Test Bank For Health Psychology: Well-being in a Diverse World, 4th Edition

Instructor Resource Gurung, Health Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Chapter 2: Doing Health Psychology Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following is FALSE? a. There are a variety of research designs in Health Psychology. b. Research that has been published and passed the test of independent review is called “peer reviewed.” c. The journal Health Psychology contains articles focused on the extent to which health-improving behaviors are practiced rather than examining psychological wellbeing. d. Although there are different ways to measure the key elements of health, all research in the field of health psychology relies on the scientific method. Ans: C Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: A Research Primer Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Lu and colleagues (2017) evaluated the benefits of expressive writing among Chinese-speaking breast cancer survivors in the U.S. There were two conditions of expressive writing with different directions and a control group who wrote about the facts of having cancer. This would be considered ______. a. a descriptive study b. an intervention study c. an epidemiological study d. a normative study Ans: B Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Descriptive Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 3. The proportion of the population that has a particular disease at a particular time refers to ______. a. mortality b. prevalence rate c. morbidity d. incidence rate Ans: B Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Factual Answer Location: Descriptive Studies Instructor Resource Gurung, Health Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Dr. Chew studied the frequency of new cases of the HPV virus in adolescents in the U.S. during a 2018. He was studying ______. a. mortality b. prevalence rate c. morbidity d. incidence rate Ans: D Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Applied Answer Location: Descriptive Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 5. The p value, or probability value, is influenced by ______. a. the geographical location of participants b. the sample size c. the diversity of the participants d. the education level of participants Ans: B Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Conceptual Answer Location: Correlational Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 6. This is one critical factor in a research study that can make previously insignificant changes significant. a. ethical use of participants b. researcher credibility c. funding sources d. increasing the sample size Ans: D Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Conceptual Answer Location: Correlational Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Dr. Oliver is investigating whether depression is a determinant of the development of cardiovascular disease. To measures the strength of the relation between depression and cardiovascular disease, she would use a(n) ______. a. incidence rate b. retrospective study c. prevalence rate d. correlation coefficient Ans: D Learning Objective: N/A Instructor Resource Gurung, Health Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Cognitive Domain: Applied Answer Location: Correlational Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Rates of smoking go up as SES goes down. This is an example of ______. a. a positive correlation b. a partial correlation c. a negative correlation d. multivariate analysis of variance Ans: C Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Applied Answer Location: Correlational Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Which is the strongest correlation listed? a. .34 b. –.23 c. .56 d. –.76 Ans: D Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Applied Answer Location: Correlational Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 10. A researcher found that children reporting more depressive symptoms also had a greater percentage of body fat. This is an example of ______. a. a positive correlation b. a partial correlation c. a negative correlation d. logistic regression Ans: A Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Applied Answer Location: Correlational Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 11. When only the relation between two variables is tested (e.g., shift work and depressive symptoms), this is called a(n) ______. a. partial correlation b. direct correlation c. effect size d. odds ratio Ans: B Learning Objective: N/A Instructor Resource Gurung, Health Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Cognitive Domain: Applied Answer Location: Correlational Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Dr. Galloti calculated a(n) ______, a statistic that measures the relation between two variables while controlling for a third variable. a. partial correlation b. direct correlation c. effect size d. odds ratio Ans: A Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Applied Answer Location: Correlational Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Upon reading the results section of a study, you see r =.38. The “r” refers to ______. a. a correlation b. a mediator value c. an effect size d. an odds ratio Ans: A Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Applied Answer Location: Correlational Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Which of the following p values indicates the strongest significance? a. p <.08 b. p < .05 c. p < .01 d. p < .001 Ans: D Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Applied Answer Location: Correlational Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Experiments are powerful and help determine cause because the experimenter manipulates a variable between groups holding other factors constant. This manipulated variable is the ______. a. independent variable b. extraneous variable c. dependent variable d. control variable Ans: A Instructor Resource Gurung, Health Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Factual Answer Location: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Sometimes researchers cannot manipulate some of the variables they are most interested in (e.g., having thyroid cancer). We use naturally occurring groups. This form of research is known as ______. a. correlational b. clinical trials c. quasi-experimental d. randomized controlled trials Ans: C Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Factual Answer Location: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Researchers look at how close to ______ their correlational value is and whether it is statistically significant. a. 1 b. 5 c. 10 d. 20 Ans: A Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Factual Answer Location: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs Difficulty Level: Easy 18. In an experimental design that investigates the effects of stress on heart rate in middle-age men, the dependent variable would be ______. a. stress b. heart rate c. age d. gender Ans: B Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs Difficulty Level: Medium 19. Inactive substances that appear similar to the experimental drugs given to test the power of expectations are called ______. a. controls b. placebos Instructor Resource Gurung, Health Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 c. moderators d. dependent variables Ans: B Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Factual Answer Location: Randomized Control Trials Difficulty Level: Easy 20. Students were told that they were part of a clinical trial, testing a new topical anesthetic, Trivaricane. They were told that it had proved effective in studies at other universities. In reality, it had NO medical properties. One index finger was rubbed with Trivaricane; the other index finger was left untreated. Next, a mildly painful electrical shock was administered to both fingers. After 1 minute, subjects were asked to rate the pain intensity. The result was an overwhelming decrease in pain for fingers treated with the Trivaricane. This is an example of ______. a. the partial correlation effect b. the placebo effect c. the hazard ratio d. the moderator effect Ans: B Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Factual Answer Location: Randomized Control Trials Difficulty Level: Easy 21. Researchers examined the impact of alcohol advertising on adolescents’ drinking beliefs. Participants carried handheld devices throughout the day and recorded each alcohol ad as they encountered it. After logging each ad, they completed a short survey assessing their alcohol-related beliefs at that moment. In addition, at three random times during the day, the device signaled students to complete the same survey. Beliefs about alcohol were more positive at moments of exposure to ads compared to these random (control) moments. The alcohol-related beliefs were the ______. a. Independent variable b. control variable c. dependent variable d. prospective variable Ans: C Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs Difficulty Level: Medium 22. In health psychological research is often impractical and unethical to manipulate certain variables of interest (e.g., whether a person has diabetes, whether they smoke). Consequently, researchers have to rely on naturally occurring groups. Such designs are referred to as ______. Instructor Resource Gurung, Health Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 a. randomized controlled trials b. quasi-experimental designs c. placebo designs d. experimental designs Ans: B Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Conceptual Answer Location: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Hoyt and colleagues (2014) randomly assigned participants to receive a message about the origin of obesity. Participants read either a recent New York Times article discussing the decision of the American Medical Association to categorize obesity as a disease or a control article offering a standard information-based public-health message about weight. They then looked at how message type affected food choices (high vs. low calorie foods). The message type is the ______. a. independent variable b. dependent variable c. control variable d. demographic variable Ans: A Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs Difficulty Level: Medium 24. Participants in the Women’s Health Initiative study were given either hormone replacement pills or a placebo. Postmenopausal women were followed over time and the researchers discovered that women taking the pills were more at risk for heart disease. As a result, the study was stopped before completion. This was an example of: a. a randomized controlled trial. b. a quasi-experiment c. cross-sectional study d. mediation study Ans: A Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Randomized Control Trials Difficulty Level: Medium 25. ______ means that the active intervention, not other factors, caused the observed changes in the outcome. a. The placebo effect b. Internal validity c. External validity d. Statistical significance Instructor Resource Gurung, Health Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Ans: B Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Conceptual Answer Location: Randomized Control Trials Difficulty Level: Medium 26. The Nurses’ Health Study and the Women’s Health Initiative are both examples of ______. a. prospective studies b. retrospective studies c. meta-analyses d. case studies Ans: A Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Analytical Answer Location: Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Designs Difficulty Level: Hard 27. ______ is the intervening process (variable) through which an antecedent variable influences and outcome variable. a. Replication b. Mediation c. Moderation d. Meta-analysis Ans: B Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Conceptual Answer Location: Moderators Versus Mediators Difficulty Level: Medium 28. In a study of male and female college students, researchers found that more stress leads people to ask for more social support, which leads them to feel better. In this case ______ is a mediator. a. stress b. social support c. feeling better (increased positive mood) d. sex Ans: B Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Moderators Versus Mediators Difficulty Level: Hard 29. In a 2017 article in The Atlantic, Jean Twenge argued that the more time teens spend looking at screens (e.g., smartphones), the more likely they are to report symptoms of depression. This conclusion came from analysis of data from the Instructor Resource Gurung, Health Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Monitoring the Future survey, an ongoing study of a nationally representative sample of adolescents that started in 1975. In this research, the independent variable is ______. a. time spent looking at screens b. depression c. number of friends in their social circle d. geographic location of the adolescent Ans: A Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs Difficulty Level: Medium 30. Which of the following is less likely than the rest to be included as a measure in a health psychology study? a. surveys b. questionnaires c. diaries d. cortisol levels Ans: D Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Conceptual Answer Location: Ensuring Strong Measurement Difficulty Level: Medium 31. A researcher would be most likely to use medication events monitoring systems (MEMS) when conducting research on ______. a. expressive writing among cancer patients b. anger and hostility among patients with heart failure c. adherence d. the impact of risk information on the decision to drink and drive Ans: C Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Ensuring Strong Measurement Difficulty Level: Medium 32. ______ are used to predict the likelihood of an outcome from a list of variables. a. P-values b. ANOVAs c. Regressions d. Meta-analyses Ans: C Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Conceptual Answer Location: Regression Analyses Difficulty Level: Hard Instructor Resource Gurung, Health Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 33. Kim and Anagondahalli (2017) examined college students’ consideration of future consequences (CFC) as a predictor of energy drink consumption. Their first hypothesis was that individuals low in CFC would be more likely to consume energy drinks than those high in CFC. The statistic they reported to answer this question was a(n) ______. a. prevalence rate b. incidence rate c. odds ratio d. correlation Ans: C Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Conceptual Answer Location: Odds Ratios Difficulty Level: Hard 34. Kim and Anagondahalli (2017) examined college students’ consideration of future consequences (CFC) as a predictor of energy drink consumption. Specifically, they examined whether CFC was a predictor of various health beliefs. One of their hypotheses was that individuals high in CFC would perceive greater levels of severity of energy drink-associated risks, greater benefits of abstaining from energy drinks, and fewer barriers in abstaining from energy drinks. The statistic they used to answer this questions was ______. a. a correlation b. a regression c. a meta-analysis d. an incidence rate Ans: B Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Conceptual Answer Location: Odds Ratios Difficulty Level: Hard 35. A recent study examined the effects of caregiving status (former, current, or bereaved) on the development of physical morbidity among long-term cancer caregivers. Family caregivers were studied at two and five years after the patients’ cancer diagnosis. This is an example of a ______ study. a. incidence rate b. retrospective c. longitudinal d. cross-sectional Ans: C Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Designs Difficulty Level: Medium Instructor Resource Gurung, Health Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 36. P-hacking refers to ______. a. researchers collecting or selecting data until nonsignificant results become significant b. an insignificant hazard ratio c. biased results caused by lack of diversity in the sample d. p-values less than .05 Ans: A Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Conceptual Answer Location: Application Showcase: The Replication Crisis in Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 37. Studies that follow a group of people for a number of years to determine whether certain variables predict disease are called ______. a. incidence rate studies b. retrospective c. prospective d. cross-sectional Ans: C Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Factual Answer Location: Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Designs Difficulty Level: Easy 38. ______ refers to the likelihood that a study will detect an effect when there is an effect there to be detected. a. External validity b. Statistical power c. Reliability d. P-hacking Ans: B Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Conceptual Answer Location: Application Showcase: The Replication Crisis in Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 39. Studies where one group gets an experimental drug and another gets a placebo are called ______. a. randomized clinical trials b. quasi-experimental studies c. correlational studies d. covariance studies Ans: A Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Randomized Control Trials Difficulty Level: Medium Instructor Resource Gurung, Health Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 40. An experiment is being conducted to determine the effects of caffeine intake on student performance. One group is made to drink 5 cups of coffee, the other group drinks 1 cup of coffee. They then take the exam. The independent variable is ______. a. the amount of caffeine consumed b. how alert the students are during the exam c. the group membership d. the students’ performance on the exam Ans: A Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs Difficulty Level: Medium 41. The p-value is an indication of ______. a. statistical significance b. internal validity c. eternal validity d. reliability Ans: A Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Correlational Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 42. Researchers select individuals who are HIV positive, and those who are not HIV positive, and train both in a certain form of coping. After a year, their health and wellbeing are compared and measured. This design is most likely a(n) ______. a. correlation b. retrospective c. experiment d. quasi-experiment Ans: D Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Applied Answer Location: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs Difficulty Level: Medium 43. An odds ratio of 1.0 suggests ______. a. the phenomenon is equally likely in both groups b. the study is unlikely to be able to be replicated c. the researcher engaged in p-hacking d. a perfect correlation Ans: A Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Instructor Resource Gurung, Health Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Answer Location: Odds Ratios Difficulty Level: Medium 44. There is often more than one variable influencing the other and to statistically control for this, researchers use a ______. a. partial correlation b. meta-analysis c. randomized controlled trial d. quasi-experimental design Ans: A Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Conceptual Answer Location: Correlational Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 45. The analytical research question whether men or women have a higher occurrence of heart attacks is called ______. a. regression analysis b. absolute risk c. cross-sectional d. odds ratio Ans: D Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Applied Answer Location: Odds Ratios Difficulty Level: Medium 46. Both the odds ratios and hazard ratio relate to ______. a. relative risk b. prevalence rate c. incidence rate d. the diversity of the sample Ans: A Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Conceptual Answer Location: Odds Ratios Difficulty Level: Medium 47. Dr. Varga reported the number of new cases of melanoma in 2017. She is reporting ______. a. the odds ratio b. the prevalence rate c. the incidence rate d. the predictive validity Ans: C Learning Objective: N/A Instructor Resource Gurung, Health Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Descriptive Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 48. If a researcher wanted to determine whether there was a significant difference between the Body Mass Index (BMI) scores of men and women she would use a(n) ______. a. correlation b. meta-analysis c. ANOVA d. regression analysis Ans: C Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Common Statistical Tests Difficulty Level: Medium 49. ______ refers to a person’s chance of developing a disease independent of any risk that other people may have. a. Absolute risk b. The odds ratio c. Prospective risk d. Logistic risk Ans: A Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Factual Answer Location: Odds Ratios Difficulty Level: Easy 50. In the classic study Alameda County study (Berkman & Syme, 1979), almost 7,000 people were asked about their social and community ties, and their death rate was tracked over 9 years. Results showed that those with fewer social and community ties were more likely to die during this period than were people with many such ties. This is an example of a(n) ______. a. replication study b. cross-sectional study c. longitudinal study d. meta-analysis Ans: C Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Designs Difficulty Level: Medium Instructor Resource Gurung, Health Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 True/False 1. The best way to determine cause and effect is to use a correlational design. Ans: F Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Conceptual Answer Location: Correlational Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Prospective studies are a type of longitudinal study. Ans: T Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Analytical Answer Location: Randomized Control Trials Difficulty Level: Medium 3. If a researcher wanted to know the risk of developing lung cancer for smokes compared to the risk for those who never smoked, she would calculate the relative risk. Ans: T Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Odds Ratios Difficulty Level: Hard 4. Both ANOVAS and MANOVAS test for differences between group means. Ans: T Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Conceptual Answer Location: Common Statistical Tests Difficulty Level: Medium 5. A researcher reported the number of people per 1,000 in the U.S. who are living with HIV. That researcher was reporting the prevalence rate. Ans: T Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Descriptive Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Age, ethnicity, and stress can be moderators, but they can never be mediators. Ans: T Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Moderators Versus Mediators Difficulty Level: Hard Instructor Resource Gurung, Health Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 7. Health psychologists agree that the best way to measure health is to define health in terms of the extent to which health improving behaviors are practiced. Ans: F Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Common Rubrics for Health Difficulty Level: Hard 8. Health psychology is different from other psychology fields in that it relies less on the scientific method and more on experience and common sense. Ans: F Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Conceptual Answer Location: A Research Primer Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Regarding research findings, all statistically significant change is meaningful change. Ans: F Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Conceptual Answer Location: Getting Statistically Savvy Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Because using naturally occurring groups is not a perfect experiment, such designs are referred to as quasi-experimental designs, and the independent variables are called subject variables. Ans: T Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Factual Answer Location: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs Difficulty Level: Easy Essay 1. What is a research question a health psychologist might investigate using a retrospective study? What is one advantage of a retrospective study over a prospective study? Ans: Answers will vary. They might discuss looking at a group of people with a particular disease and comparing their health practices to those who do not have the disease. One advantage of a retrospective study over a prospective study is that it takes less time and therefore, costs less because the people already have the disease. The participants do not have to be followed over time to determine who is going to get it and who will not. Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Application Instructor Resource Gurung, Health Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Answer Location: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Designs Difficulty Level: Medium 2. A researcher wants to determine the influence of a high fat diet on colon cancer. Explain why the researcher would need to use a quasi-experimental design. In addition, clearly label the independent (subject) variable and dependent variable. Ans: It would be unethical (and impractical) to randomly assign people to eat a high fat versus a low fat diet. For that reason, the participants in this study would have to be people who already differ in diet. The independent variable would be the type of diet (high or low fat) and the dependent variable would be whether or not they have colon cancer. Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Conceptual Answer Location: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Explain what a randomized controlled trial is. Why it is considered the gold standard in research? In other words, what are the benefits of this method over others? Ans: In these type of experiments one group gets an experimental drug or intervention and a second group gets a placebo. There may be more than one experimental group because they may get different levels of the drug. The benefit of this design is that it can determine causality because there is random assignment to different groups and the researcher can carefully control this research to be certain that the active intervention and not other factors, caused the observed changes. Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Conceptual Answer Location: Randomized Control Trials Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Give an example of a correlational study a health psychologist would conduct. Clearly state the hypothesis, the independent, and the dependent variables. What would be the limitation of this study? Ans: Answers will vary. The limitation is that correlations do not imply causation. Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Applied Answer Location: Correlational Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Briefly describe an intervention designed to get adolescents who vape/have been using e-cigarettes to quit. Describe their demographics and how you would you recruit your sample. What research design and statistics would you use to examine whether the intervention was effective? Ans: Answers will vary. Students will discuss different types of interventions (e.g., hearing from a peer who had negative outcomes) and should include a control group. The research design would be an experiment/randomized controlled trial and a hazard ratio would be calculated to compare the probability of those in the experimental group Instructor Resource Gurung, Health Psychology, 4e SAGE Publishing, 2019 (exposed to the intervention) quitting compared to those in the control group. Students would likely say that the study would need to be longitudinal to determine who quit, but others might say that a cross-sectional study could be conducted assessing attitudes to quit. Learning Objective: N/A Cognitive Domain: Analytical Answer Location: Randomized Control Trials Difficulty Level: Hard