Test Bank For Essentials of Understanding Psychology, 14th Edition

Student name:__________ MULTIPLE CHOICE – Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The approach used by psychologists to systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest is called A) the trial and error method. B) the informed speculation method. C) the scientific method. D) the educated guessing method. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Difficulty : Easy Bloom’s : Remember APA Outcome : 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena Topic : Scientific Method Section : 4: The Scientific Method Page : 30 Learning Objective : Summarize the scientific method. 2) Which of the following is the first step in the scientific method? A) formulating an explanation B) identifying questions of interest C) communicating the findings D) carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation Version 1 1 Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Difficulty : Easy Bloom’s : Remember APA Outcome : 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena Topic : Scientific Method Section : 4: The Scientific Method Page : 30 Learning Objective : Summarize the scientific method. 3) After identifying the question of interest, which is the next step in the scientific method? A) formulating an explanation B) evaluating the findings C) communicating the findings D) carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Difficulty : Easy Bloom’s : Remember APA Outcome : 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena Topic : Scientific Method Section : 4: The Scientific Method Page : 30 Learning Objective : Summarize the scientific method. 4) Which of the following sequences correctly arranges the steps in the scientific method from first to last? Version 1 2 A) identify problem → formulate explanation → carry out research → communicate findings B) carry out research → formulate explanation → identify problem → communicate findings C) identify problem → carry out research → formulate explanation → communicate findings D) carry out research → identify problem → formulate explanation → communicate findings Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Difficulty : Easy Bloom’s : Remember APA Outcome : 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena Topic : Scientific Method Section : 4: The Scientific Method Page : 30 Learning Objective : Summarize the scientific method. 5) Frederico is presenting the outcomes of an experiment he conducted in a talk at a regional psychology conference. Frederico is engaged in the ________ step of the scientific method, namely ________. A) first; communicating results B) first; formulating an explanation C) last; communicating findings D) last; formulating an explanation Version 1 3 Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena Topic : Scientific Method Section : 4: The Scientific Method APA Outcome : 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains Difficulty : Medium Bloom’s : Apply Page : 30 Learning Objective : Summarize the scientific method. 6) The development of a hypothesis occurs in which of the following steps of the scientific method? A) formulating an explanation B) identifying questions of interest C) communicating the findings D) carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Difficulty : Easy Bloom’s : Remember APA Outcome : 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena Topic : Scientific Method Section : 4: The Scientific Method APA Outcome : 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains Page : 30 Learning Objective : Summarize the scientific method. 7) Cheng is conducting a research study on the effects of speech defects. As part of his research, he is devising an operational definition of nervousness. Which of the following steps of the scientific method is he at? Version 1 4 A) formulating an explanation B) carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation C) communicating the findings D) identifying questions of interest Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Topic : Scientific Method Section : 4: The Scientific Method APA Outcome : 1.3: Describe applications of psychology Bloom’s : Apply Page : 30 Difficulty : Difficult Learning Objective : Summarize the scientific method. 8) Collection and analysis of data is done in which of the following steps of the scientific method? A) formulating an explanation B) identifying questions of interest C) communicating the findings D) carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Difficulty : Easy Bloom’s : Remember APA Outcome : 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena Topic : Scientific Method Section : 4: The Scientific Method Page : 30 Learning Objective : Summarize the scientific method. 9) Olivia is a psychologist. She wants to use the scientific method to systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior. With which of the following steps should she start? Version 1 5 A) formulating an explanation B) identifying questions of interest for research based on prior research findings C) communicating her findings D) carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Understand Topic : Scientific Method Section : 4: The Scientific Method Difficulty : Medium APA Outcome : 1.3: Describe applications of psychology Page : 30 Learning Objective : Summarize the scientific method. 10) ________ are broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest. A) Theories B) Hypotheses C) Operational definitions D) Suppositions Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Difficulty : Easy Bloom’s : Remember APA Outcome : 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena Section : 4: The Scientific Method APA Outcome : 1.3: Describe applications of psychology Page : 31 Learning Objective : Distinguish between theory and hypothesis. Topic : Theories 11) Andrea is reading a broad explanation for why some people are more vulnerable to addiction than are others. This reading material also includes several predictions concerning people’s vulnerability to addiction. Andrea is reading a(n) Version 1 6 A) theory. B) hypothesis. C) operational definition. D) supposition. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Section : 4: The Scientific Method APA Outcome : 1.3: Describe applications of psychology Bloom’s : Apply Page : 31 Learning Objective : Distinguish between theory and hypothesis. Topic : Theories Difficulty : Difficult 12) Identify a true statement about theories. A) They vary in their breadth and level of detail. B) They are translations of hypotheses into specific procedures. C) They always agree with the intuitive explanations that people develop in their daily lives. D) They are predictions stated in a way that allows them to be tested. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Bloom’s : Understand Section : 4: The Scientific Method Difficulty : Medium Page : 31 Learning Objective : Distinguish between theory and hypothesis. Topic : Theories 13) When compared with the theories about human behavior that people generally develop in their daily lives, those formulated by psychologists are Version 1 7 A) more frequently applied in daily life. B) harder to test. C) less comprehensive. D) more formal. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Bloom’s : Understand Section : 4: The Scientific Method Difficulty : Medium Page : 31 Learning Objective : Distinguish between theory and hypothesis. Topic : Theories 14) According to Bibb Latané and John Darley’s theory of ________, the greater the number of bystanders in an emergency situation, the less likely that any single person will come forward to help. A) diffusion of responsibility B) collective morality C) social disengagement D) collective responsibility Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Difficulty : Easy Bloom’s : Remember Section : 4: The Scientific Method Page : 31 Learning Objective : Distinguish between theory and hypothesis. Topic : Bystander Effect 15) “People with opposite personality traits are more likely to be attracted to each other.” This is a(n) Version 1 8 A) hypothesis. B) correlation. C) theory. D) operational definition. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research APA Outcome : 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena Section : 4: The Scientific Method Bloom’s : Apply Page : 31 Learning Objective : Distinguish between theory and hypothesis. Topic : Hypotheses Difficulty : Difficult 16) A hypothesis is best defined as a A) prediction stated in a way that allows it to be tested. B) specification of a variable in terms of the procedures that will be used to measure it. C) broad, general explanation of the phenomenon of interest. D) behavior, event, or other characteristic that can assume different values. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Difficulty : Easy APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Bloom’s : Remember APA Outcome : 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena Section : 4: The Scientific Method Page : 31 Learning Objective : Distinguish between theory and hypothesis. Topic : Hypotheses 17) When asked to define “popularity,” Brianna offers, “It’s when everyone likes you.” Chrissy suggests, “It’s basically the number of friends you have.” How do the two girls’ definitions differ? Version 1 9 A) Chrissy’s is a procedural definition; Brianna’s is not. B) Brianna’s is an operational definition; Chrissy’s is not. C) Brianna’s is a procedural definition; Chrissy’s is not. D) Chrissy’s is an operational definition; Brianna’s is not. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Section : 4: The Scientific Method Difficulty : Medium APA Outcome : 1.3: Describe applications of psychology Bloom’s : Apply Page : 31 Learning Objective : Distinguish between theory and hypothesis. Topic : Operational Definition 18) Identify an operational definition of happiness. A) an individual’s feeling of joy B) an individual’s sense of achievement and contentment C) an individual’s self-rating on a 10-point happiness scale D) an individual’s feeling of acceptance in a society Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Bloom’s : Understand Section : 4: The Scientific Method Difficulty : Medium Page : 31 Learning Objective : Distinguish between theory and hypothesis. Topic : Operational Definition 19) Which of the following statements is accurate about operational definitions? Version 1 10 A) They are usually untestable. B) They are independent of the creativity of the researcher. C) Many operational definitions are usually possible for a given hypothesis. D) They translate actual procedures into abstract con-cepts. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Bloom’s : Understand Section : 4: The Scientific Method Difficulty : Medium Page : 31 Learning Objective : Distinguish between theory and hypothesis. Topic : Operational Definition 20) Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship between a theory and a hypothesis? A) A theory is more focused than a hypothesis. B) A theory is broader than a hypothesis. C) A theory is the same as a hypothesis. D) A theory is unrelated to a hypothesis. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Bloom’s : Understand APA Outcome : 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena Section : 4: The Scientific Method Difficulty : Medium Page : 31 Learning Objective : Distinguish between theory and hypothesis. Topic : Hypotheses 21) Prediction is to explanation what ________ is to ________. Version 1 11 A) hypothesis; theory B) theory; hypothesis C) variable; supposition D) hypothesis; variable Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Bloom’s : Understand APA Outcome : 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena Topic : Scientific Method Section : 4: The Scientific Method Difficulty : Medium Page : 31 Learning Objective : Distinguish between theory and hypothesis. 22) Which of the following sequences is correct? A) operational definition → hypothesis → theory B) operational definition → theory → hypothesis C) hypothesis → theory → operational definition D) theory → hypothesis → operational definition Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Bloom’s : Understand APA Outcome : 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena Topic : Scientific Method Section : 4: The Scientific Method Difficulty : Medium Page : 31 Learning Objective : Distinguish between theory and hypothesis. 23) Which of the following defines the term “research”? Version 1 12 A) broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest B) the manipulation implemented by an experimenter C) the scientific study of behavior and mental processes D) a systematic inquiry aimed at the discovery of new knowledge Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Difficulty : Easy Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research Bloom’s : Remember Page : 33 Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. Topic : Scientific Method 24) Which of the following types of research offers insights into relationships between variables but cannot determine causality? A) descriptive and correlational research B) correlational and experimental research C) experimental and descriptive research D) folk and experiential research Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Understand Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research Page : 33 APA Outcome : 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. Difficulty : Medium Topic : Descriptive Research Topic : Experimental Research 25) Research in which existing data, such as census documents, college records, and newspaper clippings, are examined to test a hypothesis is known as Version 1 13 A) experimental research. B) archival research. C) naturalistic research. D) a case study. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Difficulty : Easy Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research Bloom’s : Remember Page : 33 APA Outcome : 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. Topic : Archival Research 26) Mark is a criminal psychologist. For a study, he is using newspaper clippings that are available in a federal database. Mark is conducting a(n) A) case study. B) naturalistic observation. C) archival research study. D) double-blind experiment. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research Page : 33 Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. APA Outcome : 1.3: Describe applications of psychology Bloom’s : Apply Difficulty : Difficult Topic : Archival Research 27) Wallace is engaged in archival research. In which of the following projects is he most likely engaged? Version 1 14 A) comparing the effects of cell phone distractions to those of text message distractions on participants’ performance in a driving simulator B) asking a large sample of community dwellers a set of questions about their perceptions of healthcare reform C) recording language comprehension deficits in a woman with left hemisphere brain damage D) examining the registrar’s records at a state university to explore the relationship between SAT scores and freshman GPA Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research Page : 33 APA Outcome : 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. Difficulty : Medium APA Outcome : 1.3: Describe applications of psychology Bloom’s : Apply Topic : Archival Research 28) Which of the following statements is true about archival research? A) Existing records used in archival research are always complete. B) Archival research is relatively inexpensive to conduct. C) Archival research involves the observation of naturally occurring behavior. D) Archival research involves surveys and questionnaires. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Understand Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Page : 33 Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. Difficulty : Medium Topic : Archival Research Version 1 15 29) Evelyn, a psychology graduate, watches parent–child interactions in a park. She simply records what she sees and does not make a change in the situation. The method she uses is known as A) naturalistic observation. B) archival research. C) experimentation. D) a case study. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Page : 33 Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. Difficulty : Medium APA Outcome : 1.3: Describe applications of psychology Bloom’s : Apply Topic : Naturalistic Observation APA Outcome : 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy 30) Naturalistic observation entails A) the introduction of small changes to a habitat. B) the examination of existing records, such as official documents. C) questioning individuals directly to find out what they think, feel, and do. D) the researcher simply documenting what occurs. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Understand Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Page : 33 Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. Difficulty : Medium Topic : Naturalistic Observation Version 1 16 31) Maryam is a student of behavioral psychology. She is currently conducting a research study that involves recording instances of physical aggression among children in a schoolyard at recess. Maryam is most likely conducting A) naturalistic observation. B) experimental research. C) a survey. D) correlational research. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research Page : 33 Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. APA Outcome : 1.3: Describe applications of psychology Bloom’s : Apply Topic : Naturalistic Observation Difficulty : Difficult 32) Angel is a psychologist who conducts research studies frequently. If she is currently working on a naturalistic observation study, in which of the following tasks is Angel most likely engaged? A) asking participants a set of questions about the effects of outdoor activities on issues related to anxiety and depression B) recording interactions between middle-level managers in an accountancy firm C) conducting an in-depth investigation of a boy with exceptional musical abilities D) examining crime statistics compiled by the Department of Justice to see if the rate of property crimes is related to the rate of violent crimes Version 1 17 Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research Page : 33 Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. APA Outcome : 1.3: Describe applications of psychology Bloom’s : Apply Topic : Naturalistic Observation Difficulty : Difficult 33) Which of the following descriptive research methods is correctly matched with a description? A) archival research—in-depth investigation of an individual B) naturalistic observation—behavior is investigated in the environment in which it typically occurs, without intervention by the researcher C) case study—a sample is asked a series of questions about their thoughts, attitudes, or behaviors D) survey research—existing data are examined to test a hypothesis Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Bloom’s : Understand Difficulty : Easy Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research Page : 33 Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. Topic : Naturalistic Observation APA Outcome : 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy 34) Which of the following statements is true about descriptive research? A) It is the only way psychologists can establish cause-and-effect relationships. B) It is the only type of research in which the conditions are created by the researcher. C) It tells us about the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. D) It is designed to systematically investigate a person, group, or patterns of behavior. Version 1 18 Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Understand Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Page : 33 Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. Difficulty : Medium Topic : Descriptive Research 35) Felix’s research focuses on an adolescent who committed a mass murder at his school. Felix uses data from the adolescent’s school and medical records and interviews the adolescent’s friends, family, and teachers. Which type of research is Felix engaged in? A) archival research B) naturalistic observation C) case study D) survey Question Details Page : 35 Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. Topic : Descriptive Research APA Outcome : 1.3: Describe applications of psychology Bloom’s : Apply Difficulty : Difficult 36) Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship between a sample and a population? A) A sample includes a population. B) A population includes a sample. C) A population is similar to a sample. D) A sample is completely separate from a population. Version 1 19 Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Bloom’s : Understand Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. Difficulty : Medium Page : 34 Topic : Survey Research 37) Amy is conducting a survey of dating attitudes and behaviors among young adults as part of her master’s thesis work. Amy distributes questionnaires to 200 randomly selected students enrolled in an introductory psychology course at her university. The 200 students constitute Amy’s ________. The people whom she assumes her results will generalize are termed the ________. A) control group; population B) experimental group; population C) population; sample D) sample; population Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. Difficulty : Medium Bloom’s : Apply Page : 34 Topic : Survey Research APA Outcome : 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy 38) Wilma is undertaking survey research. Which of the following is she probably doing? Version 1 20 A) recording the behaviors of sea lions in their natural habitat B) observing the problem-solving strategies of an extremely gifted middle school girl C) comparing students’ performances on abstract and concrete versions of problems D) asking a sample of students a series of questions about their sexual attitudes and behaviors Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. APA Outcome : 1.3: Describe applications of psychology Bloom’s : Apply Page : 34 Topic : Survey Research APA Outcome : 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy Difficulty : Difficult 39) Dr. Estevez prepares a set of questions to ask college students about their drinking behavior and their attitudes toward alcohol. Dr. Estevez is undertaking a(n) A) survey research. B) case study. C) naturalistic observation. D) archival research. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. Difficulty : Medium APA Outcome : 1.3: Describe applications of psychology Bloom’s : Apply Page : 34 Topic : Survey Research APA Outcome : 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy Version 1 21 40) Dr. Gigliotti is conducting an in-depth, intensive investigation of a patient with dissociative identity disorder. He uses psychological tests and interviews to better understand the patient. Dr. Gigliotti is undertaking a(n) A) survey research. B) archival research. C) case study. D) naturalistic observation. Question Details Page : 35 Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. Difficulty : Medium Topic : Descriptive Research Bloom’s : Apply APA Outcome : 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy 41) ________ is an in-depth, intensive investigation of an individual or small group of people. A) Archival research B) Survey research C) Naturalistic observation D) Case study Question Details Page : 35 Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Difficulty : Easy Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Bloom’s : Remember Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. Topic : Descriptive Research Version 1 22 42) Which of the following researchers is conducting a case study? A) Dr. Henriette, who is investigating the effect of word imageability on list memory by handing out questionnaires B) Dr. Innis, who is investigating in detail the tactile perception of a blind woman C) Dr. Jefferson, who is observing children on a playground D) Dr. Kulik, who is studying newspaper stories on serial killers Question Details Page : 35 Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. Difficulty : Medium Topic : Descriptive Research APA Outcome : 1.3: Describe applications of psychology Bloom’s : Apply 43) Which of the following terms is defined as behaviors, events, or other characteristics that can change, or vary, in some way? A) variables B) constants C) coefficients D) control groups Question Details Page : 35 Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Difficulty : Easy Learning Objective : Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets Topic : Correlational Research Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research Bloom’s : Remember Version 1 23 44) Correlation research is A) research in which an investigator simply observes some naturally occurring behavior and does not make a change in the situation. B) research in which people chosen to represent a larger population are asked a series of questions about their behavior, thoughts, or attitudes. C) research in which the relationship between two sets of variables is examined to determine whether they are associated. D) research in which existing data, such as census documents, college records, and newspaper clippings, are examined to test a hypothesis. Question Details Page : 35 Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Bloom’s : Understand Learning Objective : Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets Topic : Correlational Research Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Difficulty : Medium 45) Irving has noticed a pattern: The more alcohol people drink, the more aggressive they seem to be. Which research method is aimed at verifying a relationship between two variables? A) naturalistic observation B) case study C) correlational research D) archival research Version 1 24 Question Details Page : 35 Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Learning Objective : Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets Topic : Correlational Research Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Difficulty : Medium APA Outcome : 1.3: Describe applications of psychology Bloom’s : Apply 46) Which term is most nearly synonymous with the term correlation? A) association B) explanation C) observation D) manipulation Question Details Page : 35 Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Bloom’s : Understand Difficulty : Easy Learning Objective : Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets Topic : Correlational Research Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research 47) The correlation coefficient ranges from ________ to ________. A) 1; 10 B) +1.0; −1.0 C) 0; 1 D) −10; +10 Version 1 25 Question Details Page : 35 Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Difficulty : Easy Learning Objective : Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets Topic : Correlational Research Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research Bloom’s : Remember 48) The strength and direction of the relationship between the two variables are represented by a mathematical statistic known as a(n) A) standard deviation. B) affiliation. C) operational definition. D) correlation. Question Details Page : 35 Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Difficulty : Easy Learning Objective : Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets Topic : Correlational Research Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Bloom’s : Remember 49) A positive correlation indicates that A) as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other increases. B) as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other decreases. C) little or no relationship exists between two variables. D) one variable causes the other. Version 1 26 Question Details Page : 35 Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Bloom’s : Understand Learning Objective : Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets Topic : Correlational Research Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research APA Outcome : 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains Difficulty : Medium 50) Using a sample of young adolescents, Dr. Nguyen finds a correlation of +.55 between scores on a measure of neglectful or uninvolved parenting and scores on a measure of delinquent behavior. Which of the following might Dr. Nguyen legitimately conclude? A) Uninvolved parenting causes juvenile delinquency. B) Parenting that is more neglectful is related to a lower degree of delinquent behavior. C) Uninvolved parenting is unrelated to delinquency. D) Parenting that is more neglectful is related to a higher degree of delinquent behavior. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective : Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets Topic : Correlational Research Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research APA Outcome : 1.3: Describe applications of psychology Bloom’s : Apply Difficulty : Difficult Page : 36 51) Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables? Version 1 27 A) −.75 B) +.60 C) .00 D) +.30 Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Bloom’s : Understand Learning Objective : Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets Topic : Correlational Research Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research APA Outcome : 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains Difficulty : Medium Page : 36 52) Which of the following sequences of correlation coefficients correctly arranges the relationships between three pairs of two variables in order of increasing strength? A) −.60, +.10, +.50 B) +.10, +.50, −.60 C) −.60, +.50, +.10 D) .00, −.60, +.50 Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Understand Learning Objective : Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets Topic : Correlational Research Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Difficulty : Difficult Page : 36 53) In a negative correlation Version 1 28 A) the values of both variables increase simultaneously. B) as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other decreases. C) the values of both variables decrease simultaneously. D) one variable is the cause of the other variable. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Understand Learning Objective : Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets Topic : Correlational Research Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Difficulty : Medium Page : 36 54) Little or no relationship between two variables is represented by A) a negative sign. B) sigma. C) zero or a number close to zero. D) a positive sign. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Understand Difficulty : Easy Learning Objective : Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets Topic : Correlational Research Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Page : 36 55) Hui conducts a correlational study on people’s height and their vulnerability to anxiety. Her study establishes that no relationship exists between these two variables. This correlation is most likely represented by Version 1 29 A) +.01. B) +10.0. C) −1.0. D) +1.0. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective : Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets Topic : Correlational Research Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Bloom’s : Apply Difficulty : Difficult Page : 36 56) Experimental research is to correlational research what ________ is to ________. A) association; cause B) description; prediction C) cause; association D) description; association Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Understand Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Learning Objective : Explain how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships. Topic : Experimental Research Difficulty : Difficult Page : 36 57) The only way psychologists can establish cause-and-effect relationships through research is by conducting Version 1 30 A) correlational research. B) a survey. C) experimental research. D) a case study. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Bloom’s : Understand Difficulty : Easy Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research Learning Objective : Explain how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships. Topic : Experimental Research Page : 37 58) Dr. Ingram deliberately varied the presentation of items on a list and later measured participants’ recall of the items. Dr. Ingram conducted ________ research. A) correlational B) archival C) observational D) experimental Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Difficulty : Easy Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research Bloom’s : Apply Learning Objective : Explain how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships. Topic : Experimental Research APA Outcome : 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy Page : 37 59) Experimental research requires that the responses of ________ group(s) be examined. Version 1 31 A) at least one B) at least five C) at least two D) at least three Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Difficulty : Easy Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research Bloom’s : Remember Learning Objective : Explain how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships. Topic : Experimental Research APA Outcome : 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy Page : 37 60) Experimental group is to control group what ________ is to ________. A) treatment; no treatment B) no treatment; treatment C) independent variable; dependent variable D) dependent variable; independent variable Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Bloom’s : Understand Difficulty : Easy Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena Learning Objective : Explain how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships. Topic : Experimental Research Page : 38 61) Martina is conducting a research study with two groups, namely group A and group B. Group A receives a treatment for severe depression, while group B does not receive any treatment. Group A in Martina’s study is the Version 1 32 A) research group. B) experimental group. C) control group. D) secondary group. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Difficulty : Medium Bloom’s : Apply Learning Objective : Explain how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships. Topic : Experimental Research Page : 38 62) Martina is conducting a research study with two groups, namely group A and group B. Group A receives a treatment for severe depression, while group B does not receive any treatment. In this scenario, group B of Martina’s study is the ________. A) primary group B) experimental group C) control group D) secondary group Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Bloom’s : Apply Learning Objective : Explain how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships. Topic : Experimental Research Difficulty : Difficult Page : 38 63) Why are control groups included in experiments? Version 1 33 A) to determine whether two variables are correlated B) to ascertain cause-and-effect relationships C) to ensure that participant characteristics are essentially the same in each group D) to translate the hypothesis into something testable Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Understand Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research Difficulty : Medium Learning Objective : Explain how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships. Topic : Experimental Research APA Outcome : 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy Page : 38 64) In an experiment studying the effects of alcohol on social anxiety, alcohol is the ________ variable. A) confounding B) dependent C) independent D) random Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Understand Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Difficulty : Medium Learning Objective : Explain how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships. Topic : Experimental Research Page : 38 65) In an experiment studying the effects of alcohol on social anxiety, social anxiety is the ________ variable. Version 1 34 A) confounding B) dependent C) independent D) random Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Understand Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Difficulty : Medium Learning Objective : Explain how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships. Topic : Experimental Research Page : 38 66) In an experiment, which of the following statements is true about the dependent variable? A) It is under the experimenter’s control and remains constant. B) It is randomized across different experimental groups. C) It is measured by the researcher and is expected to change. D) It is decided by the researcher based on chance alone. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Bloom’s : Understand Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research Difficulty : Medium Learning Objective : Explain how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships. Topic : Experimental Research Page : 38 67) In an experiment, the independent variable is Version 1 35 A) not under the control of the researcher. B) decided by the researcher on the basis of chance alone. C) measured by the researcher and is expected to change. D) not determined by the actions of those taking part in the experiment. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Bloom’s : Understand Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research Difficulty : Medium Learning Objective : Explain how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships. Topic : Experimental Research Page : 38 68) Doctors Chase and Sanborn are conducting an experiment on the effects of caffeine on memory. Participants are randomly assigned to a caffeine or a no-caffeine group; their recall of items on a word list is later assessed. Which pair correctly identifies a variable in this experiment? A) caffeine—dependent variable B) caffeine—independent variable C) word recall—independent variable D) word recall—experimental variable Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena Difficulty : Medium APA Outcome : 1.3: Describe applications of psychology Bloom’s : Apply Learning Objective : Explain how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships. Topic : Experimental Research APA Outcome : 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy Page : 38 Version 1 36 69) Doctors Chase and Sanborn are conducting an experiment on the effects of caffeine on memory. Participants are randomly assigned to a caffeine or a no-caffeine group; their recall of items on a word list is later assessed. In this experiment, word recall is the ________ variable. A) subject B) control C) independent D) dependent Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena Difficulty : Medium APA Outcome : 1.3: Describe applications of psychology Bloom’s : Apply Learning Objective : Explain how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships. Topic : Experimental Research APA Outcome : 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy Page : 38 70) Doctors Chase and Sanborn are conducting an experiment on the effects of caffeine on memory. Participants are randomly assigned to a caffeine or a no-caffeine group; their recall of items on a word list is later assessed. Which pair below correctly names and identifies the variables in this experiment? A) word recall—control variable; caffeine—experimental variable B) word recall—independent variable; caffeine—dependent variable C) word recall—dependent variable; caffeine—independent variable D) word recall—experimental variable; caffeine—control variable Version 1 37 Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena Difficulty : Medium APA Outcome : 1.3: Describe applications of psychology Bloom’s : Apply Learning Objective : Explain how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships. Topic : Experimental Research APA Outcome : 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy Page : 38 71) In a typical Latané and Darley “bystander” experiment, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the dependent variable. A) the presence of bystanders; whether a false emergency occurs B) whether a false emergency occurs; the presence of bystanders C) whether the participant helps; the number of people present D) the number of people present; whether the participant helps Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains Bloom’s : Apply Learning Objective : Explain how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships. Topic : Experimental Research APA Outcome : 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy Difficulty : Difficult Page : 38 72) The purpose of random assignment is to A) combine the results of a number of similar studies. B) determine how likely it is that the results of a treatment were due to chance. C) ensure that participant characteristics are equivalent across the various groups. D) determine whether two variables are related. Version 1 38 Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Bloom’s : Understand Difficulty : Easy Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Page : 39 Learning Objective : Explain how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships. Topic : Experimental Research 73) In which of the following procedures are participants assigned to different experimental groups on the basis of chance and chance alone? A) operationalization B) correlation C) random sampling method D) random assignment to condition Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Difficulty : Easy Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Bloom’s : Remember Page : 39 Learning Objective : Explain how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships. Topic : Experimental Research 74) An experimenter flips a coin for each participant and assigns the participant to group A when “heads” came up and to group B when “tails” came up. This process is referred to as A) operational sampling. B) random assignment to condition. C) purposive sampling. D) random correlation. Version 1 39 Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Bloom’s : Understand Difficulty : Easy Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Page : 39 Learning Objective : Explain how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships. Topic : Experimental Research 75) In a study examining the bystander effect in children, researchers looked at three conditions. In which condition were they able to establish that the bystander effect was caused by diffusion of responsibility? A) Children were alone when the adult was in need. B) A group of children were in the room when the adult was in need. C) A group of children were in the room, but only one was physically able to help when the adult was in need. D) The study showed that children did not exhibit the bystander effect. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Bloom’s : Understand Difficulty : Easy Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research Page : 42 Learning Objective : Explain how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships. Topic : Bystander Effect 76) Which of the following is an advantage of archival research? A) It provides a thorough, in-depth understanding of participants. B) It provides a sample of people in their natural environment. C) A small sample can be used to infer attitudes and behavior of a larger population. D) Data collection is easy because data already exist. Version 1 40 Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Bloom’s : Understand Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Page : 33 Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. APA Outcome : 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains Difficulty : Medium Topic : Archival Research 77) Which of the following is an advantage of survey research? A) It provides a thorough, in-depth understanding of participants. B) It provides a sample of people in their natural environment. C) A small sample can be used to infer attitudes and behavior of a larger population. D) Data collection is easy because data already exists. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Bloom’s : Understand Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. Difficulty : Medium Page : 34 Topic : Survey Research 78) Identify a shortcoming of survey research. A) It is dependent on the availability of existing data. B) The results are not generalizable beyond the sample. C) It is often very expensive to conduct. D) The sample may not be representative of the larger population. Version 1 41 Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Understand Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. Difficulty : Medium Page : 34 Topic : Survey Research 79) Which of the following is an advantage of a case study? A) It provides a thorough, in-depth understanding of participants. B) It provides a sample of people in their natural environment. C) A small sample can be used to infer attitudes and behavior of a larger population. D) Data collection is easy because data already exists. Question Details Page : 35 Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Bloom’s : Understand Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. APA Outcome : 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains Difficulty : Medium Topic : Descriptive Research 80) Which of the following is a disadvantage of a case study? A) It is dependent on the availability of existing data. B) The “typically occurring habitat” being observed cannot be controlled. C) Results may not be generalizable beyond the sample. D) It fails to provide a thorough, in-depth understanding of participants. Version 1 42 Question Details Page : 35 Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Bloom’s : Understand Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. APA Outcome : 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains Difficulty : Medium Topic : Descriptive Research 81) Paul is testing the effectiveness of a new treatment for anxiety disorders. He intends to administer the treatment to a group of participants and measure their levels of anxiety. What should Paul introduce into his research design to rule out factors other than the new treatment in the alleviation of anxiety? A) deception B) a control group C) diversity in the group of participants D) ethical research practices Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Bloom’s : Apply Learning Objective : Explain how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships. Topic : Experimental Research Difficulty : Difficult Page : 38 82) Which of the following researchers is carrying out deception? Version 1 43 A) Ahmed asks the participants in a study about creativity to build structures using building blocks. B) Grace pretends to be a participant in an experiment and does the opposite of what other participants do. C) Lena observes a few children in a public playground to understand the development of their interpersonal skills. D) Riya observes 200 dolphins to understand the effect of age on their navigation skills. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Apply Topic : Ethics Section : 6: Critical Research Issues Difficulty : Difficult APA Outcome : 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice Learning Objective : Summarize ethical concerns regarding the use of animals and humans as participan Page : 40 83) Statistically meaningful results that make it possible for researchers to feel confident that they have confirmed their hypotheses is known as a A) mutually exclusive result. B) subjective outcome. C) significant outcome. D) conditional result. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Difficulty : Easy Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research Page : 41 APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Bloom’s : Remember Learning Objective : Explain how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships. Topic : Experimental Research Version 1 44 84) Matteo, a psychologist, is conducting a study with children and adolescents as participants. However, he is using the same procedures and settings as that of an earlier study that was conducted on adults. He is doing this to increase confidence in prior findings. From the information given in this scenario, it can be said that Matteo is engaged in A) replicated research. B) archival research. C) parallel research. D) reconstructed research. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. Topic : Scientific Method Page : 42 APA Outcome : 1.3: Describe applications of psychology Bloom’s : Apply Difficulty : Difficult 85) Iyesha reads a journal article reporting a study in which a small sample of women undertook tests of spatial ability at two points during their menstrual cycle. Iyesha conducts a similar study using not only spatial ability but also verbal ability tests. In addition, Iyesha tests a larger sample of women. She aims to confirm the findings of the study mentioned in the journal. Iyesha performs a A) meta-analysis. B) replicated research. C) significance test. D) control study. Version 1 45 Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. Topic : Scientific Method Difficulty : Medium Page : 42 APA Outcome : 1.3: Describe applications of psychology Bloom’s : Apply 86) Kendra is combining the results of a number of experiments to yield an overall conclusion. Kendra is performing A) a meta-analysis. B) replication research. C) a cross-validation. D) correlational research. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. Topic : Scientific Method Difficulty : Medium APA Outcome : 1.3: Describe applications of psychology Bloom’s : Apply Page : 43 87) In the context of the use of deception, identify the statement that accurately captures the opinion of most psychologists. Version 1 46 A) It is integral to scientifically valid research. B) It is encouraged in psychological research because it adds to the credibility of a study. C) It is sometimes necessary to safeguard a study’s true purpose. D) It is unethical and must never be used in psychological research. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Understand Difficulty : Medium Topic : Ethics Section : 6: Critical Research Issues Page : 44 APA Outcome : 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice Learning Objective : Summarize ethical concerns regarding the use of animals and humans as participan 88) Before participating in an experiment, the participants must sign a document affirming that they have been told the basic outlines of the study and are aware of what their participation will involve, what risks the experiment may hold, and the fact that their participation is purely voluntary and they may terminate it at any time. This refers to which ethical principle of research? A) informed consent B) debriefing C) experimental manipulation D) significant outcome Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Understand APA Outcome : 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains Difficulty : Medium Topic : Ethics Section : 6: Critical Research Issues Page : 44 APA Outcome : 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice Learning Objective : Summarize ethical concerns regarding the use of animals and humans as participan Version 1 47 89) In the context of ethical research, identify a component of informed consent in a study. A) a detailed explanation of the study and its procedures B) a statement of the potential risks of participating in the study C) an assurance that the participants selected are from diverse populations D) the knowledge that at some point in the study, deception will be involved Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Understand Difficulty : Medium Topic : Ethics Section : 6: Critical Research Issues Page : 44 APA Outcome : 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice Learning Objective : Summarize ethical concerns regarding the use of animals and humans as participan 90) Joshua, a behavioral psychologist, asks participants to sign a document before beginning his experiment. Joshua also tells them that their participation is completely voluntary and that they can leave the experiment at any time. Joshua is A) analyzing his participants. B) obtaining informed consent. C) using deception. D) providing a detailed explanation of the study. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Difficulty : Medium APA Outcome : 1.3: Describe applications of psychology Bloom’s : Apply Topic : Ethics Section : 6: Critical Research Issues Page : 44 APA Outcome : 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice Learning Objective : Summarize ethical concerns regarding the use of animals and humans as participan Version 1 48 91) After a research study, the experimenter should debrief the participants. In debriefing, the experimenter A) reiterates that the study was voluntary. B) provides a detailed explanation of the study. C) asks the participants to sign a document confirming informed consent. D) assures the participants of confidentiality. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Understand Difficulty : Medium Topic : Ethics Section : 6: Critical Research Issues Page : 44 APA Outcome : 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice Learning Objective : Summarize ethical concerns regarding the use of animals and humans as participan 92) Dr. O’Malley is informing participants before he begins the experiment that their participation is completely voluntary and that they can stop taking part at any time. Dr. Hensley is providing a detailed explanation of the study to participants who have just completed participating in the study. Which of the following statements is true? A) Dr. O’Malley is obtaining informed consent from his participants. Dr. Hensley is debriefing her participants. B) Dr. O’Malley is debriefing his participants. Dr. Hensley is obtaining informed consent from her participants. C) Dr. O’Malley is assuring his participants of confidentiality; and Dr. Hensley is communicating the results of the study to her participants. D) Dr. O’Malley and Dr. Hensley are both debriefing their participants. Version 1 49 Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Difficulty : Medium APA Outcome : 1.3: Describe applications of psychology Bloom’s : Apply Topic : Ethics Section : 6: Critical Research Issues Learning Objective : Summarize ethical concerns regarding the use of animals and humans as participan Page : 45 93) Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of events in an experiment? A) informed consent → experiment → debriefing B) informed consent → debriefing → experiment C) debriefing → informed consent → experiment D) experiment → informed consent → debriefing Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Understand Difficulty : Medium APA Outcome : 1.3: Describe applications of psychology Topic : Ethics Section : 6: Critical Research Issues Learning Objective : Summarize ethical concerns regarding the use of animals and humans as participan Page : 45 94) Which of the following is a reason that college students are often used as participants in psychological research? A) They are representative of the population at large. B) They cost the researcher very little. C) They have a basic understanding of research methodology. D) Researchers do not need to obtain informed consent from college students. Version 1 50 Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Understand APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Difficulty : Medium Learning Objective : Identify possible sources of experimental bias in research. Topic : Ethics Section : 6: Critical Research Issues Page : 45 95) In which of the following ways is a sample population of college students different from the general population it is implicitly intended to represent? A) College students tend to come from Eastern cultures. B) College students tend to be from nondemocratic countries. C) College students are educated. D) College students tend to be poor. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Understand APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Difficulty : Medium Learning Objective : Identify possible sources of experimental bias in research. Topic : Ethics Section : 6: Critical Research Issues Page : 45 96) Which of the following guidelines is true regarding the use of nonhuman animals in experiments? A) Researchers must minimize discomfort, illness, and pain for the animals. B) Researchers must house, feed, and care for the animals properly. C) Researchers must promote the animals’ well-being, at least for some species. D) Research with animals has failed to provide psychologists with valuable information. Version 1 51 Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Understand APA Outcome : 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains Difficulty : Medium Topic : Ethics Section : 6: Critical Research Issues Learning Objective : Summarize ethical concerns regarding the use of animals and humans as participan Page : 47 97) Factors that distort the way the independent variable affects the dependent variable are referred to as A) double-blinds. B) placebo effects. C) experimental bias. D) participant bias. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Difficulty : Easy Bloom’s : Remember Page : 48 APA Outcome : 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy Learning Objective : Identify possible sources of experimental bias in research. Topic : Ethics Section : 6: Critical Research Issues 98) To guard against participant expectations biasing the results of an experiment, the experimenter may A) disclose to participants how earlier participants tested. B) explain to the participant what the desired outcome should be. C) try to disguise the true purpose of the experiment. D) allow the participant to interact with people who have already been part of the experiment. Version 1 52 Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Bloom’s : Understand Difficulty : Easy APA Outcome : 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains Page : 48 Learning Objective : Identify possible sources of experimental bias in research. Topic : Ethics Section : 6: Critical Research Issues 99) When cues are transmitted to participants about how they are expected to behave in particular experimental conditions, the research results may reflect ________ expectations. When people develop their own ideas about the topic of the research, the investigation’s outcomes may be biased by ________. A) experimenter; participant expectations B) experimenter; experimenter expectations C) participant; participant expectations D) participant; experimenter expectations Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Difficulty : Easy Bloom’s : Remember APA Outcome : 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains Page : 48 APA Outcome : 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy Learning Objective : Identify possible sources of experimental bias in research. Topic : Ethics Section : 6: Critical Research Issues 100) In Dr. Suarez’s social psychology lab, some college students taking part in the research suspect that interpersonal attraction processes are under study. This knowledge influences the way they interact with each other. In a play session during a child development study, Dr. Thomas’ research assistants are more likely to unconsciously reinforce aggressive behavior among children who view a violent video clip than among children viewing a nonviolent clip. Dr. Suarez’s research is susceptible to ________ expectations. Dr. Thomas’ work is prone to ________. Version 1 53 A) experimenter; participant expectations B) experimenter; experimenter expectations C) participant; participant expectations D) participant; experimenter expectations Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Difficulty : Easy APA Outcome : 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains Bloom’s : Apply Page : 48 APA Outcome : 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy Learning Objective : Identify possible sources of experimental bias in research. Topic : Ethics Section : 6: Critical Research Issues 101) What is a placebo? A) an actor employed by a researcher B) an unethical experiment done on nonhumans C) a false experimental treatment D) a bystander in Latané and Darley’s experiment Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Difficulty : Easy Bloom’s : Remember APA Outcome : 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains Page : 48 Learning Objective : Identify possible sources of experimental bias in research. Topic : Ethics Section : 6: Critical Research Issues 102) A ________ is a false treatment, such as a pill, “drug,” or other substance, without any significant chemical properties or active ingredient. Version 1 54 A) double-blind procedure B) simulation C) placebo D) natural procedure Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Difficulty : Easy APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Bloom’s : Remember Page : 48 Learning Objective : Identify possible sources of experimental bias in research. Topic : Ethics Section : 6: Critical Research Issues 103) A team of researchers conduct an experiment to test the effectiveness of a new drug in treating anxiety disorders. The participants in the control group receive sugar pills without active ingredients, while those in the experimental group receive the new, anti-anxiety drug. In this example, the researchers use a A) double-blind procedure. B) correlation coefficient. C) placebo. D) single-blind procedure. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Understand Difficulty : Medium APA Outcome : 1.3: Describe applications of psychology Page : 48 APA Outcome : 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy Learning Objective : Identify possible sources of experimental bias in research. Topic : Ethics Section : 6: Critical Research Issues Version 1 55 104) Laura is a clinical research psychologist. She conducts an experiment that involves a placebo. Which of the following statements is true about her experiment? A) All participants receive a treatment. B) Only the participants in the control group are aware of the purpose of the research. C) Laura is unaware of the nature of the drug that is being administered. D) Only the participants in the experimental group are aware of the purpose of the research. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Bloom’s : Apply Page : 48 Learning Objective : Identify possible sources of experimental bias in research. Topic : Ethics Section : 6: Critical Research Issues Difficulty : Difficult 105) A placebo minimizes ________; a double-blind procedure minimizes ________. A) participant expectations; experimenter expectations B) participant bias; participant expectations C) experimenter expectations; participant expectations D) experimenter bias; experimenter expectations Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Understand APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Difficulty : Medium Page : 48 APA Outcome : 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy Learning Objective : Identify possible sources of experimental bias in research. Topic : Ethics Section : 6: Critical Research Issues Version 1 56 106) Arjun, a psychologist, conducts an experiment to study the side effects of a drug. In this experiment, as Arjun wants to ensure accurate assessment of the drug’s effects, the participants and the experimenter who interacts with the participants are unaware of the nature of the drug that is being administered. Arjun is conducting a A) double-blind procedure. B) control treatment. C) placebo experiment. D) single-blind procedure. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.3: Describe applications of psychology Bloom’s : Apply Page : 48 Learning Objective : Identify possible sources of experimental bias in research. Topic : Ethics Section : 6: Critical Research Issues Difficulty : Difficult 107) A pharmaceutical company is conducting an experiment to test the effectiveness of a tricyclic antidepressant. Which of the following, if true, would indicate that the experimenters used a placebo? A) The participants were assigned to the experimental or control groups by drawing lots. B) The participants were informed about the medication they would be taking and its possible side effects before starting the treatment. C) The participants in both groups did not know if they were getting a real or a false treatment. D) The research assistants who administered the drugs were asked to establish rapport with the participants. Version 1 57 Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Difficulty : Easy APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Bloom’s : Remember Page : 48 APA Outcome : 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy Learning Objective : Identify possible sources of experimental bias in research. Topic : Ethics Section : 6: Critical Research Issues 108) A double-blind procedure is administered to overcome A) participant expectations. B) memory bias. C) reporting bias. D) experimenter expectations. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Difficulty : Easy APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Bloom’s : Remember Page : 48 APA Outcome : 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy Learning Objective : Identify possible sources of experimental bias in research. Topic : Ethics Section : 6: Critical Research Issues 109) A pharmaceutical company wishes to test the efficacy of a new antidepressant using a double-blind procedure. Which alternative correctly describes the procedure the company would use? Version 1 58 A) The research assistants would know which participants were receiving the new drug and which were receiving an inert pill. Each patient would also know which type of pill he or she was taking. B) The research assistants would know which participants were receiving the new drug and which were receiving an inert pill. Each patient, though, would not know which type of pill he or she was taking. C) The research assistants would not know which participants were receiving the new drug and which were receiving an inert pill. Each patient, though,would know which type of pill he or she was taking. D) The research assistants would not know which participants were receiving the new drug and which were receiving an inert pill. Also, each patient would not know which type of pill he or she was taking. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Difficulty : Medium APA Outcome : 1.3: Describe applications of psychology Bloom’s : Apply Page : 48 APA Outcome : 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy Learning Objective : Identify possible sources of experimental bias in research. Topic : Ethics Section : 6: Critical Research Issues SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 110) Distinguish between a hypothesis and a theory. Provide an example of a hypothesis, along with operational definitions of the variables included in your hypothesis. Version 1 59 Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Understand APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Section : 4: The Scientific Method Difficulty : Medium APA Outcome : 1.3: Describe applications of psychology Learning Objective : Distinguish between theory and hypothesis. Topic : Theories Topic : Hypotheses Page : 30 111) Select two of the following aphorisms: (1) Birds of a feather flock together; (2) Opposites attract; (3) The more the merrier; (4) Two heads are better the one; (5) Two’s company; three’s a crowd. Translate each aphorism that you select into a testable hypothesis. Provide operational definitions of each of the variables in each hypothesis. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Section : 4: The Scientific Method APA Outcome : 1.3: Describe applications of psychology Bloom’s : Apply Page : 31 Learning Objective : Distinguish between theory and hypothesis. Topic : Hypotheses Difficulty : Difficult 112) Select and describe a behavioral or mental phenomenon of particular interest to you. Describe how one might use descriptive, correlational, and experimental techniques to shed light on the phenomenon. Version 1 60 Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. Topic : Scientific Method Section : 4: The Scientific Method APA Outcome : 1.3: Describe applications of psychology Bloom’s : Apply Page : 30 APA Outcome : 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy Difficulty : Difficult 113) List and briefly describe three descriptive research methods. Provide an original example of each. Identify one advantage and one disadvantage of each of the methods you describe. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Understand Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. Difficulty : Medium Topic : Descriptive Research Page : 33-35, 41 114) What are the advantages and disadvantages of archival research? Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Bloom’s : Understand Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research Page : 33 Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. Difficulty : Medium Topic : Archival Research Version 1 61 115) Diya, a sociocultural psychologist, is working on an archival research project. She aims to understand more about the lifestyle of unemployed people. Identify the possible sources of data for her research. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Page : 33 Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. Bloom’s : Apply Difficulty : Difficult Topic : Archival Research 116) Discuss the shortcomings of naturalistic observation. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 1.1: Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology Bloom’s : Understand Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. Difficulty : Medium Topic : Naturalistic Observation Page : 34 117) Juan aims to study early childcare practices in uncontacted tribes across the world. For ethical reasons, Juan is not allowed to contact the people of these tribes through any means. However, he is allowed to observe them discreetly from approved observation stations. Which type of descriptive research would Juan choose for his research and why? Version 1 62 Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Page : 33 Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. Bloom’s : Apply Topic : Naturalistic Observation Difficulty : Difficult 118) Describe survey research, highlighting not only its advantages, but also several issues that researchers must consider when designing survey research. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Understand Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. Difficulty : Medium Page : 34 Topic : Survey Research APA Outcome : 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy 119) Ali’s research aims to understand sexually deviant behavior in women. He proposes to collect data for his research through in-person interviews with the participants. What problems is Ali likely to face because of the type of research he has chosen? Version 1 63 Question Details Page : 35 Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. Bloom’s : Apply Topic : Survey Research Difficulty : Difficult 120) How is a case study different from a survey? Describe the importance of case studies as a method of research. Question Details Page : 35 Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Understand Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. Difficulty : Medium Topic : Descriptive Research 121) Irene is studying a child savant in the autism spectrum. Which method of research is Irene using? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this method. Question Details Page : 35 Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Learning Objective : Describe the types of research that are used in psychology. Topic : Descriptive Research Bloom’s : Apply Difficulty : Difficult Version 1 64 122) A researcher finds a correlation of −.45 between the amount of stress participants report having experienced recently and the participants’ scores on an index of physical health. What does this mean? Provide a one-sentence interpretation of this correlation coefficient. Provide three distinct association mechanisms that might explain this correlation. Question Details Page : 35 Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Understand Learning Objective : Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets Topic : Correlational Research Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Difficulty : Medium APA Outcome : 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy 123) Suggest (a) two variables that are most likely positively correlated; (b) two variables that are most likely negatively correlated; and (c) two variables that are probably uncorrelated. Question Details Page : 35 Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Learning Objective : Describe how correlational research determines the relationship between two sets Topic : Correlational Research Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Difficulty : Medium APA Outcome : 1.3: Describe applications of psychology Bloom’s : Apply 124) How is it that the experimental method allows researchers to draw cause-and-effect conclusions? Identify the critical elements of the experimental method and explain how each helps enable the development of valid causal conclusions. Version 1 65 Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Understand Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research Difficulty : Medium Learning Objective : Explain how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships. Topic : Experimental Research APA Outcome : 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy Page : 37 125) Suggest one variable other than the presence and number of bystanders that you think might influence the likelihood that an individual will come to someone’s aid. State a hypothesis and explain how you might test it experimentally. Specify the independent and dependent variables, making sure to provide an operational definition of each. Describe the experimental and control groups and briefly outline the procedure. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research APA Outcome : 1.2: Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains Bloom’s : Apply Learning Objective : Explain how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships. Topic : Experimental Research APA Outcome : 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy Difficulty : Difficult Page : 37 126) Define the terms replicated research and meta-analysis. Identify the role of replicated research and meta-analysis in hypothesis testing and theory building. Version 1 66 Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Understand Difficulty : Easy Section : 5: Conducting Psychological Research APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research APA Outcome : 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena Page : 42 Learning Objective : Explain how experimental research can establish cause and effect relationships. Topic : Experimental Research 127) Occasionally, psychology has been described as the science of the behavior of college sophomores. Discuss some of the specific criticisms of psychology implied by this charge. How might these shortcomings be rectified? Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Understand Difficulty : Medium APA Outcome : 2.2: Demonstrate psychology information literacy Learning Objective : Identify possible sources of experimental bias in research. Topic : Ethics Section : 6: Critical Research Issues Page : 46 APA Outcome : 2.5: Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry 128) Emilia’s experiment aims to study how social approval works as a motivation at workplaces. Her experiment involves the use of deception. List some of the safeguards involved in the ethical guidelines that Emilia should keep in mind to protect her participants. Version 1 67 Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Apply Topic : Ethics Section : 6: Critical Research Issues Difficulty : Difficult Page : 44 APA Outcome : 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice Learning Objective : Summarize ethical concerns regarding the use of animals and humans as participan 129) Jonas is planning to use chimpanzees to test the efficacy of a new antidepressant. What are some of the guidelines he should keep in mind before using animals in his research? Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Apply Topic : Ethics Section : 6: Critical Research Issues Difficulty : Difficult APA Outcome : 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice Learning Objective : Summarize ethical concerns regarding the use of animals and humans as participan Page : 46 130) Discuss the use of nonhumans for research. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Understand Difficulty : Medium Topic : Ethics Section : 6: Critical Research Issues APA Outcome : 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice Learning Objective : Summarize ethical concerns regarding the use of animals and humans as participan Page : 46-47 Version 1 68 131) A pharmaceutical company has developed a new ADHD medication and wishes to test its effectiveness. Identify the threats that validity researchers might face in an experimental test of the medication’s efficacy and suggest how these threats may be overcome. Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 2.4: Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research Difficulty : Medium Bloom’s : Apply Page : 48 Learning Objective : Identify possible sources of experimental bias in research. Topic : Ethics Section : 6: Critical Research Issues 132) Diego is a psychology student. He needs to read several research articles for his assignment. What are the critical thinking questions that Diego should keep in mind when he reads each article? Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation Bloom’s : Apply Section : 6: Critical Research Issues Difficulty : Difficult APA Outcome : 3.1: Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice Learning Objective : Summarize ethical concerns regarding the use of animals and humans as participan Page : 49 Topic : Experimental Bias ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 133) The text opens the research methods chapter by recounting Kitty Genovese’s rape and murder, in which not a single neighbor came to her aid. Describe how each step of the scientific method might be applied to better understand such a phenomenon. Version 1 69 Question Details Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation APA Outcome : 2.1: Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena Topic : Scientific Method Section : 4: The Scientific Method Bloom’s : Apply Page : 30 Difficulty : Difficult Learning Objective : Summarize the scientific method. Version 1 70 Answer Key Test name: Chapter 02 1) C 2) B 3) A 4) A 5) C 6) A 7) B 8) D 9) B 10) A 11) A 12) A 13) D 14) A 15) A 16) A 17) D 18) C 19) C 20) B 21) A 22) D 23) D 24) A 25) B 26) C Version 1 71 27) D 28) B 29) A 30) D 31) A 32) B 33) B 34) D 35) C 36) B 37) D 38) D 39) A 40) C 41) D 42) B 43) A 44) C 45) C 46) A 47) B 48) D 49) A 50) D 51) A 52) B 53) B 54) C 55) A 56) C Version 1 72 57) C 58) D 59) C 60) A 61) B 62) C 63) B 64) C 65) B 66) C 67) D 68) B 69) D 70) C 71) D 72) C 73) D 74) B 75) C 76) D 77) C 78) D 79) A 80) C 81) B 82) B 83) C 84) A 85) B 86) A Version 1 73 87) C 88) A 89) B 90) B 91) B 92) A 93) A 94) B 95) C 96) A 97) C 98) C 99) A 100) D 101) C 102) C 103) C 104) A 105) A 106) A 107) C 108) D 109) D Version 1 74 110) Hypothesis is a specific prediction regarding the relationship between two variables. Theories are broad explanations of the phenomena of interest. The answer should further suggest that a hypothesis is more specific than a theory. Next, the answer should contain a single-sentence hypothesis, including some notion of both an independent and a dependent variable. Finally, both the independent and dependent variables should be operationalized, or stated in quantifiable terms. Examples: intelligence =score on an intelligence test; partying = hours per week spent consuming alcohol or other psychoactive substances in the company of one or more other people; grades = GPA Version 1 75 111) The answer should include examples similar to the following: Birds of a feather flock together. Hypothesis: The more similar two people are, the more likely they are to be attracted to each other. Operational definitions: Similarity: (high) correlation between two people’s scores on personality and intelligence measures interpersonal attraction—attraction ratings completed by the members of the couple; pupil dilation, whether a follow-up phone call takes place. Opposites attract. Hypothesis: The more dissimilar two people are, the more likely they are to be attracted to each other. Operational definitions: Dissimilar: (low or negative) correlation between two people’s scores on personality and intelligence measures interpersonal attraction—attraction ratings completed by the members of the couple; pupil dilation, whether a follow-up phone call takes place. The more the merrier. Hypothesis: As more people participate in a social event, each individual’s enjoyment of the event increases. Operational definitions: More people—the number of people attending an event. Enjoyment—enjoyment ratings; whether a subsequent gettogether is endorsed. Two heads are better than one. Hypothesis: Problems are solved more rapidly when two individuals collaborate than when one individual attempts the problems alone. Operational definitions: Rapidly—the time it takes to solve the problem. Collaboration: a second problem solver contributes to the solution, or is absent. Two’s company; three’s a crowd. Hypothesis: Interpersonal attraction between members of a potential couple is higher when they meet alone than when they meet in the presence of a third individual. Operational definitions: Interpersonal attraction—attraction ratings completed by the members of the couple; pupil dilation, whether a follow-up phone call takes place. Third individual—a confederate is either present or absent. Version 1 76 112) Virtually any behavioral or mental phenomena might be selected. Examples include aggression, drinking alcohol, and depression. The answer should describe in turn the application of at least one descriptive technique, the correlational method, and the experimental technique to the phenomenon of interest. Examples: Descriptive methods: naturalistic observation—observing children at play during recess and noting instances of aggression; case study—a detailed examination of one clinically depressed individual. Correlational methods—the focus here should be on computing a correlation coefficient expressing the strength and direction of the relationship between scores on a measure of the phenomenon of interest and scores on measures of another variable that might plausibly be related to it. Example—scores on a measure of aggression and scores on measures of exposure to media violence should be positively correlated. The question does not specifically ask for operationalizations of the variables of interest. Experimental—the focus should be on the manipulation of an independent variable and the measurement of a dependent variable. Example—manipulate exposure to an aggressive model and record the subsequent aggressive behavior of children. Experimental (e.g., exposed to aggressive model) and control groups (e.g., not exposed to aggressive model) should be described, and mention should be made of the random assignment of participants to groups. Version 1 77 113) The answer should contain three of the following descriptive methods, along with a description, an example, an advantage, and a disadvantage. 1. Archival research Description: Examines existing data to confirm hypothesis Example: Using crime statistics available from the government Advantage: Ease of data collection and inexpensiveness Disadvantage: Records may not be systematic or in a form that ideally suits the purpose of the investigation. 2. Case study Description: An intensive investigation of a single individual or a small group Example: An in-depth study of an individual with dissociative identity disorder Advantage: Provides in-depth understanding of participants Disadvantage: Results may not be generalizable beyond the sample. 3. Naturalistic observation Description: Observation of naturally occurring behavior, without changing the environment Example: Recording instances of helping behavior or acts of consideration in an office to examine prosocial behavior at work Advantage: Provides a sample of people in their natural environment Disadvantage: Such a study does not allow control over the factors of interest. 4. Survey Description: Asking a series of questions to a sample chosen to represent a larger population Example: A survey of 40 questions related to emotions experienced Version 1 78 during participants’ daily commute Advantage: Generalizable using a relatively small sample and usually inexpensive and rapid Disadvantage: Participants may not provide accurate responses to survey questions; sample may not be representative of the larger population. 114) An advantage of archival research is that it is a relatively inexpensive means of testing a hypothesis because someone else has already collected the basic data. One of the drawbacks of archival research is that the data may not be in a form that allows the researcher to test a hypothesis fully. The information could be incomplete, or it could have been collected haphazardly. Most attempts at archival research are hampered by the simple fact that records with the necessary information often do not exist. 115) Some of the possible sources of data for Diya’s research are newspaper records and articles, census documents, college and organization records, government unemployment records, and online databases. 116) An important shortcoming of naturalistic observation is that the researcher is not able to control any of the factors of interest. The researcher would have to wait until the appropriate conditions occur to observe a particular factor of interest. Another drawback of this type of research is that when people know that they are being watched, they may alter their reactions and produce behavior that is not truly representative. 117) In naturalistic observation, a researcher simply observes naturally occurring behavior and does not make a change in the situation. Since Juan cannot make any changes to the situation, naturalistic observation is the type of research that best suits his purposes. Version 1 79 118) The answer should include the following points: Survey research involves asking a sample of individuals a series of questions about their behavior, thoughts, or attitudes. The sample is chosen to be representative of a larger group of interest, namely, a population. Survey research is straightforward. It is efficient and allows researchers to infer with great accuracy how a large group of people would respond. Nevertheless, care must be taken to ensure that the sample is truly representative of the population: a random sample is ideal. In addition, researchers should be aware that respondents may be reluctant to admit holding socially undesirable attitudes. Moreover, people may not be consciously aware of their true attitudes or behaviors. 119) Ali is likely to face the following problems while collecting data for understanding sexually deviant behavior in women: Participants may not want to admit they engage in behaviors that they feel are somehow abnormal. They may be reluctant to provide information about what they really do in private. In addition, participants might find it uncomfortable to speak about their sexual habits in inperson interviews. Finally, in some cases, participants may not even be consciously aware of what their true attitudes are or why they hold them. 120) In contrast to a survey, in which many people are studied, a case study is an in-depth, intensive investigation of a single individual or a small group. Case studies often include psychological testing, a procedure in which a carefully designed set of questions is used to gain some insight into the personality of the individual or group. When case studies are used as a research technique, the goal is to use the insights gained from the study of one or a few individuals to improve our understanding of people in general. Version 1 80 121) Irene is conducting a case study. When case studies are used as a research technique, the goal is often not only to learn about the few individuals being examined but also to use the insights gained from the study to improve our understanding of people in general. Sigmund Freud developed his theories through case studies of individual patients. Similarly, case studies of terrorists might help identify others who are prone to violence. The drawback to case studies is that if the individuals examined are unique in certain ways, it is impossible to make valid generalizations to a larger population. Still, they sometimes lead the way to new theories and treatments for psychological disorders. 122) The interpretation should be similar to: “The more stress participants report having experienced; the lower their scores on a physical health index.” Causal mechanisms: (1) Stress causes or produces poor health; (2) Poor health results in stress—e.g., from medical expenses, lost days at work, an inability to keep up with family demands; (3) A third variable leads to both high stress and poor health. One example might be low SES. 123) Many examples are possible. Positive—hours spent studying and GPA. Negative—stress and physical health. Uncorrelated—agreeableness and intelligence. Graphical representations should show a line with a positive slope to reflect a positive correlation, a line with a negative slope to portray a negative correlation, and a flat, horizontal line to relate two uncorrelated variables. Version 1 81 124) The answer should make mention of both (a) the deliberate manipulation of an independent variable and (b) the random assignment of participants to groups. The effects on the dependent variable of the treatment—the manipulation of the independent variable—are compared to the effects of no manipulation, in the control group. If a difference is observed, the independent variable may have an effect. Random assignment to groups minimizes the likelihood that the participants in the control group differ systematically from the participants in the experimental group, and therefore helps rule out such differences as potential causes of any difference observed between groups in the dependent variable. 125) Many variables are possible that might influence the likelihood that an individual will come to someone’s aid. One might be apparent status of the victim, operationalized perhaps as dress—with the highstatus victim in business attire and the low-status victim in dirty, unkempt attire. The hypothesis should relate the proposed independent variable to the likelihood that the participant will help the victim. Example—People are more likely to help a high-status than a low-status victim. An operationalization of the independent variable should be provided—that is, a description of how the variable will be manipulated should appear in the answer. Dress may be one way to manipulate status. Groups should be identified. Example—participants will be randomly assigned to high-status victim and low-status victim groups. Finally, the procedure should be described in general terms; the procedure should make mention of a false emergency, as in the Latané and Darley experiment. Version 1 82 126) The response should include the following: Replicated research: attempting to repeat findings, sometimes using other procedures, other settings, or different groups of participants. Replication and meta-analysis reflect the scientific ideal that hypotheses are subject to stringent test and ultimately supported only if they are confirmed many times across a range of specific situations. Our confidence in a hypothesis is increased if it is supported by replications and meta-analyses; these procedures affirm the generality of a hypothesis. Such confidence in a hypothesis in turn contributes to the development of more accurate theories, or explanations, of thought and behavior. 127) The answers should mention that college students are often used as participants in psychological research. The answer should indicate that college students are not representative of the population as a whole— they are younger, whiter, and better educated than the population at large. The answer should describe some way in which the diversity of participants in psychological research may be increased. 128) Following are the safeguards that Emilia should keep in mind: ● Protection of participants from physical and mental harm ● The right of participants to privacy regarding their behavior ● The assurance that participation in research is completely voluntary ● The necessity of informing participants about the nature of procedures before their participation in the experiment ● Review of all experiments by an independent panel before being conducted Version 1 83 129) Jonas must make every effort to minimize discomfort, illness, and pain caused to the chimpanzees. Procedures that subject animals to distress are permitted only when an alternative procedure is unavailable and when the research is justified by its prospective value. Moreover, Jonas must not only strive to avoid causing physical discomfort to the animals but also promote their psychological well-being. 130) Nonhumans are employed in psychological research designed to answer questions different from those posed in research with humans. For example, the shorter life span of animals (rats live an average of 2 years) allows researchers to learn about the effects of aging in a relatively short time frame. It is also possible to provide greater experimental control over nonhumans and to carry out procedures that might not be possible with people. For example, some studies require large numbers of participants that share similar backgrounds or have been exposed to particular environments—conditions that could not practically be met with human beings. Research with animals has provided psychologists with information that has profoundly benefited humans. For instance, it furnished the keys to detecting eye disorders in children early enough to prevent permanent damage, to communicating more effectively with children with severe intellectual disability, and to reducing chronic pain in people. Still, the use of research using nonhumans is controversial, involving complex moral and philosophical concerns. Consequently, all research involving nonhumans must be carefully reviewed beforehand to ensure that it is conducted ethically. Version 1 84 131) The threats that validity researchers might face are: a. Participant expectations—participants should not know whether they receive the medication or not, so that apparent effects of the drug do not reflect participants’ belief in its efficacy. A placebo should be given in the no-medication group. b. Experimenter expectations—the experimenter should not know which participants receive the medication so that apparent effects of the drug do not reflect the experimenter’s belief in its efficacy. A doubleblind procedure should be used. 132) The answer should mention most of the following questions: Purpose of the research: Is the theoretical background clearly specified? Are specific hypotheses mentioned? Methods of the research: Who were the participants? How many participants were used? What were the specific methods that the researchers used? Presentation of the results: Are the results presented fairly, without distortion? Version 1 85 133) The answer should include all four steps of the scientific method: 1. Identifying a question of interest: How could it be that absolutely no one in a crowded city would help a woman being raped and killed? That’s disturbing; let’s use the scientific method to find an answer. 2. Formulating an explanation: Psychologists Latané and Darley developed an explanation, or theory, based on the notion of diffusion of responsibility. The more bystanders there are, the more the responsibility for helping is perceived to be spread among them. Thus, the more bystanders, the smaller the share of responsibility felt by any one bystander, and the less likely he or she is to help. 3. Carrying out research: The answer should describe an experimental scenario in which the number of bystanders to a staged emergency is varied and the helping behavior of the participant is measured. 4. Sharing the findings: The results of the experiment should be published as a journal article or presented at a conference. Version 1 86