Test Bank for Exploring Child Development, 1st Edition

CHAPTER 2 GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FOUNDATIONS MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Christine is 5′7″ tall and has blue eyes. Such directly observable characteristics are called ________. A) alleles B) phenotypes C) chromosomes D) genotypes Answer: B Page Ref: 40 Skill Level: Apply Objective: 2.1 Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Easy 2. A person’s lifelong history of experiences would affect her or his__________ . A) genotype B) cytoplasm C) phenotype D) gametes Answer: C Page Ref: 40 Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.1 Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Moderate 3. Our ________ determine(s) our species and influence(s) all our unique characteristics. A) genotype B) phenotypes C) regulator genes D) karyotype Answer: A Page Ref: 40 Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.1 Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Easy 4. The ________ is the control center within each of the trillions of cells (except red blood cells) in the human body. Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 1 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e A) genotype B) gamete C) autosome D) nucleus Answer: D Page Ref: 40 Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.1 Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Chromosomes look like ________. A) spheres B) cones C) rods D) cubes Answer: C Page Ref: 40 Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.1 Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Moderate 6. Which statement about human chromosomes is true? A) They come in 46 matching pairs. B) They store and transmit genetic information. C) In females, each chromosome is inherited from the mother. D) Each member of a chromosome pair has a different size, shape, and genetic function. Answer: B Page Ref: 40 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.1 Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Moderate 7. A molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) looks like a ________. A) long cylinder B) small sphere C) twisted ladder D) bundle of rods Answer: C Page Ref: 41 (Figure 2.2) Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 2 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.1 Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Easy 8. A ________ is a segment of DNA along the length of the chromosome. A) phenotype B) genotype C) gene D) gamete Answer: C Page Ref: 41 Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.1 Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Protein-coding genes ________. A) directly affect our body’s characteristics B) modify instructions given by regulator genes C) come in 23 matching pairs D) are formed through meiosis Answer: A Page Ref: 41 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.1 Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Moderate 10. The area surrounding the cell nucleus is called the ________. A) zygote B) cytoplasm C) gamete D) gene Answer: B Page Ref: 41 Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.1 Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Moderate 11. ________, which trigger chemical reactions throughout the body, are the biological foundation on which our characteristics are built. Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 3 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e A) Phenotypes B) Proteins C) Carbohydrates D) Autosomes Answer: B Page Ref: 41 Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.1 Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Moderate 12. Lynn, a Tahitian, and Sasha, a Russian, are about ________ percent genetically identical. A) 46 B) 79.6 C) 95 D) 99.6 Answer: D Page Ref: 41 Skill Level: Apply Objective: 2.1 Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Which of the following statements about human genetic makeup is true? A) We do not share any of our DNA with other mammals. B) It takes changes in multiple DNA base pairs to influence human traits. C) The species-specific genetic material responsible for human attributes is extensive. D) Gene expression within human cells cannot be modified by environmental factors. Answer: C Page Ref: 41 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.1 Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Difficult 14. The sperm and the ovum are otherwise known as ________. A) autosomes B) gametes C) zygotes D) phenotypes Answer: B Page Ref: 41 Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 4 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.1 Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Easy 15. A human gamete ________. A) contains 46 chromosomes B) is formed through mitosis C) contains 23 chromosomes D) is formed when the chromosomes copy themselves Answer: C Page Ref: 41 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.1 Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Moderate 16. ________ is the process that halves the number of chromosomes normally present in body cells. A) Mutation B) Genomic imprinting C) Cytoplasm D) Meiosis Answer: D Page Ref: 41 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.1 Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Moderate 17. When sperm and ovum unite at conception, a(n) ________ results. A) autosome B) gamete C) zygote D) allele Answer: C Page Ref: 41 Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.1 Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Easy 18. The exchange of chromosome segments during meiosis results in ________. A) severe mutations Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 5 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e B) an extremely low likelihood that nontwin siblings will be genetically identical C) higher rates of fraternal twins D) higher numbers of female zygotes than male zygotes Answer: B Page Ref: 41 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.1 Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Moderate 19. A healthy man can father a child ________. A) at any age after sexual maturity B) until about age 30 C) until about age 50 D) until about age 70 Answer: A Page Ref: 41 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.1 Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Easy 20. Autosomes are chromosomes that are ________. A) sex cells B) zygotes C) not matching D) not sex chromosomes Answer: D Page Ref: 42 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.1 Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Moderate 21. In females, the twenty-third pair of chromosomes is called ________. A) an autosome B) dizygotic C) XX D) XY Answer: C Page Ref: 42 Skill Level: Understand Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 6 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e Objective: 2.1 Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Easy 22. Taylor’s twenty-third pair of chromosomes is XY. Taylor is ________. A) genetically male B) a fraternal twin C) genetically female D) an identical twin Answer: A Page Ref: 42 Skill Level: Apply Objective: 2.1 Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Moderate 23. Patsy and Terry are fraternal twins. This type of twinning results from ________. A) a zygote that duplicates and separates into two clusters of cells B) the fertilization of one ovum by two Y-bearing sperm C) the release and fertilization of two ova D) the fertilization of one ovum by two X-bearing sperm Answer: C Page Ref: 42 Skill Level: Apply Objective: 2.1 Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Moderate 24. Fraternal twins are ________. A) genetically identical B) genetically no more alike than ordinary siblings C) less common than other types of multiple offspring D) less likely with each additional birth Answer: B Page Ref: 42 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.1 Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Moderate 25. Industrialized nations have seen a dramatic rise in multiple births in recent decades, in part as a result of ________. A) genetic influences Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 7 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e B) poor nutrition among childbearing women C) slimmer average body builds D) the use of fertility drugs Answer: D Page Ref: 42 Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.1 Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Moderate 26. A zygote that separates into two clusters of cells instead of just one produces ________. A) identical twins B) dizygotic twins C) triplets D) homozygous offspring Answer: A Page Ref: 42 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.1 Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Moderate 27. Animal research shows that a variety of environmental influences prompt monozygotic twinning, including ________. A) early fertilization of the ovum B) young maternal age C) variation in oxygen levels D) poor diet Answer: C Page Ref: 42 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.1 Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Moderate 28. During their early years, children of single births often ________ than twins. A) develop more slowly B) are healthier C) have more shrill cries D) are more sickly Answer: B Page Ref: 42 Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 8 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.1 Explain what genes are and how they are transmitted from one generation to the next. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Moderate 29. In dominant–recessive inheritance, the one allele that affects the child’s characteristics is called ________. A) dominant–recessive B) dominant C) recessive D) a carrier Answer: B Page Ref: 43 Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.2 Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Easy 30. Phil has blond hair. This means that Phil inherited a ________ pair of ________ alleles for hair color. A) homozygous; recessive B) heterozygous; dominant C) homozygous; dominant D) heterozygous; recessive Answer: A Page Ref: 43 Skill Level: Apply Objective: 2.2 Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Difficult 31. One well-known recessive disorder is ________, which affects the way the body breaks down proteins contained in many foods. A) sickle cell anemia B) Huntington disease C) Tay-Sachs disease D) phenylketonuria (PKU) Answer: D Page Ref: 43 Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.2 Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Easy Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 9 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e 32. Which statement is supported by research on dominant and recessive diseases? A) Children who inherit a dominant allele for a disorder are protected from developing it. B) Males are more likely than females to inherit recessive disorders carried on the autosomes. C) Only rarely are serious diseases due to dominant alleles. D) Recessive alleles have no effect on individuals’ characteristics. Answer: C Page Ref: 43 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.2 Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Moderate 33. Carriers of the sickle cell allele ________. A) often do not display symptoms until after they have passed the trait on to their children B) can be treated during infancy if placed on a diet that is low in phenylalanine C) are more resistant to malaria than are individuals with two alleles for normal red blood cells D) develop sickle-shaped white blood cells that attack the brain Answer: C Page Ref: 43 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.2 Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Moderate 34. Eric is more likely than his sister to be negatively affected by X-linked disorders because ________. A) males are more likely than females to inherit harmful recessive alleles B) the Y chromosome is much longer than the X chromosome C) the Y chromosome lacks many corresponding genes to override those on the X chromosome D) his sex chromosomes match Answer: C Page Ref: 44 Skill Level: Apply Objective: 2.2 Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Difficult 35. The majority of individuals with fragile X syndrome suffer from ________. A) a high incidence of childhood cancer B) attention deficits and high anxiety C) numerous health problems linked to severe obesity D) a high incidence of diabetes Answer: B Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 10 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e Page Ref: 44 Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.2 Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Moderate 36. Which of the following is true about sex differences among offspring? A) Rates of miscarriage and birth defects are higher for girls. B) Rates of learning disabilities and behavior disorders are higher for girls. C) Boys are less likely than girls are to inherit hemophilia. D) Worldwide, a greater number of boys are conceived and born than girls. Answer: D Page Ref: 44 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.2 Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Moderate 37. In __________ , alleles are chemically marked, within the ovum or sperm, in such a way that one pair member is silenced, leaving the other to be expressed regardless of its makeup. A) genomic imprinting B) X-linked inheritance C) somatic mutation D) incomplete dominance Answer: A Page Ref: 45 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.2 Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Difficult 38. Children are more likely to develop diabetes if their father, rather than their mother, suffers from the illness. This pattern of inheritance is best explained by ________. A) incomplete dominance B) X-linked inheritance C) genomic imprinting D) genetic mutation Answer: C Page Ref: 45 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.2 Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Moderate Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 11 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e 39. Which statement about mutation is true? A) Some mutations occur spontaneously, simply by chance. B) Mutations cannot be caused by environmental agents. C) The process of mutation depends on the interaction of many genes. D) Germline mutations show us that each of us has a single, permanent genotype. Answer: A Page Ref: 45 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.2 Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Moderate 40. In ________, normal body cells mutate, an event that can occur at any time of life. A) somatic mutation B) germline mutation C) polygenic inheritance D) genomic imprinting Answer: A Page Ref: 45 Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.2 Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Easy 41. Terrence is 6′2″ tall and weighs 165 pounds. His brother Jayquan is 5′9″ tall and weighs 210 pounds. These traits are due to ________. A) dominant‒recessive inheritance B) polygenic inheritance C) somatic mutation D) germline mutation Answer: B Page Ref: 45 Skill Level: Apply Objective: 2.2 Describe various patterns of gene–gene interaction. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Moderate 42. Most chromosomal defects result from ________. A) X-linked disorders B) somatic mutation C) mistakes during meiosis D) recessive disorders Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 12 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e Answer: C Page Ref: 46 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.3 Describe major chromosomal abnormalities, and explain how they occur. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Moderate 43. As a result of a failure of the twenty-first pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis, Aziz received three of these chromosomes rather than the normal two. Aziz has ________ syndrome. A) XYY B) Klinefelter C) Turner D) Down Answer: D Page Ref: 46 Skill Level: Apply Objective: 2.3 Describe major chromosomal abnormalities, and explain how they occur. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Difficult 44. About 70 percent of individuals with Down syndrome who live past age 40 show symptoms of ________ disease. A) Prader-Willi B) Huntington C) Alzheimer’s D) kidney Answer: C Page Ref: 46 Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.3 Describe major chromosomal abnormalities, and explain how they occur. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Easy 45. Which woman is at the greatest risk of bearing a baby with Down syndrome? A) Gemma, age 15 B) Melina, age 24 C) Ursula, age 28 D) Kay, age 44 Answer: D Page Ref: 46 Skill Level: Apply Objective: 2.3 Describe major chromosomal abnormalities, and explain how they occur. Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 13 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Difficult 46. Manny inherited an extra X chromosome. If he is like many boys with Klinefelter syndrome, Manny will have difficulty ________. A) with reading and vocabulary B) drawing pictures C) following travel directions D) managing aggression Answer: A Page Ref: 47 Skill Level: Apply Objective: 2.3 Describe major chromosomal abnormalities, and explain how they occur. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Difficult 47. Research on sex chromosome disorders shows that ________. A) males with XYY syndrome are more aggressive and antisocial than XY males B) verbal difficulties are common among females who are missing an X chromosome C) girls who are missing an X chromosome have trouble with spatial relationships D) most children with these disorders suffer from intellectual disability Answer: C Page Ref: 47 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.3 Describe major chromosomal abnormalities, and explain how they occur. Topic: Genetic Foundations Difficulty Level: Moderate 48. Which of the following is true about genetic counseling? A) It involves medical procedures that permit detection of developmental problems before birth. B) It helps couples assess their chances of giving birth to a baby with a hereditary disorder. C) It is not useful for individuals who know that genetic problems exist in their families. D) Genetic markers for autism are found in a majority of affected people. Answer: B Page Ref: 47 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.4 Discuss counseling, medical procedures, and reproductive options that can assist prospective parents in having healthy children. Topic: Reproductive Choices Difficulty Level: Moderate Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 14 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e 49. If a family history of intellectual disabilities, psychological disorders, physical defects, or inherited diseases exists, a genetic counselor prepares a ________, which identifies affected relatives in a couple’s family tree. A) pedigree B) genetic marker C) maternal blood analysis D) preimplantation genetic diagnosis Answer: A Page Ref: 48 Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.4 Discuss counseling, medical procedures, and reproductive options that can assist prospective parents in having healthy children. Topic: Reproductive Choices Difficulty Level: Easy 50. Which statement about donor insemination is true? A) It is commonly used to overcome female reproductive difficulties. B) It involves giving a woman hormones that stimulate the ripening of several ova. C) It permits women without a male partner to become pregnant. D) It is used to treat women whose fallopian tubes are permanently damaged. Answer: C Page Ref: 48–49 Box: SOCIAL ISSUES: The Pros and Cons of Reproductive Technologies Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.4 Discuss counseling, medical procedures, and reproductive options that can assist prospective parents in having healthy children. Topic: Reproductive Choices Difficulty Level: Moderate 51. Usually, in vitro fertilization ________. A) is increasingly successful with age. B) poses less risk to infant survival than natural conception C) is used to treat women whose fallopian tubes are permanently damaged D) involves the wealthy as contractors for infants Answer: C Page Ref: 48–49 Box: SOCIAL ISSUES: The Pros and Cons of Reproductive Technologies Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.4 Discuss counseling, medical procedures, and reproductive options that can assist prospective parents in having healthy children. Topic: Reproductive Choices Difficulty Level: Difficult 52. Which statement about children conceived through reproductive technologies is true? Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 15 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e A) The limited studies completed thus far show that children born through a surrogate arrangement are generally poorly adjusted. B) Compared with their naturally conceived counterparts, caregiving is somewhat warmer for young children conceived through donor insemination or in vitro fertilization. C) The majority of in vitro procedures result in the birth of twins. D) Adolescents conceived through donor insemination tend to be less well-adjusted than their naturally conceived counterparts. Answer: B Page Ref: 48–49 Box: SOCIAL ISSUES: The Pros and Cons of Reproductive Technologies Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.4 Discuss counseling, medical procedures, and reproductive options that can assist prospective parents in having healthy children. Topic: Reproductive Choices Difficulty Level: Moderate 53. Which statement is accurate regarding emerging issues in the use of reproductive technologies? A) Ample longitudinal evidence shows that children conceived by reproductive technologies are mentally and physically healthier than their naturally conceived counterparts. B) Most countries have adopted a “hands-off” policy toward regulating reproductive technologies. C) A clear pattern of birth defects resulting from surrogate motherhood has led to a ban on that practice in Ireland and Sweden. D) Many ethical questions concerning techniques such as surrogate motherhood and in vitro fertilization continue to be debated. Answer: D Page Ref: 48–49 Box: SOCIAL ISSUES: The Pros and Cons of Reproductive Technologies Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.4 Discuss counseling, medical procedures, and reproductive options that can assist prospective parents in having healthy children. Topic: Reproductive Choices Difficulty Level: Difficult 54. To detect developmental problems before birth, doctors use ________. A) prenatal diagnostic methods B) genomic imprinting C) gene therapy D) genomewide testing methods Answer: A Page Ref: 49 Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.4 Discuss counseling, medical procedures, and reproductive options that can assist prospective parents in having healthy children. Topic: Reproductive Choices Difficulty Level: Easy Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 16 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e 55. Except for ________, prenatal diagnosis should not be used routinely because of injury risks to the developing organism. A) amniocentesis B) fetoscopy C) chorionic villus sampling D) maternal blood analysis Answer: D Page Ref: 49 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.4 Discuss counseling, medical procedures, and reproductive options that can assist prospective parents in having healthy children. Topic: Reproductive Choices Difficulty Level: Moderate 56. ________ is the most widely used prenatal diagnostic method. A) Amniocentesis B) Chorionic villus sampling C) Ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging D) Fetoscopy Answer: A Page Ref: 50 Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.4 Discuss counseling, medical procedures, and reproductive options that can assist prospective parents in having healthy children. Topic: Reproductive Choices Difficulty Level: Easy 57. Which prenatal diagnostic method is used after in vitro fertilization but before implantation? A) chorionic villus sampling B) ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging C) fetoscopy D) preimplantation genetic diagnosis Answer: D Page Ref: 50 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.4 Discuss counseling, medical procedures, and reproductive options that can assist prospective parents in having healthy children. Topic: Reproductive Choices Difficulty Level: Difficult 58. The modification of gene-specified proteins involved in biological aging and disease is known as ________. Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 17 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e A) fetoscopy B) amniocentesis C) proteomics D) gene therapy Answer: C Page Ref: 50 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.4 Discuss counseling, medical procedures, and reproductive options that can assist prospective parents in having healthy children. Topic: Reproductive Choices Difficulty Level: Moderate 59. Adopted children and adolescents tend to ________. A) almost immediately develop feelings of trust and affection toward their adoptive parents B) fare better if they are adopted in their birth country after infancy and toddlerhood C) develop less favorably than institutionalized agemates who remain in their birth country D) have more learning and emotional difficulties than other children Answer: D Page Ref: 51 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.4 Discuss counseling, medical procedures, and reproductive options that can assist prospective parents in having healthy children. Topic: Reproductive Choices Difficulty Level: Moderate 60. Most adopted children ________. A) fare well, despite the risks associated with adoption B) have persistent social problems C) are less intelligent than their biological relatives D) have persistent cognitive problems Answer: A Page Ref: 51 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.4 Discuss counseling, medical procedures, and reproductive options that can assist prospective parents in having healthy children. Topic: Reproductive Choices Difficulty Level: Moderate 61. When Brooke is cooperative, her parents are likely to be warm and gentle in the future. This is an example of a(n) ________ influence between parents and their children. A) direct B) coparenting C) maladaptive Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 18 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e D) indirect Answer: A Page Ref: 53 Skill Level: Apply Objective: 2.5 Describe family functioning from the perspective of ecological systems theory, along with aspects of the environment that support family well-being and development. Topic: Environmental Contexts for Development Difficulty Level: Moderate 62. Amelia and Andrew praise and stimulate their children, and they mutually support each other’s parenting behaviors. Amelia and Andrew engage in effective ________. A) induction B) permissive parenting C) coparenting D) niche-picking Answer: C Page Ref: 53 Skill Level: Apply Objective: 2.5 Describe family functioning from the perspective of ecological systems theory, along with aspects of the environment that support family well-being and development. Topic: Environmental Contexts for Development Difficulty Level: Moderate 63. People who work in skilled and semiskilled manual occupations tend to ________ than people in professional and technical occupations. A) marry later B) have more children C) talk to their children more D) give their children more verbal praise Answer: B Page Ref: 54 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.5 Describe family functioning from the perspective of ecological systems theory, along with aspects of the environment that support family well-being and development. Topic: Environmental Contexts for Development Difficulty Level: Moderate 64. When asked about personal qualities they desire for their children, higher-SES parents are more likely to emphasize ________. A) obedience B) politeness C) happiness D) cleanliness Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 19 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e Answer: C Page Ref: 54 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.5 Describe family functioning from the perspective of ecological systems theory, along with aspects of the environment that support family well-being and development. Topic: Environmental Contexts for Development Difficulty Level: Moderate 65. Throughout childhood and adolescence, children in higher-SES families tend to ________ than children in lower-SES families. A) receive more criticism from their parents B) demonstrate more limited language development C) be allowed fewer opportunities to make their own decisions D) do better in school Answer: D Page Ref: 54 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.5 Describe family functioning from the perspective of ecological systems theory, along with aspects of the environment that support family well-being and development. Topic: Environmental Contexts for Development Difficulty Level: Easy 66. Of all Western nations, ________ has the highest percentage of extremely poor children. A) the United States B) Canada C) Germany D) France Answer: A Page Ref: 55 Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.5 Describe family functioning from the perspective of ecological systems theory, along with aspects of the environment that support family well-being and development. Topic: Environmental Contexts for Development Difficulty Level: Easy 67. Nearly 9 percent of ________ children live in deep poverty. A) Canadian B) U.S. C) Norwegian D) Swedish Answer: B Page Ref: 55 Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 20 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.5 Describe family functioning from the perspective of ecological systems theory, along with aspects of the environment that support family well-being and development. Topic: Environmental Contexts for Development Difficulty Level: Easy 68. In several studies, affluent teenagers were ________ likely than youths in general to ________. A) less; engage in alcohol and drug use B) more; report high levels of anxiety and depression C) less; commit delinquent acts D) more; have physically and emotionally available parents Answer: B Page Ref: 56 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.5 Describe family functioning from the perspective of ecological systems theory, along with aspects of the environment that support family well-being and development. Topic: Environmental Contexts for Development Difficulty Level: Moderate 69. An experimental study of neighborhood mobility found that compared with peers who remained in poverty-stricken areas, children and youths who moved into low-poverty neighborhoods and remained there for several years showed ________. A) more mental health problems B) better school achievement C) more physical health problems D) more social problems Answer: B Page Ref: 56 Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.5 Describe family functioning from the perspective of ecological systems theory, along with aspects of the environment that support family well-being and development. Topic: Environmental Contexts for Development Difficulty Level: Easy 70. Neighborhood resources ________. A) play little or no role in children’s development B) have a greater impact on adults than on children and youths C) tend to benefit children from affluent families D) have a greater impact on economically disadvantaged than on well-to-do young people Answer: D Page Ref: 57 Skill Level: Understand Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 21 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e Objective: 2.5 Describe family functioning from the perspective of ecological systems theory, along with aspects of the environment that support family well-being and development. Topic: Environmental Contexts for Development Difficulty Level: Moderate 71. Longitudinal follow-up research on the Better Beginnings, Better Futures Project of Ontario, Canada, revealed a(n) ________. A) reduction in children’s social adjustment B) increase in adolescent delinquency C) improved sense of community connection D) reduction in children’s academic achievement Answer: C Page Ref: 57 Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.5 Describe family functioning from the perspective of ecological systems theory, along with aspects of the environment that support family well-being and development. Topic: Environmental Contexts for Development Difficulty Level: Moderate 72. Students whose parents are involved in school activities and attend parent–teacher conferences ________. A) show better academic achievement B) often feel uncomfortable about coming to school C) are more likely to attend underfunded schools D) are less likely to graduate from high school Answer: A Page Ref: 58 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.5 Describe family functioning from the perspective of ecological systems theory, along with aspects of the environment that support family well-being and development. Topic: Environmental Contexts for Development Difficulty Level: Moderate 73. One reason that Americans have been reluctant to accept the idea of government-supported benefits for all families, such as high-quality child care, is that ________. A) few mothers of very young children work outside the home B) it is widely believed that child care is harmful to young children C) most grandparents provide regular child care D) American values emphasize independence and self-reliance Answer: D Page Ref: 58 Skill Level: Understand Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 22 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e Objective: 2.5 Describe family functioning from the perspective of ecological systems theory, along with aspects of the environment that support family well-being and development. Topic: Environmental Contexts for Development Difficulty Level: Difficult 74. People who belong to ________ have beliefs and customs that differ from those of the larger culture. A) microsystems B) subcultures C) macrosystems D) collectivist societies Answer: B Page Ref: 58 Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.5 Describe family functioning from the perspective of ecological systems theory, along with aspects of the environment that support family well-being and development. Topic: Environmental Contexts for Development Difficulty Level: Easy 75. Which of the following is true about extended-family households? A) Active, involved extended families are not typical among Asian and Native-American subcultures. B) In extended-family households, children receive less attentive care. C) In Hispanic extended families, grandparents are unlikely to share in rearing young children. D) Extended-family households are a vital feature of African-American family life that promotes resilience in children. Answer: D Page Ref: 59 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.5 Describe family functioning from the perspective of ecological systems theory, along with aspects of the environment that support family well-being and development. Topic: Environmental Contexts for Development Difficulty Level: Moderate 76. In cultures that emphasize collectivism, people value ________. A) independence B) personal achievement C) collaborative endeavors D) choice in relationships Answer: C Page Ref: 59 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.5 Describe family functioning from the perspective of ecological systems theory, along with aspects of the environment that support family well-being and development. Topic: Environmental Contexts for Development Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 23 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e Difficulty Level: Easy 77. The United States is more ________ than most Western European countries, which place greater weight on ________. A) collectivistic; individualism B) individualistic; independence C) collectivistic; interdependence D) individualistic; collectivism Answer: D Page Ref: 59 Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.5 Describe family functioning from the perspective of ecological systems theory, along with aspects of the environment that support family well-being and development. Topic: Environmental Contexts for Development Difficulty Level: Moderate 78. In the United States, public policies safeguarding children and youths ________. A) have served as a model for international standards B) have lagged behind policies in other developed nations C) undergo federal inspection and revision every two years D) were among the first to be established in the international community Answer: B Page Ref: 59 Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.5 Describe family functioning from the perspective of ecological systems theory, along with aspects of the environment that support family well-being and development. Topic: Environmental Contexts for Development Difficulty Level: Easy 79. ________ does not rank well on important key measures of children’s health and well-being. A) Canada B) Belgium C) Australia D) The United States Answer: D Page Ref: 59 Table 2.2 Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.5 Describe family functioning from the perspective of ecological systems theory, along with aspects of the environment that support family well-being and development. Topic: Environmental Contexts for Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 24 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e 80. A comparison of the United States with other nations on indicators of children’s health and well-being shows that the United States ________. A) has a higher infant death rate than Canada B) has a lower teenage birth rate than Poland C) spends more public funds on education than Sweden D) spends more public funds on early childhood education than Germany Answer: A Page Ref: 59, Table 2.2 Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.5 Describe family functioning from the perspective of ecological systems theory, along with aspects of the environment that support family well-being and development. Topic: Environmental Contexts for Development Difficulty Level: Difficult 81. The Affordable Care Act of 2010________. A) mandated affordable health insurance for low-income adults in all states B) extended government-supported health insurance to all children in low-income families C) created a universal, publicly funded health care system for all American families D) created national standards and public funding for child care in the United States Answer: B Page Ref: 60 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.5 Describe family functioning from the perspective of ecological systems theory, along with aspects of the environment that support family well-being and development. Topic: Environmental Contexts for Development Difficulty Level: Moderate 82. Which statement about affordable child care in the United States is true? A) Much of it is mediocre to poor in quality. B) It is guaranteed by law. C) National standards ensure high-quality care. D) Publicly funded child care is easily available. Answer: A Page Ref: 60 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.5 Describe family functioning from the perspective of ecological systems theory, along with aspects of the environment that support family well-being and development. Topic: Environmental Contexts for Development Difficulty Level: Moderate 83. One reason that attempts to help children and youths have been difficult to realize in the United States is that ________. A) similar government policies have failed in other Western countries Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 25 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e B) U.S. cultural values emphasize interdependence C) children cannot vote or speak out to protect their own interests D) the United States already ranks at the top on key measures of children’s health and well-being Answer: C Page Ref: 60 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.5 Describe family functioning from the perspective of ecological systems theory, along with aspects of the environment that support family well-being and development. Topic: Environmental Contexts for Development Difficulty Level: Difficult 84. The Children’s Defense Fund is a nonprofit organization that ________. A) provides free legal services to low-income families of children with disabilities B) lobbies for increased government benefits for children with special needs C) provides free meals to children living in poverty D) engages in public education and partners with other organizations to improve policies for children Answer: D Page Ref: 60–61 Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.5 Describe family functioning from the perspective of ecological systems theory, along with aspects of the environment that support family well-being and development. Topic: Environmental Contexts for Development Difficulty Level: Easy 85. Behavioral genetics is a(n) ________. A) medical procedure that permits detection of developmental problems before birth B) ambitious international research program aimed at deciphering genomes C) field devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature and nurture to human diversity D) biochemical process triggered by certain experiences that alter gene expression Answer: C Page Ref: 61 Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.6 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Topic: Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: Easy 86. A growing number of researchers regard the question of how much heredity and environment each contribute to differences among people as ________. A) unanswerable B) answered mainly by DNA C) unimportant D) easily answered with kinship studies Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 26 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e Answer: A Page Ref: 61 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.6 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Topic: Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: Moderate 87. Kayoko is interested in whether people who are genetically more alike are also more similar in intelligence and personality. She decides to use a common type of ________study, in which she will compare identical twins with fraternal twins. A) kinship B) case C) cohort D) ethnographic Answer: A Page Ref: 62 Skill Level: Apply Objective: 2.6 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Topic: Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: Easy 88. Currently, most kinship findings support a ________ role for heredity in ________. A) strong; intelligence B) moderate; intelligence C) strong; anxiety D) weak; personality Answer: B Page Ref: 62 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.6 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Topic: Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: Moderate 89. Twin studies of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism ________. A) fail to demonstrate a strong genetic contribution to these disorders B) yield unreliable heritabilities, ranging from .20 to .75 C) generally yield high heritabilities, above .70 D) consistently yield low heritabilities, below .30 Answer: C Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 27 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e Page Ref: 62 Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.6 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Topic: Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: Moderate 90. Heritabilities for antisocial behavior and major depression ________. A) fail to demonstrate a genetic contribution to these disorders B) range from .25 to .75 C) are consistently above .70 D) are in the .30s and .40s Answer: D Page Ref: 62 Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.6 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Topic: Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: Moderate 91. Heritability estimates are ________. A) likely to exaggerate the role of the environment B) difficult to misapply C) not useful for studying complex traits, such as intelligence and personality D) likely to exaggerate the role of heredity Answer: D Page Ref: 62 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.6 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Topic: Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: Moderate 92. The concept of ________ means that because of their genetic makeup, individuals differ in their responsiveness to qualities of the environment. A) gene‒environment interaction B) niche-picking C) passive correlation D) evocative correlation Answer: A Page Ref: 63 Skill Level: Remember Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 28 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e Objective: 2.6 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Topic: Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: Easy 93. According to the concept of gene‒environment correlation, ________. A) people respond similarly to the same qualities of the environment B) heredity restricts the development of some characteristics to one outcome C) our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed D) the environment can alter gene expression without changing the DNA sequence Answer: C Page Ref: 63 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.6 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Topic: Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: Moderate 94. The child has no control over ________ gene‒environment correlation. A) passive B) evocative C) active D) regressive Answer: A Page Ref: 64 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.6 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Topic: Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: Moderate 95. Bart and Nadia are gymnasts. They decided to provide their 4-year-old son, Dylan, with gymnastics lessons. This is an example of ________. A) methylation B) evocative correlation C) active correlation D) passive correlation Answer: D Page Ref: 64 Skill Level: Apply Objective: 2.6 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Topic: Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 29 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e Difficulty Level: Moderate 96. Angela, a cooperative and attentive child, receives more patient and sensitive interactions from her parents than Carlos, who is inattentive and hyperactive. This is an example of a(n) ________ gene– environment correlation. A) active B) evocative C) dynamic D) passive Answer: B Page Ref: 64 Skill Level: Apply Objective: 2.6 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Topic: Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: Moderate 97. Identical twins evoke ________. A) only moderately similar parental treatment in terms of negativity B) only moderately similar parental treatment in terms of warmth C) similar parental treatment in warmth and negativity because of their identical heredity D) varied maternal treatment because mothers in particular respond to each child’s unique genetic makeup Answer: C Page Ref: 64 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.6 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Topic: Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: Moderate 98. ________ gene–environment correlation becomes common at older ages. A) Passive B) Active C) Evocative D) Stagnant Answer: B Page Ref: 64 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.6 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Topic: Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: Easy Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 30 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e 99. Anthony, a well-coordinated and muscular boy, decides to play high school football. This is an example of ________ gene–environment correlation. A) active B) passive C) dynamic D) evocative Answer: A Page Ref: 64 Skill Level: Apply Objective: 2.6 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Topic: Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: Moderate 100. Emma, an intellectually curious 11-year-old, is a familiar patron at her local library. This is an example of ________. A) passive correlation B) niche-picking C) evocative correlation D) methylation Answer: B Page Ref: 64 Skill Level: Apply Objective: 2.6 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Topic: Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: Moderate 101. Which age group is likely to do more niche-picking? A) adolescents B) preschoolers C) infants D) toddlers Answer: A Page Ref: 64 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.6 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Topic: Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: Moderate 102. ________ explains why pairs of identical twins reared apart during childhood and later reunited may find that they have similar hobbies, food preferences, and vocations. Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 31 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e A) Passive correlation B) Methylation C) Evocative correlation D) Niche-picking Answer: D Page Ref: 64 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.6 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Topic: Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: Moderate 103. Which statement is true of the influence of parents and other caring adults on gene expression? A) Regardless of the experiences they provide, they cannot modify their children’s expression of hereditary tendencies. B) They can uncouple unfavorable gene‒environment correlations by providing children with positive experiences. C) They can do little to alter genetic tendencies, which cause children to receive, evoke, or seek certain experiences. D) They cannot protect aggressive children from a spiraling, antisocial course of development. Answer: B Page Ref: 65 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.6 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Topic: Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: Difficult 104. Which concept emphasizes development resulting from ongoing bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment? A) gene‒environment interaction B) gene‒environment correlation C) epigenesis D) niche-picking Answer: C Page Ref: 65 Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.6 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Topic: Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: Moderate Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 32 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e 105. ________ help explain why identical twins, though precisely the same in DNA sequencing, sometimes display strikingly different phenotypes with age. A) Heredity estimates B) Passive correlations C) Evocative correlations D) Methylation levels Answer: D Page Ref: 65 Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.6 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Topic: Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: Moderate 106. Environmental modification of gene expression ________. A) may become possible in the future B) cannot occur until after puberty C) can occur at any age, even prenatally D) happens in other mammals, but not humans Answer: C Page Ref: 65 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.6 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Topic: Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: Moderate 107. Parental post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is ________. A) a strong predictor of child PTSD B) not correlated with child PTSD C) unrelated to methylation of the GR gene D) weakly associated with child PTSD Answer: A Page Ref: 66 Box: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: The Tutsi Genocide and Epigenetic Transmission of Maternal Stress to Children Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.6 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Topic: Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: Moderate 108. In a study of Tutsi women who were pregnant during the genocide of 1994, in comparison with nonexposed mothers, mothers who witnessed the genocidal carnage had ________. Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 33 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e A) higher PTSD and depression scores, but their children displayed weaker GR methylation B) substantially higher PTSD and depression scores, and their children displayed stronger GR methylation C) higher PTSD scores and lower depression scores, and their children did not show GR methylation D) similar PTSD and depression scores, but their children displayed stronger GR methylation Answer: B Page Ref: 66 Box: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: The Tutsi Genocide and Epigenetic Transmission of Maternal Stress to Children Skill Level: Remember Objective: 2.6 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Topic: Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: Difficult 109. Development is best understood as ________. A) genetically determined B) environmentally influenced C) a series of complex exchanges between nature and nurture D) an unsolvable puzzle Answer: C Page Ref: 67 Skill Level: Understand Objective: 2.6 Explain the various ways heredity and environment may combine to influence complex traits. Topic: Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: Moderate ESSAY 110. Explain how dizygotic and monozygotic twins originate, and identify the frequency with which each type of twin occurs. Summarize the genetic and environmental factors that increase the chances of giving birth to each type of twins. Answer: Dizygotic, or fraternal, twins are the most common type of multiple offspring. They result from the release and fertilization of two ova. Genetically, they are no more alike than ordinary siblings. Older maternal age, fertility drugs, and in vitro fertilization are major causes of the dramatic rise in fraternal twinning and other multiple births in industrialized nations over the past several decades. Currently, fraternal twins account for 1 in about every 33 births in the United States. Monozygotic, or identical, twins are created when a zygote that has started to duplicate separates into two clusters of cells that develop into two individuals. The frequency of identical twins is the same around the world—about 1 in every 350 to 400 births. Environmental influences that prompt monozygotic twinning include temperature changes, variation in oxygen levels, and late fertilization of the ovum. Page Ref: 42 111. Explain X-linked inheritance and how it affects both males and females. Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 34 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e Answer: When a harmful allele is carried on the X chromosome, X-linked inheritance applies. Males are more likely to be affected because their sex chromosomes do not match. In females, any recessive allele on one X chromosome has a good chance of being suppressed by a dominant allele on the other X. But the Y chromosome is only about one-third as long and therefore lacks many corresponding genes to override those on the X. A well-known example of X-linked inheritance is hemophilia, a disorder in which the blood fails to clot normally. There is a greater likelihood of inheritance by male children whose mothers carry the abnormal allele. Similarly, fragile X syndrome, the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability, affects about 1 in 2,000 males and 1 in 6,000 females. In this disorder an abnormal repetition of a sequence of DNA bases occurs on the X chromosome, damaging a particular gene. Page Ref: 44 112. How do contemporary researchers view the family? Describe direct and indirect influences within family members’ interdependent relationships, and provide examples of each. Answer: Contemporary researchers view the family as a network of interdependent relationships. Bidirectional influences exist in which the behaviors of each family member affect those of others. These influences operate both directly and indirectly. Kind, patient communication evokes cooperative, harmonious responses, whereas harshness and impatience engender angry, resistive behavior. Each of these reactions, in turn, forges a new link in the interactive chain. In the first instance, a positive message tends to follow; in the second, a negative or avoidant one is likely. When parents are firm but warm, children tend to comply with their requests. When children cooperate, their parents are likely to be warm and gentle in the future. Furthermore, third parties indirectly influence the family. Interaction between any two family members is affected by others present in the setting. Third parties can serve as supports for or barriers to development. For example, when a marital relationship is warm and considerate, mothers and fathers are more likely to engage in effective coparenting. Effective coparenting, in turn, fosters a positive marital relationship. Page Ref: 52–53 113. Why are so many affluent youths troubled? Answer: Despite their advanced education and great material wealth, affluent parents—those in prestigious and high-paying occupations—too often fail to engage in family interaction and parenting that promote favorable development. Poorly adjusted young people, compared to their better-adjusted counterparts, report less emotional closeness, less supervision, and fewer serious consequences for misbehaviors from their parents, who lead professionally and socially demanding lives. As a group, wealthy parents are nearly as physically and emotionally unavailable to their youngsters as parents coping with serious financial strain. At the same time, these parents often make excessive demands for achievement and are critical when their children perform less than perfectly. Adolescents whose parents value their accomplishments more than their character are more likely to have academic and emotional problems. Page Ref: 56 114. Describe kinship studies, and explain how they are used in the field of behavioral genetics. Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 35 Test Bank for Berk, Exploring Child Development, 1e Answer: Kinship studies compare the characteristics of family members. The most common type of kinship study compares identical twins, who share all their genes, with fraternal twins, who, on average, share only half. If people who are genetically more alike are also more similar in intelligence and personality, then the researcher assumes that heredity plays an important role. Kinship studies are used in the field of developmental science to help identify which traits and behaviors have a genetic link. For example, kinship studies of intelligence provide some of the most controversial findings in the field. Some experts claim a strong genetic influence, whereas others believe that heredity is barely involved. Currently, most kinship findings support a moderate role for heredity. Heritability research also reveals that genetic factors are important in personality. Unlike intelligence, however, heritability of personality does not increase with age. Page Ref: 62 115. Describe the concept of gene–environment correlation, including passive, evocative, and active types. How does niche-picking help explain active gene–environment correlations, and when during development is niche-picking likely to emerge? Answer: A major problem in trying to separate heredity and environment is that they are often correlated. According to the concept of gene–environment correlation, our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed. At younger ages, two types of gene–environment correlation are common. In passive correlation, the child has no control over the connection. Parents provide environments influenced by their own heredity. For example, musically inclined parents enroll their children in music lessons. In evocative correlation, children evoke responses that are influenced by the child’s heredity, and these responses strengthen the child’s original style. For example, a cooperative, attentive child is likely to receive more patient and sensitive interactions from parents than an inattentive, distractible child. At older ages, active gene–environment correlation becomes common. Children seek environments that fit with their genetic tendencies. For example, the musically talented child joins the school choir. Niche-picking is the tendency to actively choose environments that complement our heredity. Infants and young children cannot do much niche-picking because adults select environments for them. However, older children and adolescents are increasingly in charge of their environments. Page Ref: 63–64 Copyright © 2019 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 36