Test Bank For Human Anatomy and Physiology, 2nd Edition

Human Anatomy & Physiology, 2e, Global Edition (Amerman) Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life 1) Which subatomic particle carries a negative charge? A) proton B) neutron C) electron D) nucleus Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.1.1 2) How many electrons are in the outermost shell of an atom with 15 electrons? A) 2 B) 8 C) 10 D) 5 Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.1.1 3) The innermost shell of an atom holds: A) 2 electrons. B) 6 electrons. C) 2 protons. D) 8 electrons. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.1.1 4) An electrically neutral atom with an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 17 has: A) 8 protons. B) 9 electrons. C) 8 neutrons. D) 17 protons. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 5-6) Evaluating/Creating Learning Outcome: 2.1.1 5) What predicts the element to which an atom belongs? A) total number of electrons B) total number of protons C) total number of neutrons D) number of electrons in the first shell Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.1.2 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 6) The four most common elements, comprising 96% of the body’s mass, are: A) carbon, sodium, phosphorus, sulfur. B) oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon. C) chlorine, sodium, magnesium, potassium. D) oxygen, potassium, iron, copper. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.1.3 7) An atom of iron has an atomic number of 26. Which of the following is TRUE? A) Iron has 13 protons and 13 electrons. B) Iron has 26 protons. C) Iron has 13 protons and 13 neutrons. D) Iron has 13 electrons. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.1.1, 2.1.4 8) The atomic number represents the number of: A) electrons in an atom. B) protons in an atom. C) protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. D) neutrons in an atom. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.1.4 9) What contributes to the calculation of the mass number? A) sum of protons and electrons B) sum of electrons and neutrons C) sum of protons and neutrons D) sum of protons, neutrons, and electrons Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.1.4 10) Determine the number of protons in an isotope of nitrogen with an atomic number of 7 and a mass number of 14. A) 7 B) 10 C) 14 D) 17 Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 5-6) Evaluating/Creating Learning Outcome: 2.1.4 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 11) What varies from one isotope of an element to another isotope of the same element? A) atomic number B) number of protons C) mass number D) both the atomic number and the number of protons Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.1.5 12) Interpret what is meant by carbon-13. A) Carbon-13 represents an isotope of carbon with a mass number of 13. B) Carbon-13 represents the mass number of every atom of carbon. C) Carbon-13 represents an isotope of carbon with an atomic number of 13. D) Carbon-13 represents an isotope of carbon with 13 protons. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.1.6 13) Solid blood cells would settle out of the liquid blood plasma if allowed to sit, illustrating that blood is a: A) solution. B) suspension. C) colloid. D) solute. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.2.1 14) Atoms that satisfy the octet rule are said to be: A) inert. B) reactive. C) isotopes. D) ions. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.2.2 15) Which of the following atoms is inert? A) atomic number of 6 B) atomic number of 8 C) atomic number of 10 D) atomic number of 14 Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.2.2 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 16) An atom has 3 electrons in its valence shell. What is the atomic number of this atom? A) 3 B) 7 C) 8 D) 13 Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.2.2 17) Two or more atoms of the same element that are chemically combined are known as: A) molecules. B) compounds. C) ions. D) suspensions. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.2.3 18) Na+ is best known as a(n): A) molecule. B) macromolecule. C) compound. D) ion. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.2.3 19) What is meant by N2? A) Two nitrogen atoms formed a molecule. B) The atomic number of nitrogen is two. C) Two nitrogen atoms form a compound. D) The atomic mass of nitrogen is two. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.2.3 20) The formation of a cation and an anion is indicative of a(n): A) ionic bond. B) nonpolar bond. C) polar bond. D) covalent bond. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.2.4 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 21) Ionic bonds result from: A) the equal sharing of electrons between nonmetal atoms. B) the transfer of electrons from a metal atom to a nonmetal atom. C) the unequal sharing of electrons between nonmetal atoms. D) weak attractions between polar molecules. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.2.4 22) Which of the following is the strongest bond? A) ionic B) single covalent C) hydrogen D) double covalent Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.2.4 23) What does this structural formula, N≡N, indicate? A) Two atoms of nitrogen are held together by hydrogen bonds. B) Two atoms of nitrogen share three pairs of electrons. C) An ionic bond holds the two atoms of nitrogen together. D) Three atoms of nitrogen are double bonded. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.2.4 24) In a molecule of oxygen gas, the atoms of oxygen share electrons equally with one another. This statement best describes a(n): A) ionic bond. B) nonpolar covalent bond. C) polar covalent bond. D) compound. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.2.4 25) What is a dipole? A) polar molecule B) a salt C) a type of reaction D) nonpolar molecule Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.2.4 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 26) Hydrogen bonds may occur between: A) polar molecules. B) nonpolar covalent molecules. C) ions. D) metals. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.2.5 27) What type of bond is responsible for the surface tension of water? A) nonpolar covalent bond B) polar covalent bond C) hydrogen bond D) ionic bond Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.2.5 28) In the following chemical reaction, what is NaCl? NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O A) acid B) water C) reactant D) product Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.3.1 29) The transfer of an electron from sodium to chlorine is an example of: A) sound energy. B) chemical energy. C) electrical energy. D) mechanical energy. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.3.2 30) What type of reaction releases energy? A) equilibrium reaction B) catabolic reaction C) endergonic reaction D) exergonic reaction Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.3.2 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 31) The process of digesting food breaks large food particles into smaller particles. This example is best described as a(n): A) exchange reaction. B) catabolic reaction. C) anabolic reaction. D) neutralization reaction. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.3.3 32) What happens in oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions? A) Electron exchange occurs. B) Larger molecules are built from smaller subunits. C) Energy is used since these are endergonic reactions. D) Atoms are exchanged. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.3.3 33) Which of the following represents an exchange reaction? A) AB + CD → BA + DC B) AB → A + B C) AB + CD → AD + BC D) A + B → AB Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.3.3 34) Which of the following increases the rate of a reaction? A) cold temperatures B) absence of a catalyst C) increased reactant concentration D) solid reactants Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.3.4 35) Which biological catalyst lowers the activation energy of a reaction? A) carbohydrate B) enzyme C) lipid D) salt Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.3.5 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 36) Which statement best describes enzyme function? A) One enzyme can work on thousands of different substrates. B) Enzymes can perform catabolic reactions only. C) Enzymes speed chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. D) Enzymes chemically alter both the reactants and products. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.3.5 37) What property of water helps keep body temperature stabilized? A) polarity B) universal solvent C) surface tension D) heat capacity Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.1 38) What type of compound is NOT likely to dissolve in water? A) ionic compound B) polar covalent compound C) nonpolar covalent compound D) both polar and nonpolar covalent compounds Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.2 39) Water is most likely to dissolve a solute that is: A) hydrophilic. B) a lipid. C) hydrophobic. D) nonpolar. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.2 40) Which of the following is a hydrogen ion donor? A) acid B) alkali substance C) neutral substance D) base Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.3 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 41) What chemical binds free hydrogen ions in solution? A) acid B) salt C) base D) water Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.3 42) Hydrochloric acid is a: A) hydrogen ion donor. B) hydrogen ion acceptor. C) hydroxide ion donor. D) proton acceptor. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.3 43) On the pH scale, which number has the highest concentration of hydrogen ions? A) pH 1 B) pH 5 C) pH 7 D) pH 10 Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.4 44) What does the H in the pH scale represent? A) heat B) concentration of H+ ions in solution C) the negative logarithm D) negative charge Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.4 45) A solution containing equal number of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions is: A) acidic. B) basic. C) neutral. D) alkaline. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.4 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 46) Which pH represents a solution that has the highest concentration of hydroxide ions? A) pH 1 B) pH 7 C) pH 10 D) pH 14 Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.4 47) Which of the following represents the strongest acidic solution? A) pH 1 B) pH 4 C) pH 6 D) pH 9 Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.4 48) On average, blood pH is approximately: A) 7.1. B) 7.4. C) 7.6. D) 7.8. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.4 49) What pH value represents a solution that releases 10 times more hydrogen ions than a pH of 7? A) pH 4 B) pH 5 C) pH 6 D) pH 8 Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.4.4 50) Which pH represents a solution that releases 100 times less hydrogen ions than a pH of 9? A) pH 7 B) pH 8 C) pH 11 D) pH 12 Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.4.4 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 51) Which two organ systems work to correct pH imbalances in the body? A) respiratory and urinary B) urinary and endocrine C) digestive and respiratory D) endocrine and nervous Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.5 52) What is the function of a buffer system? A) Buffer systems lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction. B) Buffer systems act as a lubricant between two adjacent surfaces. C) Buffer systems absorb heat without changing temperature themselves. D) Buffer systems prevent large swings in pH when an acid or base is added to a solution. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.5 53) What is the effect of a buffer on a solution? A) Buffer systems cause the blood pH to increase, then to decrease dramatically. B) Buffer systems allow the blood to become too basic. C) Buffer systems resist changes in blood pH. D) Buffer systems allow hydrogen ions to accumulate in blood until acidosis is reached. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.5 54) Salts are held together by: A) single covalent bonds. B) nonpolar covalent bonds. C) polar covalent bonds. D) ionic bonds. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.6 55) Ionic compounds dissociate in water into: A) polar and nonpolar substances. B) hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances. C) electrolytes. D) acids and bases. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.6 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 56) Single subunits that serve as the building blocks for organic compounds are termed: A) enzymes. B) reactants. C) polymers. D) monomers. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.1 57) Hydrolysis of a polymer will produce: A) electrolytes. B) buffer. C) monomers. D) enzymes. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.1 58) When you soak dirty dishes in your kitchen sink, you allow the water to break apart the bonds of the food stuck to your plates. This type of reaction is known as: A) anabolism. B) hydrolysis. C) neutralization. D) dehydration synthesis. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.5.1 59) The monomer of the carbohydrates is the: A) fatty acid. B) amino acid. C) nucleotide. D) monosaccharide. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.2 60) Select the simplest sugar: A) sucrose B) lactose C) glucose D) starch Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.3 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 61) Glucose and fructose are joined through dehydration synthesis to produce: A) lactose. B) sucrose. C) maltose. D) galactose. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.1, 2.5.3 62) Glucose, galactose, and fructose have the molecular formula C6H12O6 but have different arrangements of atoms. These sugars are: A) isomers. B) disaccharides. C) isotopes. D) polysaccharides. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.5.3 63) What is the building block of a lipid? A) glucose B) fatty acid C) glycogen D) nucleic acid Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.2 64) Which of the following fatty acid chains has the most double bonds? A) polyunsaturated fatty acid B) saturated fatty acid C) monounsaturated fatty acid D) glycerol Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.3 65) A fatty acid that contains no double covalent bonds is: A) hydrogenated. B) polyunsaturated. C) monounsaturated. D) saturated. Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.3 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 66) What forms the basis for the body’s steroids? A) testosterone B) glucose C) triglyceride D) cholesterol Answer: D Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.3 67) The main structural component of cell membranes is: A) phospholipids. B) cholesterol. C) triglycerides. D) steroids. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.3 68) Amino acids are the monomers for: A) proteins. B) carbohydrates. C) lipids. D) nucleic acids. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.2 69) What group makes each amino acid unique? A) ammonia group B) “R” group C) amino group D) carboxylic acid group Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.2 70) What type of polar covalent bond links amino acids? A) hydrophobic bond B) amphiphilic bond C) peptide bond D) ketone bond Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.4 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 71) The alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheet are characteristic of: A) primary protein structure. B) secondary protein structure. C) tertiary protein structure. D) quaternary protein structure. Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.4 72) A long-lasting high fever is a concern for denaturation of: A) enzymes. B) glycogen. C) phospholipids. D) saturated fats. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.5.4 73) Yuri is working with a chemical in lab. This chemical is composed of repetitive units that include a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, and a sugar known as ribose. He is working with: A) a nucleic acid. B) a carbohydrate. C) a lipid. D) a protein. Answer: A Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.5.3 74) What makes RNA a unique nucleic acid? A) RNA is built from building blocks known as a nucleotide. B) RNA contains a sugar known as deoxyribose. C) RNA contains a nitrogenous base known as uracil. D) RNA is composed of two strands held together by hydrogen bonds. Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.5.3 75) The primary source of chemical energy in the body comes from a nucleotide known as: A) AMP B) ADP C) ATP D) DNA Answer: C Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.1, 2.5.5 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 76) Explain how to determine the atomic number and mass number for an atom. Answer: An atom’s atomic number is determined by its number of protons. The mass number is equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the atom. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.1.4 77) Explain the difference between an inert atom and a reactive atom. Answer: Atoms that have filled valence shells are known as inert or nonreactive atoms. Atoms that do not meet the octet rule are said to be reactive. That is, they are unstable and will react with other atoms until they obey the octet rule. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.2.2 78) To make a gallon of lemonade, Emily mixed sugar with water until it dissolved. Did she create a solution, a suspension, or a colloid? Explain. Answer: Emily made a solution. Solutions are described by saying that one substance, the sugar, dissolves in another substance, the water. The sugar is the solute since is it dissolved by the water. Water is the solvent since it dissolves the solute. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.2.1 79) Determine the atomic number of a neutral atom with 3 shells and 6 electrons in its valence shell. Answer: The innermost shell of the atom holds 2 electrons. The next shell holds a maximum of 8 electrons. The valence shell of this particular atom holds 6 electrons. This atom has 3 shells and 16 total electrons. Add the electrons (2 + 8 + 6 = 16). In a neutral atom, the numbers of protons equals the number of electrons. Thus, this atom has an atomic number of 16. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.1.4, 2.2.2 80) What is the octet rule? Answer: The octet rule states that an atom is most stable when it has eight electrons in its valence shell. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.2.2 81) Is N2 a molecule or a compound? Explain. Answer: Two or more atoms of the same element that are chemically bonded, such as these two nitrogen atoms, are known as a molecule. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.2.3 82) Predict the type of chemical bond that may form between two nonmetals. Answer: Covalent bonding occurs between two or more nonmetals sharing electrons. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 5-6) Evaluating/Creating Learning Outcome: 2.2.4 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 83) How do nonpolar covalent bonds differ from polar covalent bonds? Answer: In a nonpolar covalent molecule, the nonmetals sharing electrons have nearly equal electronegativities. The electrons are shared equally. In a polar covalent molecule, the more electronegative nonmetal does not share electrons equally with other nonmetal atoms participating in the bond. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.2.4 84) Explain the difference between potential and kinetic energy. Answer: Potential energy is energy that is stored, ready to be released and used to do work. Potential energy becomes kinetic energy when it is used to do work. Kinetic energy is energy of motion. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.3.2 85) Predict the effect of a 101°F fever on reaction rate. Answer: Increased temperature increases the kinetic energy of atoms involved in a chemical reaction. More forceful and effective collisions between atoms result in an increase in reaction rate. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 5-6) Evaluating/Creating Learning Outcome: 2.3.4 86) Define activation energy (Ea). Answer: Activation energy is the energy input required to overcome the repulsion of the atom’s electrons and to allow an adequately strong collision to occur. All reactions must overcome activation energy to proceed. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.3.3 87) Explain how water interacts with hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances. Which type of substance is more likely to be dissolved by water? Answer: Water is only able to dissolve substances that are hydrophilic. Hydrophilic substances have fully or partially charged ends that make it possible for water molecules to grab. Hydrophobic substances do not dissolve in water since they lack the charged ends necessary for water to grab. Water is more likely to dissolve hydrophilic substances. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.4.2 88) Describe the organization of the pH scale, including the locations of acids, bases, and neutral chemicals. Answer: The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. Acids are situated below 7 while bases or alkaline substances are found above 7. The more hydrogen ions present in solution, the lower the pH of the chemical. At a pH of 7, a chemical is said to be neutral as equal amounts of hydrogen and hydroxide ions are released. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.4.4 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 89) Dwain is drinking a cup of coffee which has a pH of 5. Compare Dwain’s coffee to his friend’s coffee which has a pH of 6. Answer: Each single digit change on the pH scale corresponds to a 10-fold change in hydrogen ion concentration. Dwain’s coffee, with a pH of 5, is 10 times more acidic than his friend’s coffee, with a pH of 6. The hydrogen ion concentration increases 10-fold from a pH of 6 to a pH of 5. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 5-6) Evaluating/Creating Learning Outcome: 2.4.4 90) What are isomers? Explain using a set of carbohydrate examples. Answer: Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but with different structures. Glucose, fructose, and galactose are isomers. They have the same molecular formula, C6H12O6, but have different arrangements of atoms. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.2 91) Describe how animals store excess glucose in the body. Answer: Animals store their excess glucose as glycogen. Glycogen is primarily stored in the liver and skeletal muscles. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.5.3 92) Explain three differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Answer: Saturated fatty acids: 1. have no double bonds between carbon atoms in their hydrocarbon chains. 2. are found predominantly in animal fats. 3. are solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fatty acids: 1. have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms in their hydrocarbon chains. 2. are commonly found in plant oils. 3. are generally liquid at room temperature. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.5.2, 2.5.3 93) Determine the type of reaction that occurs between fructose and glucose to form water and sucrose. Answer: This chemical reaction is a dehydration synthesis reaction. Fructose and glucose are monosaccharides that are joined together through this chemical reaction. Water is formed as a product. Sucrose is a disaccharide formed from the union of these two monomers, glucose and fructose. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.5.1, 2.5.3 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 94) What is the role of ATP in the cell? Answer: ATP stores chemical energy in its bonds and is the main source of chemical energy in the body. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.5 95) In a solution, the solute dissolves the solvent. Answer: FALSE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.2.1 96) An atom with an atomic number of 13 has satisfied the octet rule and is inert. Answer: FALSE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.2.2 97) Hydrogen bonds are strong attractions between nonpolar covalent molecules. Answer: FALSE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.2.5 98) The strongest type of chemical bond is a covalent bond because electrons are shared between two or more nonmetals. Answer: TRUE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.2.4 99) The two general types of energy are potential energy and kinetic energy. Answer: TRUE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.3.2 100) The digestion of food is exergonic since chemical bonds are broken and energy is released. Answer: TRUE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.3.2 101) Enzymes bind with substrates at their active sites and are permanently altered by the binding process. Answer: FALSE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.3.5 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 102) Due to the low heat capacity of water, the human body is resistant to overheating and cooling down quickly. Answer: FALSE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.4.1 103) A base is a hydrogen ion acceptor while an acid is a hydrogen ion donor. Answer: TRUE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.3 104) Solutions with a pH less than 7 are considered basic or alkaline. Answer: FALSE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.4.4 105) Growing new muscle proteins through the assembly of amino acids is a type of dehydration synthesis reaction. Answer: TRUE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.5.1 106) Like the carbohydrates, lipids have twice the hydrogen atoms as carbon and oxygen atoms in their molecular structures. Answer: FALSE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.5.2 107) Polypeptide chains that contribute to a protein’s quaternary structure each have their own primary, secondary, and tertiary structures. Answer: TRUE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.4 108) Energy is released when ATP is broken down into ADP. Answer: TRUE Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.5 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Match the following information about the carbon atom using the figure. 109) Determine the atomic number for this atom. Answer: 6 Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.1.4 110) Determine the number of electrons in carbon’s valence shell. Answer: 4 Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.2.2 111) Determine the mass number for this atom. Answer: 12 Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.1.4 112) Determine the number of protons in an isotope of carbon. Answer: 6 Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.1.5 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM Match the following organic compounds with their descriptions. A) carbohydrate B) lipid C) protein D) nucleic acid 113) Monomers are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1C:2H:1O ratio Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.2 114) Examples include phospholipids, triglycerides, and steroids Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.3 115) Sucrose, glucose, galactose, and cellulose are examples Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.3 116) Amino acids are the monomers Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.2 117) Nucleotides are the monomers that form deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.2 118) Three-dimensional shape is known as the tertiary structure Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.4 119) Monomers vary by an “R” group Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.3 120) Monomer is the fatty acid Bloom’s Taxonomy: 1-2) Remembering/Understanding Learning Outcome: 2.5.2 Answers: 113) A 114) B 115) A 116) C 117) D 118) C 119) C 120) B WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 121) An atom of carbon has an atomic number of 6 and a mass number of 12. Predict how many hydrogen atoms must covalently bond with carbon to satisfy carbon’s octet rule. Hydrogen has an atomic number of 1. Answer: Carbon has an atomic number of 6. A neutral atom of carbon has 6 protons and 6 electrons. Four of those six electrons are situated in carbon’s valence, or outermost, shell. Four more electrons would be needed to satisfy the octet rule. Hydrogen has an atomic number of 1. A neutral atom of hydrogen has 1 proton and 1 electron. The sole electron is situated in hydrogen’s only shell. Each hydrogen atom can share one electron with the carbon atom. Four hydrogen atoms are needed to form four covalent bonds and share electrons with the carbon atom. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 5-6) Evaluating/Creating Learning Outcome: 2.2.2, 2.2.4 122) Blood pH exists within a narrow range of values. Describe the role of buffer systems in achieving blood pH homeostasis. Answer: Buffers are chemical systems that resist changes in pH and prevent large swings in pH when an acid or a base is added to a solution. A buffer typically consists of a weak acid and its corresponding anion. When blood becomes too basic or alkaline, the weak acid releases hydrogen ions into the blood to lower the pH. When the blood becomes too acidic, the anion binds hydrogen ions in the blood. The removal of hydrogen ions from the blood offsets the decrease in pH. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.4.5 123) The process of building protein from amino acids produces water. Describe the type of reaction used to build muscles. Answer: Muscle contains protein built from amino acids. Dehydration synthesis is an anabolic reaction that links monomers, amino acids, through the removal of a water molecule to form a polymer, thus making new muscle proteins. Thus, muscle building generates water through the joining of amino acids. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.5.1, 2.5.2 124) Sophie is working in the lab with a chemical with the formula C12H24O12. With what type of organic molecule does she work? Discuss how you came to your conclusion. Answer: Sophie is working with a carbohydrate. Most carbohydrate monomers are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the ratio 1C:2H:1O. This molecule satisfies the general pattern of atoms in a typical carbohydrate. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.5.2 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM 125) Sucrose and lactose are two common dietary disaccharides. Explain which one of these disaccharides a patient with fructosemia should avoid. Fructosemia is a disorder in which fructose cannot be metabolized. Answer: Sucrose is formed through dehydration synthesis of a glucose and a fructose molecule. Lactose is formed through dehydration synthesis of a glucose and a galactose molecule. Patients who cannot breakdown fructose should avoid eating sucrose in their diets. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 3-4) Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 2.5.3 126) Catherine is confused by the information on food labels. Instruct her about the differences among the following three she sees on the label: polyunsaturated fat, saturated fat, and monounsaturated fat. Answer: The polyunsaturated fat is the healthiest choice of the three that Catherine should choose to eat. The hydrocarbon chain of a polyunsaturated fatty acid has two or more double bonds between its carbon atoms. Although monounsaturated fats are often oils, the hydrocarbon chain has only one double bond between two carbons. The hydrocarbon chain of a saturated fat is full, or saturated with, hydrogen atoms. Bloom’s Taxonomy: 5-6) Evaluating/Creating Learning Outcome: 2.5.2, 2.5.3 WWW.NURSINGTESTBANKSWORLD.COM