Test Bank For Health Psychology: A Biopsychosocial Approach, 6th Edition

Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: Multiple Choice 1. A questioning approach to all information, including the information found in news reports, journal articles, or the arguments of others, best illustrates: a. the hindsight bias. b. overconfidence. c. critical thinking. d. effective psychology. ANSWER: c 2. A form of faulty reasoning in which our expectations prevent us from seeing alternative explanations for our observations is called: a. belief bias. b. overconfidence. c. confirmation bias. d. tautological reasoning. ANSWER: c 3. In the early twentieth century, many experts incorrectly attributed the disease pellagra to unsanitary sewage removal instead of a dietary deficiency. Their failure to consider alternative explanations for the disease and to leap to an untested conclusion is an example of: a. evidence-based reasoning. b. meta-analysis. c. confirmation bias. d. belief bias. ANSWER: c 4. The field of medicine that investigates the causes, spread, and control of disease within the population is: a. psychoneuroimmunology. b. behavioral medicine. c. epidemiology. d. psychosomatic medicine. ANSWER: c 5. A health psychologist who wishes to study the health outcomes of shift work decides to interview assembly line workers as they finish their shifts. In this example, the psychologist is conducting a(n) _____ study. a. epidemiological b. experimental c. descriptive d. observational ANSWER: c 6. A nonexperimental study in which a researcher observes and records participants’ behaviors, often forming hypotheses that are later tested more systematically, is called a(n): Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: Multiple Choice a. descriptive study. b. field study. c. experiment. d. correlational study. ANSWER: a 7. A descriptive study in which one person (or one group) is studied in depth in the hope of revealing general principles is called a: a. case study. b. placebo control. c. longitudinal study. d. natural experiment. ANSWER: a 8. After a detailed study of an Iraq War veteran, a health psychologist concludes that the stresses of war can cause long-lasting psychological damage. Which research method did the psychologist use to deduce this? a. survey b. case study c. cohort study d. experiment ANSWER: b 9. Which data collection method recruits a small number of participants to discuss a specified topic or issue together? a. naturalistic observation b. focus group c. survey d. statistical comparison ANSWER: b 10. In which type of research is a representative sample of people asked to answer questions about their attitudes or behaviors? a. case study b. naturalistic observation c. meta-analysis d. survey ANSWER: d 11. The procedure used to help ensure that the experimental and control groups do not differ in any way that might affect the results of an experiment is called: a. variable controlling. b. random assignment. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: Multiple Choice c. representative sampling. d. stratification. ANSWER: b 12. In this type of descriptive study, the researcher observes participants’ behavior and records relevant data: a. case study. b. survey. c. meta-analysis. d. observational study. ANSWER: d 13. Correlational research is most useful for: a. revealing cause-and-effect relationships. b. explanation. c. understanding the relationship between two variables. d. hypothesis testing. ANSWER: c 14. _______ is a statistical measure of the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. a. The p-value b. The correlation coefficient c. The prediction coefficient d. Beta ANSWER: b 15. This discovery by health psychologists—that the more cigarettes a person smokes each day, the shorter the person’s life expectancy—would demonstrate that: a. smoking and life expectancy are negatively correlated. b. smoking and life expectancy are positively correlated. c. smoking causes cancer. d. smoking is the only factor related to life expectancy. ANSWER: a 16. If blood pressure and height are positively correlated, you would expect a tall person to have: a. lower blood pressure than people who are shorter. b. higher blood pressure than people who are shorter. c. the same blood pressure as people who are shorter. d. higher blood pressure than people who are taller. ANSWER: b 17. A graphed cluster of data points, each of which represents the values of two variables in a descriptive study, Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: Multiple Choice is called a: a. bar graph. b. scatterplot. c. pie chart. d. box plot. ANSWER: b 18. A graph that shows the relationship between age and the use of health care by plotting individual pairs of values as points is called a(n): a. observational graph. b. line graph. c. scatterplot. d. correlation plot. ANSWER: c 19. Professor Armstrong wishes to construct a graph representing the correlation between the height and the weight of people in a particular group. She would be best advised to construct a: a. bar graph. b. line graph. c. scatterplot. d. meta-analysis. ANSWER: c 20. A positive correlation means that: a. data points fall in a downward slope from the upper left part of the graph to the lower right. b. one variable has beneficial health effects on another variable. c. the variables tend to increase in conjunction with one another. d. psychologists are certain that one variable causes another variable to change. ANSWER: c 21. Kendra mistakenly interprets a statement of association between two variables as evidence of causation. Angel, who understands Kendra’s error in interpreting the data, is demonstrating higher: a. prevalence. b. incidence. c. statistical literacy. d. meta-analysis. ANSWER: c 22. The ability to read and interpret statistics and think critically about arguments that use statistics as evidence is called statistical: a. literacy. b. proficiency. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: Multiple Choice c. competency. d. ability. ANSWER: a 23. In a study of the effects of alcohol consumption on mood, alcohol would be the _____ variable. a. experimental b. dependent c. correlational d. independent ANSWER: d 24. In an experiment, the factor that may be influenced by the experimental treatment is the _____ variable. a. experimental b. dependent c. correlational d. independent ANSWER: b 25. The group that is exposed to the condition or treatment of interest in an experiment is the: a. control group. b. baseline group. c. experimental group. d. standardized group. ANSWER: c 26. To study the potential effects of social isolation on blood pressure, some research participants were instructed to solve problems while working together while others solved problems while working alone. Those who worked alone were assigned to the: a. control group. b. baseline group. c. experimental group. d. correlational group. ANSWER: a 27. Maria believes that high doses of caffeine speed up a person’s reaction time. In order to test her hunch, she has five friends each drink three 8-ounce cups of coffee and then she measures how quickly they are able to push a button when a tone is sounded. What is wrong with Maria’s research strategy? a. No independent variable has been specified. b. No dependent variable has been specified. c. There is no control condition. d. There is no provision for repeating the experiment. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: Multiple Choice ANSWER: c 28. A research design in which the researcher directly manipulates the independent variable and the assignment to treatment is a(n): a. experimental design. b. quasi-experimental design. c. observational design. d. correlational design. ANSWER: a 29. A study comparing two groups that differ naturally on a specific variable of interest is called a: a. longitudinal study. b. cross-sectional study. c. retrospective study. d. quasi-experiment. ANSWER: d 30. When health psychologists study variables that cannot be manipulated, they often conduct a: a. randomized clinical trial. b. quasi-experiment. c. community field trial. d. laboratory experiment. ANSWER: b 31. Professor House believes that regular exercise boosts academic achievement. To find out if that is true, she compares, over the course of six months, the academic achievement of (1) a group of students who, by their own admission, get little or no exercise and (2) a group of students who exercise regularly. This is an example of a(n): a. double-blind study. b. expectancy study. c. quasi-experiment. d. clinical trial. ANSWER: c 32. Roger is conducting an experiment in which he is comparing the health literacy rates of a group of individuals with genius-level IQs to the health literacy rates of a group of individuals with average-level IQs. In this example, IQ is: a. the independent variable. b. the confounding variable. c. the dependent variable. d. the subject variable. ANSWER: d Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: Multiple Choice 33. In a quasi-experiment, the _____ group takes the place of a _____ group. a. comparison; control b. control; comparison c. comparison; experimental d. control; experimental ANSWER: a 34. A study comparing representative groups of people of various ages on a particular dependent variable is called a: a. longitudinal study. b. cross-sectional study. c. epidemiological study. d. field study. ANSWER: b 35. The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance (YRBS) study is an example of a(n) _____ study. a. experimental b. cohort c. longitudinal d. cross-sectional ANSWER: d 36. Which situation is an example of longitudinal research? a. A researcher compares the ways that many different age groups perform on a memory test. b. A researcher compares how, at different ages, the same group of people performs on a memory test. c. An investigator compares the performance of an experimental group and a control group of participants on a memory test. d. A researcher compares the performance of several different age groups on a test of memory as each group is tested repeatedly over a period of years. ANSWER: b 37. What is the main drawback of longitudinal studies? a. You cannot observe health changes that occur gradually. b. They are very time consuming. c. Too many people want to participate, which skews the results. d. No correlations can be drawn from this type of study. ANSWER: b 38. A characteristic or condition (such as smoking) that occurs with greater frequency in people with a disease (such as lung cancer) than it does in disease-free people is known as a: a. pathogen. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 7 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: Multiple Choice b. virus. c. risk factor. d. immunogen. ANSWER: c 39. When epidemiologists track the number of deaths due to a specific cause in a given group, at a given time, they are tracking: a. mortality. b. morbidity. c. incidence. d. prevalence. ANSWER: a 40. Mortality is to death as morbidity is to: a. trauma. b. disease. c. mortality. d. pathogens. ANSWER: b 41. Morbidity refers to the: a. number of unfavorable health outcomes in a group of people at a given time. b. number of deaths due to a specific cause. c. new cases of a disease in a specific population. d. total number of diagnosed cases of a disease or condition. ANSWER: a 42. Mortality refers to the: a. number of unfavorable health outcomes in a group of people at a given time. b. number of deaths due to a specific cause. c. number of new cases of a disease in a specific population. d. total number of diagnosed cases of a disease or condition. ANSWER: b 43. Incidence refers to the: a. number of unfavorable health outcomes in a group of people at a given time. b. number of deaths due to a specific cause. c. number of new cases of a disease in a specific population. d. total number of diagnosed cases of a disease or condition. ANSWER: c Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: Multiple Choice 44. Prevalence refers to the: a. number of unfavorable health outcomes in a group of people at a given time. b. number of deaths due to a specific cause. c. number of new cases of a disease in a specific population. d. total number of diagnosed cases of a disease or condition at a given time. ANSWER: d 45. Dr. Sengupta is conducting research on the etiology of bird flu. This means that she wants to understand the: a. number of new cases of the disease each year. b. total number of diagnosed cases of the disease. c. origins of the disease. d. relationship between the age of patients and the disease. ANSWER: c 46. John Snow’s investigation of the 1848 cholera epidemic in London is an example of which type of research study? a. cross-sectional b. randomized clinical trial c. quasi-experiment d. retrospective study ANSWER: d 47. Which type of study begins with a group of people who are already suffering from a disease and then examines factors associated with that disease? a. experimental b. placebo c. prospective d. retrospective ANSWER: d 48. Which type of epidemiological study played an important role in initially identifying the risk factors that led to AIDS? a. a retrospective study b. a prospective study c. a randomized clinical trial d. a meta-analysis ANSWER: a 49. Longitudinal epidemiological studies that begin with people who are disease-free and are then followed for a period of years are called: a. retrospective studies. b. prospective studies. Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 9 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: Multiple Choice c. correlational studies. d. cross-sectional studies. ANSWER: b 50. Which epidemiological method is essentially the same as a longitudinal study? a. a retrospective study b. a prospective study c. a randomized clinical trial d. a meta-analysis ANSWER: b 51. Which epidemiological method is essentially the same as a true experiment? a. a retrospective study b. a prospective study c. a randomized clinical trial d. a meta-analysis ANSWER: c 52. In one study, health psychologists compared the reading level of children who attended a school close to a noisy airport with the reading level of children attending a school in a much quieter area. This is an example of a: a. quasi-experimental study. b. retrospective study. c. prospective study. d. randomized clinical trial. ANSWER: d 53. A quantitative technique that combines the results of many different studies that examine the same effect or phenomenon is called a: a. meta-analysis. b. relative risk study. c. qualitative research study. d. double-blind study. ANSWER: a 54. Professor Gomez conducts a meta-analysis of the estimated number of diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States. She finds that certain groups continue to be disproportionately affected by the virus. Which group of individuals is she most likely to find most affected? a. female, biracial, female having sex with female, injection drug users b. male, Hispanic/Latino, heterosexual, married men c. male, African American, men having sex with men d. female, Native American, heterosexual, sex workers Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 10 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: Multiple Choice ANSWER: c 55. Which of these is NOT a basic condition that must be met before a cause-and-effect relationship between a risk factor and a health outcome can be inferred? a. The evidence must be consistent. b. The relationship need not make sense. c. There must be a dose–response relationship. d. The alleged cause must have been in place before the health outcome appeared. ANSWER: b 56. A statistical indicator of the likelihood of a causal relationship between a specific risk factor and a health outcome is: a. meta-analysis. b. effect size. c. attributable risk. d. relative risk. ANSWER: d 57. The ratio of the prevalence of a health condition in a group exposed to a particular risk factor to the prevalence of that condition in a group not exposed to the risk factor is called: a. prevalence. b. the incidence–prevalence ratio. c. the prevalence–incidence ratio. d. relative risk. ANSWER: d 58. The actual amount of a disease that can be attributed to exposure to a particular risk factor is called the: a. prevalence ratio. b. incidence–prevalence ratio. c. attributable risk. d. relative risk. ANSWER: c 59. We determine attributable risk by subtracting the _____ rate of a disease in people who have been exposed to a risk factor from the _____ rate of the disease in people who have not been exposed to the risk factor. a. incidence; prevalence b. prevalence; incidence c. prevalence; prevalence d. incidence; incidence ANSWER: d 60. Epidemiologists have found that sedentary people are twice as likely to develop a particular health condition Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 11 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: Multiple Choice as people who exercise regularly. This means that: a. sedentary people have a relative risk of 2.0 for this health condition. b. sedentary people have a relative risk of 0.50 for this health condition. c. there is a cause-and-effect relationship between lack of exercise and the health condition. d. lack of exercise is the only contributing factor to development of the health condition. ANSWER: a 61. Medical residency programs today train new physicians to critically appraise research by using the principles of: a. allopathic medicine. b. holistic medicine. c. evidence-based medicine. d. homeopathic medicine. ANSWER: c 62. Qualitative researchers: a. use the highest-quality technology in their studies. b. never use quantitative data in their studies. c. study how participants’ personal qualities are risk factors for unfavorable health outcomes. d. ask open-ended questions and report responses in narrative form. ANSWER: d 63. Why do many health psychologists turn to qualitative research? a. When data are presented in numbers, some information may be lost. b. Quantitative research requires too much statistical analysis. c. Qualitative research takes less time. d. Participants are less likely to drop out of a qualitative study. ANSWER: a 64. Why is it important for researchers to obtain informed consent? a. Most participants in research studies are under the age of 18 and need to demonstrate that they have the cognitive capacity to understand the procedures. b. Participants need to understand the procedures and agree to participate, especially if there are risks involved. c. Researchers do not want to be accused of stealing another person’s ideas. d. Participants should consent to be informed of the results after the study. ANSWER: b 65. What is a debrief? a. a shorter version of a study aimed at reproducing the results of a larger study b. a hearing for a researcher who has violated codes of ethical conduct in research Copyright Macmillan Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 12 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: Multiple Choice c. the process in which research participants are given more details about the study after its completion d. brief verbal consent granted by a participant with full knowledge of the potential risks involved in a study ANSWER: c Copyright Macmillan Learning. 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