests. D) Research shows that public policies aimed at fostering children’s development do not yield significant returns in cognitive enrichment. Answer: C Topic: 2.3 Environmental Contexts for Development Content Ref: p. 76; screen 2.3.6 Objective: 2.3 Discuss aspects of children’s multi-layered environment that influence their development and well-being. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 95) Which statement about the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child is true? A) The United States was not involved in drafting this agreement. B) Opponents maintain that its provisions would shift the burden of child rearing from the state to the family. C) Although the Convention includes the right to freedom of thought, it does not include the right to a free compulsory education. D) The United States is the only country in the world whose legislature has not yet ratified it. Answer: D Topic: 2.3 Environmental Contexts for Development Content Ref: p. 77; screen 2.3.6 Objective: 2.3 Discuss aspects of children’s multi-layered environment that influence their development and well-being. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy 96) ________ is a field devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature and nurture to the diversity in human traits and abilities. A) Epigenesis B) Behavioral genetics C) Genetics D) Child development Answer: B Topic: 2.4 Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Content Ref: p. 78; screen 2.4 Objective: 2.4 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Easy Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 25 Test Bank for Berk / Infants and Children, 9e 97) To measure the extent to which individual differences in complex traits in a specific population are due to genetic factors, researchers typically rely on ________. A) heritability estimates B) epigenesis C) methylation D) gene–environment correlation Answer: A Topic: 2.4 Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Content Ref: p. 78; screen 2.4.1 Objective: 2.4 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Difficult 98) The most common type of kinship study compares ________ with ________. A) identical twins; fraternal twins B) identical twins; nontwin siblings C) fraternal twins; nontwin siblings D) nontwin siblings; genetically unrelated family members Answer: A Topic: 2.4 Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Content Ref: p. 78; screen 2.4.1 Objective: 2.4 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 99) When many twin studies are examined, correlations between the intelligence scores of ________ are consistently higher than those of ________, revealing _______________ contributions to intelligence. A) fraternal twins; identical twins; genetic B) identical twins; fraternal twins; genetic C) nontwin brothers; nontwin sisters; environmental D) nontwin sisters; nontwin brothers; environmental Answer: B Topic: 2.4 Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Content Ref: p. 78; screen 2.4.1 Objective: 2.4 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 100) Heritability estimates for intelligence tend to be________. A) close to zero unless environmental variations are nonexistent B) close to .65 for people of all ages C) higher in adolescence than in infancy D) higher in early childhood than in late adulthood Answer: C Topic: 2.4 Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Content Ref: p. 78; screen 2.4.1 Objective: 2.4 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Difficult 26 Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Genetic and Environmental Foundations 101) A heritability estimate of .30 for activity level indicates that differences in ________ could explain ________ percent of the variation among children in activity level. A) the environment; 30 B) heredity; 3 C) heredity; 30 D) the environment; 3 Answer: C Topic: 2.4 Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Content Ref: p. 79; screen 2.4.1 Objective: 2.4 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Skill: Apply Difficulty Level: Difficult 102) Because the environments of most twin pairs are less diverse than those of the general population, ________. A) heritability estimates are likely to exaggerate the role of heredity B) it is often difficult to compute a heritability estimate C) kinship studies are seen as providing little insight into heritability questions D) heritability estimates are likely to exaggerate the role of the environment Answer: A Topic: 2.4 Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Content Ref: p. 79; screen 2.4.1 Objective: 2.4 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 103) One criticism of heritability estimates is that these measures ________. A) are calculated using nonscientific methods B) are likely to undervalue the role of heredity C) enable researchers to manipulate the environment to modify genetic influences D) can easily be misapplied to arrive at faulty conclusions Answer: D Topic: 2.4 Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Content Ref: p. 79; screen 2.4.1 Objective: 2.4 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 104) The heritability of children’s intelligence ________. A) increases as parental education and income increase B) decreases as parental education and income increase C) increases as parental education increases, and decreases as parental income increases D) shows no consistent relationship with parental education and income Answer: A Topic: 2.4 Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Content Ref: p. 79; screen 2.4.1 Objective: 2.4 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 27 Test Bank for Berk / Infants and Children, 9e 105) Today, most researchers view development as ________. A) influenced primarily by the environment, with heredity playing only a minimal role B) influenced primarily by heredity, with little role played by the environment C) the result of a dynamic interplay between heredity and environment D) influenced primarily by heredity in infancy, but primarily by the environment later in life Answer: C Topic: 2.4 Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Content Ref: p. 79; screen 2.4.1 Objective: 2.4 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Easy 106) Which statement reflects the concept of gene–environment correlation? A) The environments to which we are exposed determine which genes are expressed in our phenotypes. B) Our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed. C) Correlations between heredity and environment make it easier to determine the distinct influence of each. D) Heritabilities for most characteristics suggest that heredity and environment have approximately the same influence Answer: B Topic: 2.4 Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Content Ref: p. 80; screen 2.4.2 Objective: 2.4 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 107) The child has no control over ________ gene‒environment correlation. A) passive B) evocative C) active D) dynamic Answer: A Content Ref: p. 80; screen 2.4.2 Skill: Understand Objective: 2.4 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Topic: 2.4 Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: Moderate 108) Katrina and Charlie, who both work out at the gym regularly, have enrolled their 4-year-old in a gymnastics class for preschoolers. This is an example of ________ gene–environment correlation. A) passive B) evocative C) active D) dynamic Answer: A Topic: 2.4 Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Content Ref: p. 80; screen 2.4.2 Objective: 2.4 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Skill: Apply Difficulty Level: Difficult 28 Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Genetic and Environmental Foundations 109) Shane, a cooperative, attentive child, experiences more patient and sensitive interactions with his parents than his sister Rebecca, who tends to be distractible and inattentive. This is an example of ________ gene– environment correlation. A) passive B) evocative C) active D) dynamic Answer: B Topic: 2.4 Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Content Ref: p. 80; screen 2.4.2 Objective: 2.4 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Skill: Apply Difficulty Level: Moderate 110) Malik, a musically talented youngster, joins the school orchestra and practices his cello every day. This is an example of ________ gene–environment correlation. A) passive B) evocative C) active D) dynamic Answer: C Topic: 2.4 Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Content Ref: p. 81; screen 2.4.2 Objective: 2.4 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Skill: Apply Difficulty Level: Difficult 111) Niche-picking is an expression of ________ gene–environment correlation. A) passive B) evocative C) active D) dynamic Answer: C Topic: 2.4 Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Content Ref: p. 81; screen 2.4.2 Objective: 2.4 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 112) Niche-picking is more common among older children and adolescents than among infants and young children because ________. A) the benefits of niche-picking typically do not appear for many years B) niche-picking requires specific training that is only available to older children and adolescents C) it is impossible to identify genetic tendencies in infants and young children D) older children and adolescents have greater ability to select their own environments Answer: D Topic: 2.4 Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Content Ref: p. 81; screen 2.4.2 Objective: 2.4 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Easy Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 29 Test Bank for Berk / Infants and Children, 9e 113) Niche-picking sheds light on why ________ are more likely than ordinary siblings to report similar stressful life events influenced by personal decisions and actions. A) same-sex fraternal twin pairs B) other-sex fraternal twin pairs C) identical twin pairs D) adopted siblings Answer: C Topic: 2.4 Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Content Ref: p. 81; screen 2.4.2 Objective: 2.4 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Easy 114) According to available evidence, which statement best describes the relationship between heredity and environment? A) People’s genes determine their behavior and, therefore, their experiences. B) People’s behavior and experiences determine which genes they will pass to future generations C) There is no way to determine conclusively whether genes affect people’s behavior and experiences or vice versa. D) Genes affect people’s behavior and experiences, but their experiences and behavior also affect gene expression. Answer: D Topic: 2.4 Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Content Ref: pp. 81–82; screen 2.4.2 Objective: 2.4 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Easy 115) Which statement reflects the concept of epigenesis? A) Children’s genetic makeup affects their experiences, and their behavior and experiences affect gene expression. B) Children’s genetic makeup leads them to receive, evoke, and actively seek experiences that actualize their inborn tendencies. C) Children tend to choose experiences that complement hereditary influences. D) Children’s genetic makeup constrains their responsiveness to varying environments. Answer: A Topic: 2.4 Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Content Ref: p. 82; screen 2.4.2 Objective: 2.4 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Skill: Remember Difficulty Level: Moderate 116) The biological consequences of severe maternal stress during pregnancy ________. A) can induce epigenetic changes that impair functioning of the body’s stress response system in mothers and their children B) produce compensatory responses that maintain healthy levels of stress hormones in children but not their mothers C) affect mothers who experience the stressful events personally, but have no effect on their children D) include memory disruptions and difficulty concentrating but not physical symptoms in mothers and their children Answer: A Topic: 2.4 Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment 30 Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Genetic and Environmental Foundations Content Ref: pp. 82, 83 Box: Biology and Environment: The Tutsi Genocide and Epigenetic Transmission of Maternal Stress to Children; screen 2.4.2 Objective: 2.4 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Moderate 117) The Tutsi genocide study (that examined the effects of severe maternal trauma on offspring) was unable to definitively conclude that epigenetic processes were responsible for the Tutsi children’s compromised capacity to manage stress because ________. A) the GR gene plays no role in stress-hormone regulation B) the study did not include pregnant Tutsi women who were outside of Rwanda at the time of the genocide C) it did not rule out other potentially contributing factors such unfavorable environmental influences D) individuals with PTSD can have cortisol levels that are or too high or too low. Answer: C Topic: 2.4 Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Content Ref: pp. 82, 83 Box: Biology and Environment: The Tutsi Genocide and Epigenetic Transmission of Maternal Stress to Children; screen 2.4.2 Objective: 2.4 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Skill: Understand Difficulty Level: Difficult ESSAY 118) Describe how contemporary researchers view the family, providing examples of both direct and indirect influences within family members’ relationships. Answer: Contemporary researchers view the family as a network of interdependent relationships. Bidirectional influences exist in which the behaviors of each family member affect those of other family members. These influences can be direct or indirect, depending on whether third parties are involved. As an illustration of direct influences, kind, patient communication between parent and child tends to evoke cooperative, harmonious responses from both parties, whereas harshness and impatience engender angry, resistive behavior. Each of these reactions, in turn, forges a new link in the interactive chain. In the first instance, a positive message tends to follow; in the second, a negative or avoidant one is likely. Interaction between any two family members is affected by third parties present in the setting, who can enhance or impede development indirectly. For example, when a marital relationship is warm and considerate, parents are more likely to engage in effective coparenting (mutual support and collaboration). Effective coparenting, in turn, engenders warm, stimulating parent–child interaction, which promotes healthy child adjustment. Content Ref: pp. 65–66; screen 2.3.1 119) Research indicates affluent youths are more likely than youths in general to display serious adjustment problems, including poor school grades, alcohol and drug use, delinquency, anxiety, and depression. What are the likely factors involved? Answer: Despite their advanced education and great material wealth, affluent parents—those in prestigious and high-paying occupations—too often fail to engage in family interaction and parenting that promote favorable development. Poorly adjusted young people from affluent families, compared with their better-adjusted counterparts, report less emotional closeness, less supervision, and fewer serious consequences for misbehavior from their parents. As a group, wealthy parents are nearly as physically and emotionally unavailable to their youngsters as parents coping with serious financial strain. At the same time, these parents often make excessive demands for achievement and are critical when their children perform less than perfectly. Adolescents whose parents value their Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 31 Test Bank for Berk / Infants and Children, 9e accomplishments more than their character are more likely to develop academic and emotional problems. Content Ref: pp. 68–69; screen 2.3.3 120) How can family–neighborhood ties reduce parenting stress and promote child development? Answer: Family–neighborhood ties provide social support for parents, which in turn can lead to multiple benefits for the family as a whole. For example, when a parent receives reassurances from a neighbor or relative that enhance the parent’s self-esteem, this also benefits children, because parents with greater self-esteem are more likely to interact sensitively with their children. Friends, relatives, and community members may also provide information about the availability of services that can help relieve stress for parents filling multiple roles of parent, spouse, and provider. Furthermore, parents benefit from observing other community members engaging in effective parenting practices. Finally, other adults in the neighborhood can influence children through warmth, stimulation, and exposure to a wider array of competent models, which can reduce the impact of ineffective parenting. Nearby adults can also intervene when they see young people skipping school or behaving antisocially. Content Ref: pp. 72–73; screen 2.3.5 121) Compare the values of societies that emphasize collectivism and those that emphasize individualism. Provide an example of how these priorities can affect a nation’s policies and programs. Answer: In cultures that emphasize collectivism, group goals are prioritized over individual goals, and interdependent qualities such as social harmony, obligations and responsibility to others, and collaborative endeavors are highly valued. In cultures that emphasize individualism, personal needs and independence take priority, with a high value placed on individual exploration, discovery, achievement, and choice in relationships. Characterizing a culture as either collectivistic or individualistic oversimplifies cultural differences: Both sets of values exist in varying mixtures in most cultures. Nevertheless, consistent cross-national differences in collectivism–individualism influence the steps a nation takes to protect the well-being of its children and families. For example, in the United States, which is more individualistic than most Western countries, the public has been slow to endorse governmentsupported family benefits such as high-quality child care and paid employment leave for meeting family needs. In collectivist nations, by contrast, the government expects to play a role in promoting social responsibility, protecting children and families, and providing social support through policies and programs such as universal health care, free early childhood education, and efforts to combat child poverty. Content Ref: pp. 74–76; screen 2.3.6 122) Describe epigenesis and the role epigenetic research plays in understanding the relationship between heredity and environment. Include an example that illustrates this role. Answer: Epigenesis views human development as a bidirectional relationship between genes and the environment. That is, genes play a role in behavior and experiences, but, equally important, behavior and experiences also affect gene expression. This environmental modification of gene expression can occur at any age, with both positive and negative effects. Epigenetic research focuses largely on methylation, a biochemical process triggered by certain experiences, in which a set of chemical compounds lands on top of a gene and changes its impact, reducing or silencing its expression. For example, one study examined the potential role of methylation in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. Participants were Tutsi mothers who had been pregnant during the Rwandan genocide and their adolescent children. Half of the mothers had been directly exposed to the trauma, and half had been outside the country at the time. Findings indicated substantially higher PTSD and depression scores among not only the mothers who had experienced the trauma but also their children. The mothers also displayed greater 32 Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2 Genetic and Environmental Foundations methylation of a chromosome-5 gene that plays a role in stress-hormone regulation. Moreover, the children of the trauma-exposed mothers also displayed higher gene methylation. Although this study leaves open the possibility that other environmental influences played a role in the elevated methylation levels, it nonetheless offers convincing evidence that the effects of maternal trauma can induce epigenetic changes in children, with lasting consequences for development. Content Ref: p. 82 Box: Biology and Environment: The Tutsi Genocide and Epigenetic Transmission of Maternal Stress to Children; screen 2.4.2 Copyright © 2021 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 33