Test Bank For Development Across the Life Span, 9th Edition

Development Across the Life Span, 9e TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE Chapter 2 The Start of Life: Prenatal Development Topic LO 2.1: Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment. LO 2.2: Compare monozygotic twins with dizygotic twins. LO 2.3: Describe how the sex of a child is determined. Multiple Choice True/False Fill-Ins Essay Multiple Choice Remember the Facts Understand the Concepts 1-14 15-16 17, 20, 22.23 19 True/False Fill-Ins Essay Multiple Choice 24-26 True/False 153 Apply What You Know 18, 21 Fill-Ins LO 2.4: Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information. LO 2.5: Describe the field of behavioral genetics. LO 2.6: Describe the major inherited disorders. LO 2.7: Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing. LO 2.8: Explain how the environment and genetics work together to determine human characteristics. LO 2.9: Summarize how researchers study the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in development. Essay Multiple Choice True/False Fill-Ins Essay Multiple Choice 148 27-31, 33-37 154-155, 157-159 True/False Fill-Ins Essay Multiple Choice True/False Fill-Ins Essay Multiple Choice True/False Fill-Ins Essay 160-162 47-48, 50-68, 70 166-167, 169 168 Multiple Choice True/False Fill-Ins Essay 71-72 171-173 170 Multiple Choice True/False Fill-Ins Essay 73 175, 177 174, 176 32 156 149 38-39 40, 46 164 41-45 165 49, 69 1 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE Chapter 2 The Start of Life: Prenatal Development Topic LO 2.10: Explain how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical traits, intelligence, and personality. LO 2.11: Explain the role genetics and the environment play in the development of psychological disorders. LO 2.12: Describe the way in which genes influence the environment. LO 2.13: Explain the process of fertilization. LO 2.14: Summarize the three stages of prenatal development. LO 2.15: Describe some of the physical and ethical challenges that relate to pregnancy. LO 2.16: What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Factual Conceptual Applied Multiple Choice True/False Fill-Ins Essay 74-81 178, 180-184 188 179, 185 Multiple Choice True/False Fill-Ins Essay 82.83 163, 186-187 Multiple Choice True/False Fill-Ins Essay Multiple Choice True/False Fill-Ins Essay Multiple Choice True/False Fill-Ins Essay Multiple Choice True/False Fill-Ins Essay Multiple Choice 84 190 True/False Fill-Ins Essay 150 189 85-88 89-108 191 109-112, 114-118 151 119-133, 135-140, 142.143, 145-147 192.195 113 134, 141, 144 152 2 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e Chapter 2 The Start of Life: Prenatal Development MULTIPLE CHOICE 2.1. What are male reproductive cells called? a) b) c) d) sperm ovum gametes zygotes Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment. Topic: Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.2. What is a female reproductive cell called? a) b) c) d) a gamete a sperm a zygote an ovum Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment. Topic: Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 3 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.3. About an hour or so after a sperm enters the ovum, these two cells suddenly fuse, becoming one cell. What is this cell called? a) b) c) d) a chromosome DNA a zygote a gene Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment. Topic: Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.4. What is the name of the new cell formed by the process of fertilization? a) b) c) d) fetus zygote ovum gamete Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment. Topic: Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.5. Male and female reproductive cells are also known as what? a) b) c) d) gametes zygotes genes chromosomes Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment. Topic: Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 4 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.6. What is the basic unit of genetic information? a) b) c) d) zygote sperm gene gamete Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment. Topic: Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.7. How are the blueprints for creating a person are stored and communicated? a) b) c) d) zygotes genes gametes the Golgi apparatus Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment. Topic: Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.8. What is the substance that genes are composed of, that determines the nature of each cell in the body and how it will function? a) b) c) d) chromosomes gametes zygotes deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment. Topic: Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 5 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.9. All genes are composed of specific sequences of which kind of molecules? a) b) c) d) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) calcium mitochondria ribonucleic acid (RNA) Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment. Topic: Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.10. What is the name of the rod-shaped portions of DNA that are organized in 23 pairs? a) b) c) d) genes gametes chromosomes monochromes Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment. Topic: Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.11. What is the number of chromosomes along which genes are arranged in specific locations and in a specific order? a) b) c) d) 54 52 46 23 Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment. Topic: Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 6 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.12. How many pairs of chromosomes are found in each of the non-sex cells? a) b) c) d) 54 52 46 23 Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment. Topic: Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 2.13. Which process accounts for the replication of most types of cells, resulting in nearly all the cells in the body containing the same 46 chromosomes as the zygote? a) b) c) d) meiosis constriction mitosis reproduction Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment. Topic: Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.14. Gametes are formed in the human body through what process? a) b) c) d) replication meiosis mitosis neurogenesis Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment. Topic: Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 7 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.15. Which process provides the potential for the vast diversity of human beings springing from just 23 chromosomes per parent? a) b) c) d) sperm competition ovum timing chromosomal abnormalities gamete cell division Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment. Topic: Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena. 2.16. How many genetic combinations are estimated to be possible from the processes of meiosis and other random genetic transformations? a) b) c) d) tens of billions tens of millions hundreds of thousands tens of trillions Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.1 Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment. Topic: Genes and Chromosomes: The Code of Life Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 2.17. What term is used to describe genetically identical twins? a) b) c) d) gamete-specific monozygotic dizygotic zygote-enriched Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.2 Compare monozygotic twins with dizygotic twins. Topic: Multiple Births: Two—or More—for the Genetic Price of One Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 8 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.18. Marissa and Melissa are twins and are genetically identical. Which term would a geneticist use to describe them? a) b) c) d) gamete-deprived twins dizygotic twins monozygotic twins replicated twins Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.2 Compare monozygotic twins with dizygotic twins. Topic: Multiple Births: Two—or More—for the Genetic Price of One Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 2.19. Monozygotic twins may differ from one another as they age. What causes these differences? a) b) c) d) unfolding of genetic tendencies chromosomal differences environmental forces DNA deterioration Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.2 Compare monozygotic twins with dizygotic twins. Topic: Multiple Births: Two—or More—for the Genetic Price of One Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 2.20. What term is used to describe twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time? a) b) c) d) dizygotic monozygotic gamete-specific zygote-enriched Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.2 Compare monozygotic twins with dizygotic twins. Topic: Multiple Births: Two—or More—for the Genetic Price of One Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 9 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.21. Shane and Sia are twins, but they are not genetically identical. Which term would a geneticist use to describe them? a) b) c) d) gamete-deprived twins dizygotic twins monozygotic twins unreplicated twins Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.2 Compare monozygotic twins with dizygotic twins. Topic: Multiple Births: Two—or More—for the Genetic Price of One Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 2.22. What kind of twins are no more genetically similar than two siblings born at different times? a) b) c) d) dizygotic twins monozygotic twins sperm-based twins ovum-enhanced twins Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.2 Compare monozygotic twins with dizygotic twins. Topic: Multiple Births: Two—or More—for the Genetic Price of One Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.23. How does the current rate of multiple births compare to the rate in the 1990s? a) b) c) d) The rate has decreased over that time period. The rate has remained the same over that time period. The rate has increased over that time period. The rate has varied up and down over that time period. Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.2 Compare monozygotic twins with dizygotic twins. Topic: Multiple Births: Two—or More—for the Genetic Price of One Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 10 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.24. Which chromosome pairing is found on the 23rd pair of chromosomes in males? a) b) c) d) XX XY yX YY Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how the sex of a child is determined. Topic: Boy or Girl? Establishing the Sex of the Child Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.25. How would a child with an XX pairing on the 23rd chromosome be genetically classified? a) b) c) d) male monozygotic dizygotic female Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how the sex of a child is determined. Topic: Boy or Girl? Establishing the Sex of the Child Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.26. What is the fundamental factor that determines the sex of a child? a) b) c) d) the ovum the sperm chromosome variety chromosome division Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how the sex of a child is determined. Topic: Boy or Girl? Establishing the Sex of the Child Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 11 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.27. What is the term used for the one trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present? a) b) c) d) recessive genotypic dominant phenotypic Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information. Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.28. Which term is used to describe a trait within an organism that is present but not expressed? a) b) c) d) dominant genotypic phenotype-devoid recessive Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information. Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.29. Which term is used to refer to an observable trait? a) b) c) d) a karyotype a prototype a genotype a phenotype Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information. Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 12 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.30. What do geneticists call the underlying combination of genetic material present (but not outwardly visible) in an organism? a) b) c) d) a genotype a phenotype a dominance pattern a recessive absence Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information. Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.31. When a child inherits similar genes for a given trait from her or his parents, how would a geneticist describe that child? a) b) c) d) monozygotic homozygous phenotypic heterozygous Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information. Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.32. Eric has blue eyes. Because the gene for blue eyes is recessive, what must be true of Eric regarding this trait? a) b) c) d) He is monozygotic for this trait. He is homozygous for this trait. He is phenozygotic for this trait. He is heterozygous for this trait. Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information. Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 13 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.33. When a child receives different forms of a certain gene from her or his parents, how would a geneticist describe that child? a) monozygous b) phenozygous c) homozygous d) heterozygous Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information. Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.34. What is the name of the inherited disorder in which a child is unable to make use of an essential amino acid present in proteins found in milk? a) b) c) d) sickle cell disorder phenylketonuria (PKU) Prader-Willi syndrome chromosome deficiency Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information. Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.35. What kind of inheritance results in a combination of multiple gene pairs contributing to the production of a particular trait? a) b) c) d) X-lined interstitial polygenic homozygous Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information. Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 14 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.36. What type of gene is considered recessive and located only on the X chromosome? a) b) c) d) heterozygous X-linked homozygous recessive Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information. Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.37. Which inherited blood-clotting disorder has been a problem throughout the royal families of Europe? a) b) c) d) X-linked arrhythmia phenylketonuria (PKU) Down syndrome hemophilia Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information. Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.38. Which term refers to studying the effects of heredity on psychological characteristics and behavior? a) b) c) d) gene sequence mapping behavioral genetics human genome Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe the field of behavioral genetics. Topic: The Human Genome and Behavioral Genetics: Cracking the Genetic Code Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 15 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.39. How many genes do humans have? a) b) c) d) 100,000 50,000 25,000 10,000 Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe the field of behavioral genetics. Topic: The Human Genome and Behavioral Genetics: Cracking the Genetic Code Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.40. Sometimes genes, for no known reason, change their form. What is this process called? a) b) c) d) spontaneous acceleration spontaneous combustion spontaneous mutation spontaneous malformation Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.6 Describe the major inherited disorders. Topic: Inherited and Genetic Disorders: When Development Deviates from the Norm Skill Level: Remember the Facts Level: Moderate Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.41. Sara has an extra chromosome on her twenty-first pair of chromosomes. What disorder does Sara have? a) b) c) d) hemophilia fragile X syndrome sickle-cell anemia Down syndrome Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.6 Describe the major inherited disorders. Topic: Inherited and Genetic Disorders: When Development Deviates from the Norm Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 16 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.42. Emily has a disorder that is produced by an injury to a gene on the X chromosome, producing a mild to moderate mental impairment. What disorder does Emily have? a) b) c) d) Down syndrome Tay-Sachs disease fragile X syndrome Klinefelter’s syndrome Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.6 Describe the major inherited disorders. Topic: Inherited and Genetic Disorders: When Development Deviates from the Norm Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 2.43. Kevin has a blood disorder that gets its name from the shape of his malformed red blood cells. What disorder does Kevin have? a) b) c) d) sickle-cell anemia hemophilia Klinefelter’s syndrome fragile X syndrome Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.6 Describe the major inherited disorders. Topic: Inherited and Genetic Disorders: When Development Deviates from the Norm Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 2.44. Tera has a disorder that is untreatable and produces blindness and muscle degeneration prior to death. What disorder does Tera have? a) b) c) d) fragile X syndrome Tay-Sachs disease Klinefelter’s syndrome hemophilia Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.6 Describe the major inherited disorders. Topic: Inherited and Genetic Disorders: When Development Deviates from the Norm Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 17 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.45. Akili has the disorder that results from the presence of an extra X chromosome that produces underdeveloped genitals, extreme height, and enlarged breasts. What disorder does Akili have? a) b) c) d) Klinefelter’s syndrome Down syndrome Tay-Sachs disease fragile X syndrome Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.6 Describe the major inherited disorders. Topic: Inherited and Genetic Disorders: When Development Deviates from the Norm Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 2.46. The sickle-cell gene confers immunity against which disease commonly found in West Africa? a) b) c) d) hemophilia diarrhea malaria anemia Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.6 Describe the major inherited disorders. Topic: Inherited and Genetic Disorders: When Development Deviates from the Norm Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.47. Which profession focuses on helping people deal with issues related to inherited disorders? a) b) c) d) psychological counseling retroactive counseling genetic counseling family counseling Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing. Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 18 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.48. What is the earliest medical test that occurs in the 11th to 13th week of pregnancy and can identify chromosomal abnormalities and other disorders, such as heart problems? a) b) c) d) amniocentesis chorionic villus sampling (CVS) ultrasound sonography first-trimester screen Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing. Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.49. Huela talks to her physician about assessing the health of her unborn child. The physician recommends a test that combines a blood test and ultrasound sonography. Which procedure did the physician recommend? a) b) c) d) amniocentesis sonogram first-trimester screen embryoscopy Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing. Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 19 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.50. What is the process in which high-frequency sound waves scan a mother’s womb to produce an image of an unborn baby? a) b) c) d) embryoscopy ultrasound sonography amniocentesis chorionic villus sampling (CVS) Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing. Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.51. Which procedure involves taking samples of the hair-like material that surrounds an embryo in order to identify genetic defects? a) b) c) d) karyotypy amniocentesis ultrasound sonography chorionic villus sampling (CVS) Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing. Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 20 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.52. Which invasive test can be used if blood tests and ultrasound have identified a potential problem with the developing child, or if there is a family history of inherited disorders? a) b) c) d) amniocentesis chorionic villus sampling (CVS) ultrasound sonography first-trimester screen Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing. Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.53. Which infrequently used test is performed between the 8th and 11th week of pregnancy, but produces a risk of miscarriage? a) b) c) d) amniocentesis ultrasound sonography chorionic villus sampling (CVS) first-trimester screen Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing. Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 21 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.54. Which process identifies genetic defects by examining a small sample of fetal cells drawn by a needle inserted into the amniotic fluid? a) b) c) d) amniocentesis karyotype ultrasound sonography chorionic villus sampling (CVS) Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing. Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.55. Amniocentesis is usually conducted after how many weeks of pregnancy? a) b) c) d) 5 to 10 8 to 12 15 to 20 30 to 40 Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing. Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.56. Which test is carried out 15 to 20 weeks into a pregnancy, and allows the analysis of fetal cells that can identify a variety of genetic defects with nearly 100 percent accuracy? a) b) c) d) chorionic villus sampling (CVS) ultrasound sonography embryoscopy amniocentesis Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing. Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 22 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.57. Which test can be used to determine the sex of a child prior to birth? a) b) c) d) ultrasound sonography amniocentesis chorionic villus sampling (CVS) fetal blood sampling (FBS) Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing. Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.58. Which test examines the embryo or fetus during the first 23 weeks of pregnancy by means of a fiber-optic device inserted through the cervix? a) b) c) d) embryoscopy amniocentesis somnambulism chorionic villus sampling (CVS) Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing. Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.59. Which test is performed as early as the 5th week of pregnancy, and allows access to the fetal circulatory system? a) b) c) d) amniocentesis embryoscopy chorionic villus sampling (CVS) ultrasound Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing. Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 23 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.60. Which test procedure is recommended if either parent carries Tay-Sachs, spina bifida, sickle-cell, Down syndrome, muscular dystrophy, or Rh disease? a) b) c) d) amniocentesis embryoscopy chorionic villus sampling (CVS) ultrasound Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing. Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.61. Which test is performed after 18 weeks of pregnancy by collecting a small amount of blood from the umbilical cord for testing? a) b) c) d) embryoscopy amniocentesis fetal blood sampling (FBS) chorionic villus sampling (CVS) Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing. Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 24 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.62. Which test is used to detect Down syndrome by collecting blood from the umbilical cord after the 18th week of pregnancy? a) b) c) d) fetal blood sampling (FBS) embryoscopy chorionic villus sampling (CVS) amniocentesis Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing. Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.63. Which procedure is used to detect abnormalities in the first trimester of pregnancy, and involves high-frequency transvaginal probes and digital visual processing? a) b) c) d) fetal blood sampling (FBS) sonoembryology embryoscopy first-trimester screen Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing. Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 25 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.64. Which procedure, in combination with ultrasound, can detect more than 80 percent of all malformations during the second trimester of pregnancy? a) b) c) d) sonoembryology fetal blood sampling (FBS) embryoscopy amniocentesis Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing. Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.65. Which procedure produces a visual image of the uterus, fetus, and placenta? a) b) c) d) sonoembryology sonogram chorionic villus sampling (CVS) embryoscopy Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing. Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 26 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.66. Which procedure uses very high frequency sound waves to detect structural abnormalities in the developing fetus or the presence of multiple fetuses? a) b) c) d) ultrasound sonography sonoembryology embryoscopy sonogram Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing. Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.67. Which testing procedure uses high-frequency sound waves to examine the developing fetus, and is typically used in addition to other procedures? a) b) c) d) sonogram sonoembryology ultrasound sonography embryoscopy Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing. Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 27 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.68. The symptoms of Huntington’s disease typically manifest themselves when people reach which decade of life? a) b) c) d) 50s 20s 70s 40s Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing. Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.69. Cynthia’s mother will undergo a procedure to ensure her next child will be free of Fanconi anemia. Which of the following procedures will be used? a) b) c) d) preimplantation genetic diagnosis ultrasound sonography chorionic villus sampling (CVS) genetic ovum selectivity (GOS) Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing. Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 2.70. Which procedure takes cells from an embryo and then replaces them after the defective genes they contain have been repaired? a) b) c) d) germ line therapy genetic counseling preimplantation genetic diagnosis fetal blood sampling Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing. Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult 28 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.71. What do developmentalists call patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual? a) b) c) d) genetics personality temperament phenotype Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.8 Explain how the environment and genetics work together to determine human characteristics. Topic: The Role of the Environment in Determining the Expression of Genes: From Genotypes to Phenotypes Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.72. Which term refers to the determination of an individual’s traits through a combination of both genetic and environmental factors? a) b) c) d) multifactorial transmission inheritance natural selection unifactorial transmission Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.8 Explain how the environment and genetics work together to determine human characteristics. Topic: The Role of the Environment in Determining the Expression of Genes: From Genotypes to Phenotypes Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 29 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.73. Monozygotic twins who are raised in different adoptive households would provide an opportunity to disentangle the relative effects of which two developmental factors? a) b) c) d) genotypes and phenotypes heredity and the environment monozygotic and dizygotic influences isolation and sociability Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.9 Summarize how researchers study the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in development. Topic: Studying Development: How Much Is Nature? How Much Is Nurture? Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.74. As genetic similarity between two individuals increases, what also tends to reliably increase? a) b) c) d) similarity in occupation similarity in blood pressure similarity in intelligence test scores similarity in respiration rate Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.10 Explain how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical traits, intelligence, and personality. Topic: Genetics and the Environment: Working Together Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.75. Which researcher argued that as much as 80 percent of intelligence is a result of heredity? a) b) c) d) Barnard Hughes Erik Erikson Sandra Scarr Arthur Jensen Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.10 Explain how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical traits, intelligence, and personality. Topic: Genetics and the Environment: Working Together Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 30 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.76. Which “Big Five” personality trait refers to the degree of emotional stability an individual characteristically displays? a) b) c) d) openness to experience neuroticism shyness extroversion Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.10 Explain how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical traits, intelligence, and personality. Topic: Genetics and the Environment: Working Together Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.77. Which “Big Five” personality trait refers to the degree to which a person seeks to be with others, to behave in an outgoing manner, and generally to be sociable? a) b) c) d) neuroticism agreeableness social potency extroversion Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.10 Explain how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical traits, intelligence, and personality. Topic: Genetics and the Environment: Working Together Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.78. How do parents in the United States and Asian cultures compare in their attitudes toward children’s activity levels? a) U.S. parents encourage lower activity levels, whereas Asian parents encourage greater activity in their children. b) Both U.S. parents and Asian parents encourage passivity in their children. c) U.S. parents encourage higher activity levels, whereas Asian parents encourage greater passivity in their children. d) Both U.S. parents and Asian parents encourage higher activity levels in their children. Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.10 Explain how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical traits, intelligence, and personality. 31 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e Topic: Genetics and the Environment: Working Together Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.79. Which genetically linked trait reflects the tendency to be a masterful, forceful leader who enjoys being the center of attention? a) b) c) d) neuroticism social potency extroversion traditionalism Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.10 Explain how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical traits, intelligence, and personality. Topic: Genetics and the Environment: Working Together Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.80. Which genetically linked trait reflects the tendency to endorse rules and authority? a) b) c) d) traditionalism neuroticism social potency extroversion Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.10 Explain how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical traits, intelligence, and personality. Topic: Genetics and the Environment: Working Together Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.81. Which developmental scientist speculated that the underlying temperament of a given society, determined genetically, may predispose people in that society toward a particular philosophy? a) b) c) d) T.C. Frank Willard Kaiser Hugo Bratmann Jerome Kagan Answer: D 32 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e Learning Objective: 2.11 Explain the role genetics and the environment play in the development of psychological disorders. Topic: Psychological Disorders: The Role of Genetics and Environment Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.82. What percent chance does a monozygotic twin have of developing schizophrenia when the other twin develops the disorder? a) b) c) d) 10 percent 25 percent 50 percent 100 percent Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.11 Explain the role genetics and the environment play in the development of psychological disorders. Topic: Psychological Disorders: The Role of Genetics and Environment Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.83. If genetics were the sole cause of a disorder, what would be the risk factor between monozygotic twins for developing the disorder? a) b) c) d) 10 percent 25 percent 50 percent 100 percent Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.11 Explain the role genetics and the environment play in the development of psychological disorders. Topic: Psychological Disorders: The Role of Genetics and Environment Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 33 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.84. Which developmental psychologist endorsed the idea that genetic endowment provided to children by their parents not only determines their genetic characteristics, but also actively influences their environment? a) b) c) d) Lee Willerman Sandra Scarr Edie Sedgwick Horst Mahler Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.12 Describe ways in which genes influence the environment. Topic: Can Genes Influence the Environment? Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.85. What is the process by which a sperm and an ovum join to form a single new cell? a) b) c) d) fertilization sex segregation germinal bonding prenatal determination Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.13 Explain the process of fertilization. Topic: Fertilization: The Moment of Conception Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.86. How many ova are human females usually born with? a) 100,000 b) 400,000 c) 500,000 d) 1,000,000 Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.13 Explain the process of fertilization. Topic: Fertilization: The Moment of Conception Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 34 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.87. During the time between puberty and menopause, females will ovulate in periods of approximately how many days? a) b) c) d) 37 28 15 60 Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.13 Explain the process of fertilization. Topic: Fertilization: The Moment of Conception Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.88. How many sperm does an adult male produce each day? a) one hundred thousand b) fourteen thousand c) several hundred million d) eight million Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.13 Explain the process of fertilization. Topic: Fertilization: The Moment of Conception Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.89. Three days after fertilization, how many cells constitute the developing organism? a) b) c) d) 150 100 64 32 Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.14 Summarize the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: The Stages of the Prenatal Period: The Onset of Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 35 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.90. What is the first and shortest stage of the prenatal period called? a) b) c) d) fertilization stage germinal stage conception stage embryonic stage Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.14 Summarize the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: The Stages of the Prenatal Period: The Onset of Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.91. What term is used to describe the fertilized egg during the germinal stage of prenatal development? a) b) c) d) ovum sperm fetus blastocyst Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.14 Summarize the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: The Stages of the Prenatal Period: The Onset of Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.92. Which organ provides nourishment and oxygen to a developing fetus via the umbilical cord? a) b) c) d) amniotic sac ectoderm placenta endoderm Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.14 Summarize the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: The Stages of the Prenatal Period: The Onset of Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 36 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.93. What is the name of the period from 2 to 8 weeks following fertilization, during which significant growth occurs in the major organs and body systems? a) b) c) d) embryonic stage fetal stage celerity stage fertilization stage Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.14 Summarize the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: The Stages of the Prenatal Period: The Onset of Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.94. During the embryonic stage of prenatal development, which term refers to the layer of cells that will form skin, hair, teeth, sense organs, the brain, and the spinal cord? a) b) c) d) ectoderm placenta endoderm mesoderm Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.14 Summarize the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: The Stages of the Prenatal Period: The Onset of Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.95. During the embryonic stage of prenatal development, which term refers to the layer of cells that produces the digestive system, liver, pancreas, and respiratory system? a) b) c) d) ectoderm placenta endoderm mesoderm Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.14 Summarize the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: The Stages of the Prenatal Period: The Onset of Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 37 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.96. During the embryonic stage of prenatal development, which term refers to the layer of cells that forms the muscles, bones, blood, and circulatory system? a) b) c) d) mesoderm ectoderm endoderm placenta Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.14 Summarize the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: The Stages of the Prenatal Period: The Onset of Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.97. During the embryonic stage of prenatal development, how many layers of cells eventually form every part of the human body? a) b) c) d) 5 3 8 10 Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.14 Summarize the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: The Stages of the Prenatal Period: The Onset of Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.98. About how long is an 8-week-old embryo? a) b) c) d) 10 inches 5 inches 2 inches 1 inch Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.14 Summarize the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: The Stages of the Prenatal Period: The Onset of Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.99. During the embryonic stage of prenatal development, the head represents about how much of the total length of the embryo? 38 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e a) b) c) d) 10 percent 25 percent 50 percent 75 percent Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.14 Summarize the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: The Stages of the Prenatal Period: The Onset of Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.100. At what point in the embryonic stage of prenatal development does the nervous system begin to function? a) b) c) d) 2nd week 5th week 4th week 8th week Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.14 Summarize the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: The Stages of the Prenatal Period: The Onset of Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.101. During which stage of prenatal development does the child become easily recognizable? a) b) c) d) embryonic germinal fetal marginal Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.14 Summarize the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: The Stages of the Prenatal Period: The Onset of Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.102. Which stage of prenatal development formally starts when the differentiation of the major organs has occurred? a) fetal 39 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e b) c) d) embryonic germinal tonsorial Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.14 Summarize the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: The Stages of the Prenatal Period: The Onset of Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.103. Which stage of prenatal development begins at about 8 weeks after conception and continues until birth? a) b) c) d) fertilization stage zygotic stage embryonic stage fetal stage Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.14 Summarize the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: The Stages of the Prenatal Period: The Onset of Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.104. What is the term for a developing child during the period from 8 weeks after conception until birth? a) b) c) d) embryo baby fetus zygote Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.14 Summarize the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: The Stages of the Prenatal Period: The Onset of Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 40 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.105. In which stage of prenatal development does the child undergo astoundingly rapid change, including dramatic changes in proportion and weight? a) b) c) d) embryonic fetal germinal combinatorial Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.14 Summarize the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: The Stages of the Prenatal Period: The Onset of Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.106. The development of the major organs and basic anatomy takes place during which stage of prenatal development? a) b) c) d) placenta germinal embryonic fetal Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.14 Summarize the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: The Stages of the Prenatal Period: The Onset of Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Level: Moderate Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.107. How long after conception does a fetus first swallow and urinate? a) b) c) d) 5 weeks 6 months 7 weeks 3 months Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.14 Summarize the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: The Stages of the Prenatal Period: The Onset of Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 41 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.108. Which hormone in males do some scientists speculate may lead to differences in male and female brain structure, and later variations in gender-related behavior? a) b) c) d) serotonin dopamine androgen oxytocin Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.14 Summarize the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: The Stages of the Prenatal Period: The Onset of Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.109. How long a period of trying to become pregnant needs to pass before a diagnosis of infertility is made? a) b) c) d) 4 to 6 months 12 to 13 months 6 to 12 months 12 to 18 months Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.15 Describe some of the physical and ethical challenges that relate to pregnancy. Topic: Pregnancy Problems Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.110. What percent of couples suffer from infertility? a) b) c) d) 10 percent 15 percent 25 percent 75 percent Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.15 Describe some of the physical and ethical challenges that relate to pregnancy. Topic: Pregnancy Problems Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 42 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.111. What is the term for the procedure of fertilization in which a man’s sperm is placed directly into a woman’s vagina by a physician? a) b) c) d) in vitro fertilization intrafallopian transfer artificial insemination germinal insemination Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.15 Describe some of the physical and ethical challenges that relate to pregnancy. Topic: Pregnancy Problems Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.112. What is the term for the procedure in which a woman’s ova are removed from her ovaries, and a man’s sperm are used to fertilize the ova in a laboratory? a) b) c) d) in vitro fertilization intrafallopian transfer artificial insemination germinal insemination Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.15 Describe some of the physical and ethical challenges that relate to pregnancy. Topic: Pregnancy Problems Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.113. Arielle and her husband want to have a child, but her husband has a medical condition that prohibits him from producing adequate sperm. She will attempt a procedure in which a fertilized egg will be implanted in her fallopian tubes. Which procedure will Arielle undergo? a) b) c) d) artificial insemination embryonic implant fertilization zygote intrafallopian transfer Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.15 Describe some of the physical and ethical challenges that relate to pregnancy. Topic: Pregnancy Problems Skill Level: Apply What You Know 43 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 2.114. In women younger than 35, how high is the success rate for in vitro fertilization? a) b) c) d) 67 percent 48 percent 33 percent 21 percent Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.15 Describe some of the physical and ethical challenges that relate to pregnancy. Topic: Pregnancy Problems Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.115. What other term is sometimes used to describe a spontaneous abortion? a) b) c) d) infertility insemination stillbirth miscarriage Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.15 Describe some of the physical and ethical challenges that relate to pregnancy. Topic: Pregnancy Problems Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.116. Which term describes a pregnancy that ends before the developing child is able to survive outside of the mother’s womb? a) b) c) d) artificial remission spontaneous abortion in vitro fertilization polygenic rejection Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.15 Describe some of the physical and ethical challenges that relate to pregnancy. Topic: Pregnancy Problems Skill Level: Remember the Facts 44 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.117. Statistically, approximately how many pregnancies end in miscarriage, usually in the first several months of pregnancy? a) b) c) d) 10 to 25 percent 25 to 50 percent 50 to 65 percent 15 to 20 percent Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.15 Describe some of the physical and ethical challenges that relate to pregnancy. Topic: Pregnancy Problems Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.118. Which term refers to a mother voluntarily terminating a pregnancy? a) b) c) d) spontaneous abortion stillbirth miscarriage abortion Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.15 Describe some of the physical and ethical challenges that relate to pregnancy. Topic: Pregnancy Problems Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.119. Which term describes an environmental factor that produces birth defects? a) b) c) d) virus allele teratogen diffuser Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts 45 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.120. Which organ keeps teratogens from reaching a developing fetus? a) b) c) d) umbilical cord placenta amniotic sac uterus Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.121. Which group has the greatest risk for a variety of pregnancy and birth complications? a) b) c) d) adolescents age 13 to 15 adolescents age 15 to 20 women age 20 to 25 women age 30 and older Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.122. Older mothers are considerably more likely to give birth to children with which genetic disorder? a) b) c) d) Tay-Sachs disease Down syndrome Huntington’s disease sickle-cell anemia Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts 46 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.123. Approximately what percent of babies born to mothers over the age of 40 have Down syndrome? a) b) c) d) 5 out of 10 1 out of 4 6 out of 100 1 out of 100 Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.124. Approximately what percent of babies born to mothers over the age of 50 have Down syndrome? a) b) c) d) 1 out of 4 1 out of 10 1 out of 2 1 out of 100 Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.125. Which group has the greatest risk for premature delivery? a) b) c) d) women between the ages of 20 and 25 women between the ages of 35 and 40 adolescents women over 60 Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development 47 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.126. Which disease, if contracted by a pregnant woman prior to the 11th week of pregnancy, is likely to cause blindness, deafness, heart defects, or brain damage in the baby? a) b) c) d) smallpox mumps gonorrhea rubella Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.127. Which disease, when contracted by a pregnant woman, increases the possibility that the fetus may develop a birth defect? a) b) c) d) AIDS chicken pox psoriasis mumps Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.128. Which illness, when contracted by a pregnant woman, increases the risk of miscarriage? a) b) c) d) chicken pox mumps syphilis AIDS Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? 48 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to DevelopmentSkill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.129. Which sexually transmitted disease can be transmitted directly to the fetus, and will cause the fetus to be born suffering from the disease? a) b) c) d) chicken pox rubella Tay-Sachs disease syphilis Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.130. Which sexually transmitted disease can be communicated to the child as it passes through the birth canal to be born? a) b) c) d) gonorrhea syphilis AIDS mumps Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.131. Which disease may be passed to the fetus (through the blood that reaches the placenta) from mothers who are carriers of the virus? a) b) c) d) mumps syphilis AIDS gonorrhea Answer: C 49 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.132. If mothers who carry the AIDS virus are treated with antiviral drugs during pregnancy, what percent of infants are born with AIDS? a) b) c) d) about 50 percent more than 25 percent less than 10 percent about 5 percent Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.133. Which medication was frequently prescribed to pregnant women during the 1970s to prevent miscarriages, but was later found to cause the daughters of the women who took the medication to develop a rare form of cancer? a) b) c) d) thalidomide AZT diethylstilbestrol (DES) phenobarbital Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.134. Laurel has had difficult pregnancies and has also developed a rare form of cervical cancer. Which drug might have been prescribed to Laurel’s mother when she herself was pregnant? a) b) c) thalidomide AZT amphetamines 50 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e d) diethylstilbestrol (DES) Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 2.135. Which prescription drugs, when taken by women before they are aware they are pregnant, could cause fetal damage? a) b) c) d) birth control pills benzodiazepines diethylstilbestrol (DES) thalidomide Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.136. Which federally illegal drug, when used during pregnancy, can restrict oxygen that reaches the fetus and lead to infants who are irritable, nervous, and easily disturbed? a) b) c) d) cocaine marijuana LSD amphetamines Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.137. Which illegal substance, when used by pregnant women, led to an epidemic of thousands of “crack babies” during the early 1990s? a) marijuana 51 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e b) c) d) amphetamines cocaine AZT Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.138. Which illegal substance, when used by pregnant women, produces an intense restriction of the arteries, causing a significant reduction in the flow of blood and oxygen to the fetus? a) b) c) d) cocaine LSD thalidomide amphetamines Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.139. Which drug, if a pregnant woman is addicted to it, may produce babies who are born addicted to it and who subsequently go through withdrawal? a) b) c) d) peyote amphetamines marijuana cocaine Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 52 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.140. Which disorder is caused by a pregnant mother consuming substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy, potentially resulting in intellectual impairment and delayed physical growth in the child? a) b) c) d) Down syndrome Parkinson’s disease fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.141. Bitsy is pregnant, but continues to consumes substantial quantities of alcohol. What risk is she imposing on her unborn child? a) b) c) d) fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) Moebius syndrome Down syndrome Prader-Willi syndrome Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 2.142. Approximately what percent of infants is born with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)? a) b) c) d) 1 out of 250 1 out of 500 1 out of 750 1 out of 1000 Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts 53 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.143. Mothers who use small amounts of alcohol during pregnancy place their children at risk for which disorder? a) b) c) d) fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) macular degeneration fetal alcohol effects (FAE) Aarskog syndrome Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.144. Ruby displays some, although not all, of the problems of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) due to her mother’s consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. Which diagnosis is Ruby most likely to receive? a) b) c) d) alcohol-induced paralysis fetal alcohol effects (FAE) fetal alcohol deficit (FAD) fetal alcohol remission markers (FARM) Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 2.145. How many alcoholic drinks per day would a pregnant woman need to consume in order to produce adverse effects on intelligence, psychological functioning, and behavior in her child? a) b) c) d) 1 2 5 10 Answer: B 54 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.146. Which behavior has been shown to reduce the oxygen content and increase the carbon monoxide content of a pregnant woman’s blood, thereby affecting the developing child? a) b) c) d) Taking LSD Smoking cigarettes Excessive exercise Ingesting cocaine Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.147. How can a father’s habits affect the health of an unborn child during prenatal development? a) A father’s nicotine intake produces DNA changes that are passed to the fetus on chromosome 23. b) A father’s use of barbiturates interacts with a mother’s use of marijuana, resulting in missing chromosomes on a child’s 8th pair. c) A father’s use of alcohol or illegal drugs can affect his sperm, which in turn may lead to chromosomal damage that affects the fetus. d) A father’s use of crack cocaine causes sperm mutations, such that two sperm are capable of fertilizing a single ovum. Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena. ESSAY QUESTIONS 55 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.148. Explain the contribution of the woman’s ovum and the man’s sperm in determining the sex of a child. • • • When the ovum and sperm meet at fertilization, the ovum provides an X chromosome, whereas the sperm provides either an X or a Y chromosome. If the sperm contributes its X chromosome, the XX pairing will produce a girl. If the sperm contributes its Y chromosome, the XY pairing will produce a boy. Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how the sex of a child is determined. Topic: Boy or Girl? Establishing the Sex of the Child Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 2.149. Explain how adoption, twin, and family studies shed light on the contributions of genetics and the environment to a person’s development. • • • • • Monozygotic twins share 100 percent of their genes in common, whereas dizygotic twins and non-twin siblings share 50 percent of their genes, and strangers share 0 percent of their genes. These facts set the stage for investigating the roles of genetics and the environment in shaping development. Monozygotic twins raised in the same environment wouldn’t allow for the disentangling of genetic and environmental influences, given that both genes and environment are relatively constant for this group. However, monozygotic twins raised in different adoptive environments would allow an estimation of the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to development; genes are identical, environment differs. Comparing monozygotic and dizygotic twins within relatively the same environment allows for an estimation of genetic contributions; here genes differ (100 percent versus 50 percent) but environment stays the same. Comparing strangers within the same environment provides similar information; here there is no genetic overlap and constancy in the environment. One might imagine an “ideal” family composed of one set of monozygotic twins, one set of dizygotic twins, two non-twin siblings, two adopted siblings, and two non-sibling adoptees! All combinations of genetic and environmental experience could presumably be investigated. Learning Objective: 2.9 Summarize how researchers study the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in development. Topic: Studying Development: How Much Is Nature? How Much Is Nurture? Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena. 2.150. Explain what is meant when researchers say that the role of genetics is to produce a tendency toward a future course of development. 56 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e • • • • At one time it was popular to believe that “biology is destiny;” that is, a person’s genetic makeup controlled everything about her or his developmental course. It was also popular, under other circumstances, to argue that “environment is all;” people of vastly different genetic propensities could equally flourish under the right environmental conditions. Researchers now know that when or whether a behavioral characteristic will actually be displayed depends on the nature of the environment in which the person is raised or lives. In other words, genes always express themselves within an environmental context, so to argue that “genes do” anything apart from recognizing the context of their expression is short-sighted. Learning Objective: 2.11 Explain the role genetics and the environment play in the development of psychological disorders. Topic: Psychological Disorders: The Role of Genetics and Environment Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 2.151. Explain how reproductive technologies are becoming increasingly sophisticated, permitting parents to choose the sex of a baby. • • One reproductive technology involves separating sperm carrying either the X or Y chromosome and later implanting the desired type into a woman’s uterus. In another technique, eggs are removed from a woman and fertilized with sperm using in vitro fertilization. Three days after fertilization, the embryos are tested to determine their sex. If they are the desired sex, they then are implanted into the mother. Learning Objective: 2.15 Describe some of the physical and ethical challenges that relate to pregnancy. Topic: Pregnancy Problems Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena. 2.152. Explain how a father’s behavior may influence prenatal development. • • Fathers should avoid smoking because second-hand smoke may affect the mother’s health, and in turn, this affects the unborn child. Fathers’ smoking has been linked to lower birth weight in babies. A father’s use of alcohol and drugs may impair sperm and may lead to chromosomal damage that may affect the fetus at conception. 57 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e • • Use of alcohol and drugs, as well as physical and/or emotional abuse, may increase stress in the mother’s (and therefore the unborn child’s) environment. A father’s exposure to environmental toxins such as lead or mercury may cause toxins to bind to sperm and cause birth defects. Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the prenatal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. TRUE/FALSE 2.153. A father’s sperm does not determine the sex of the child. Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how the sex of a child is determined. Topic: Boy or Girl? Determining the Sex of the Child Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.154. In the mid-1800s, the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel conducted a series of simple experiments of cross-pollination of pea plants, which increased our understanding of genetics. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information. Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.155. Gregor Mendel’s pea plant experiments established the existence of dominant and recessive traits. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information. Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.156. Even if a child’s parents both have the recessive gene for phenylketonuria (PKU), the child only has a 25 percent chance of inheriting the disorder. 58 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information. Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 2.157. Relatively few traits are governed by a single pair of genes; most traits are the result of polygenic inheritance. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information. Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.158. Genes vary in terms of their reaction range, which is the potential degree of variation in the actual expression of a trait due to environmental conditions. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information. Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.159. The blood disorder hemophilia is an example of a disease that is produced by X-linked genes. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.4 Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information. Topic: The Basics of Genetics: The Mixing and Matching of Traits Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.160. The field of behavioral genetics specializes in the consequences of heredity on behavior. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe the field of behavioral genetics. Topic: The Human Genome and Behavioral Genetics: Cracking the Genetic Code Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 59 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.161. The number of human genes is thought to be 25,000; thus, humans have many more genes than other far less complex organisms. Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe the field of behavioral genetics. Topic: The Human Genome and Behavioral Genetics: Cracking the Genetic Code Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.162. Scientists have discovered that 99.9 percent of the gene sequence is shared by all humans. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe the field of behavioral genetics. Topic: The Human Genome and Behavioral Genetics: Cracking the Genetic Code Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.163. The field of behavioral genetics extends to studying the role of hereditary factors in psychological disorders such as depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and schizophrenia. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.11 Explain the role genetics and the environment play in the development of psychological disorders. Topic: Psychological Disorders: The Role of Genetics and Environment Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.164. Sometimes genes, for no known reason, spontaneously change their form, which is a process called spontaneous mutation. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.6 Describe the major inherited disorders. Topic: Inherited and Genetic Disorders: When Development Deviates from the Norm Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 60 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.165. If a disorder has genetic roots, it means that there were no environmental factors that played a role in the manifestation of the disease. Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.6 Describe the major inherited disorders. Topic: Inherited and Genetic Disorders: When Development Deviates from the Norm Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 2.166. Genetic counselors are trained to use a variety of data to help people deal with issues related to inherited disorders. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing. Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.167. The newest role of genetic counselors involves testing people to identify whether they are susceptible to future disorders because of inherited genetic abnormalities. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing. Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.168. Genetic testing does not raise difficult practical and ethical questions. Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing. Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 61 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.169. Genetic testing can always provide a simple yes or no answer as to whether an individual will be susceptible to a disorder. Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.7 Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing. Topic: Genetic Counseling: Predicting the Future from the Genes of the Present Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.170. As developmental research accumulates, it is becoming apparent that to view behavior as due to either genetic or environmental factors is inappropriate. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.8 Explain how the environment and genetics work together to determine human characteristics. Topic: The Role of the Environment in Determining the Expression of Genes: From Genotypes to Phenotypes Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 2.171. Research on pregnant women who were severely malnourished by famines during World War II found that their children were, on average, unaffected physically or intellectually as adults. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.8 Explain how the environment and genetics work together to determine human characteristics. Topic: The Role of the Environment in Determining the Expression of Genes: From Genotypes to Phenotypes Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.172. If people eat a diet rich in healthy foods, it is possible for them to grow beyond their genetically imposed limitations in height. Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.8 Explain how the environment and genetics work together to determine human characteristics. Topic: The Role of the Environment in Determining the Expression of Genes: From Genotypes to Phenotypes Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy 62 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.173. It is the unique interaction of inherited and environmental factors that determines people’s patterns of development. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.8 Explain how the environment and genetics work together to determine human characteristics. Topic: The Role of the Environment in Determining the Expression of Genes: From Genotypes to Phenotypes Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.174. One drawback to using nonhumans as research subjects is that we cannot be sure how well the obtained findings can be generalized to people. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.9 Summarize how researchers study the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in development. Topic: Studying Development: How Much Is Nature? How Much Is Nurture? Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 2.175. The data from studies of identical twins raised in different environments provide indisputable evidence for the role of environmental factors in development. Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.9 Summarize how researchers study the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in development. Topic: Studying Development: How Much Is Nature? How Much Is Nurture? Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.176. By comparing behavior within pairs of dizygotic twins with that of pairs of monozygotic twins, researchers can determine if monozygotic twins are more similar on a particular trait, on average, than dizygotic twins. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.9 Summarize how researchers study the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in development. Topic: Studying Development: How Much Is Nature? How Much Is Nurture? Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: Moderate 63 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e APA LO: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 2.177. The general conclusion among researchers is that virtually all traits, characteristics, and behaviors are the joint result of the combination and interaction of nature and nurture. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.9 Summarize how researchers study the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in development. Topic: Studying Development: How Much Is Nature? How Much Is Nurture? Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.178. Obesity does not have a strong genetic component. Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.10 Explain how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical traits, intelligence, and personality. Topic: Genetics and the Environment: Working Together Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.179. Physical characteristics such as blood pressure, respiration rates, and longevity are not strongly influenced by genetics. Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.10 Explain how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical traits, intelligence, and personality. Topic: Genetics and the Environment: Working Together Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 2.180. A person’s intelligence is the result of some combination of natural mental ability and environmental opportunity. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.10 Explain how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical traits, intelligence, and personality. Topic: Genetics and the Environment: Working Together Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 64 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.181. Intelligence is a central human characteristic that differentiates humans from other species, and genetics plays a significant role in determining a person’s intelligence. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.10 Explain how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical traits, intelligence, and personality. Topic: Genetics and the Environment: Working Together Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.182. The IQ scores of dizygotic twins become increasingly similar over the course of time. Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.10 Explain how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical traits, intelligence, and personality. Topic: Genetics and the Environment: Working Together Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.183. Developmental psychologists should be asking what can be done to maximize the intellectual potential of every individual. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.10 Explain how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical traits, intelligence, and personality. Topic: Genetics and the Environment: Working Together Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.184. Humans possess a novelty-seeking gene that affects the production of the brain chemical dopamine, which makes some people more prone to seek out novel situations and to take risks. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.10 Explain how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical traits, intelligence, and personality. Topic: Genetics and the Environment: Working Together Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 65 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e 2.185. Researchers believe that political attitudes, religious interests, values, and attitudes toward human sexuality do not have genetic components. Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.10 Explain how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical traits, intelligence, and personality. Topic: Genetics and the Environment: Working Together Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 2.186. Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that runs in families, with some families showing a significantly higher incidence than other families. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.11 Explain the role genetics and the environment play in the development of psychological disorders. Topic: Psychological Disorders: The Role of Genetics and Environment Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.187. Inherited genetic factors, environmental influences, structural abnormalities, and chemical imbalances are all factors that contribute to a person developing schizophrenia. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.11 Explain the role genetics and the environment play in the development of psychological disorders. Topic: Psychological Disorders: The Role of Genetics and Environment Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Moderate APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.188. Human characteristics and behavior are a joint outcome of genetic and environmental factors. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.12 Describe the ways in which genes influence the environment. Topic: Can Genes Influence the Environment? Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.189. The brain becomes more sophisticated during the fetal stage, and the neurons become coated with an insulating material called myelin that helps speed the transmission of messages from the brain to the rest of the body. 66 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.14 Summarize the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: The Stages of the Prenatal Period: The Onset of Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.190. A mother’s use of illegal drugs, but not prescription drugs, poses serious risks to the unborn child. Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.191. Increasing evidence suggests that ingestion of even small amounts of alcohol and nicotine by a pregnant mother can disrupt the development of the fetus. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.192. Research indicates that fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is now the primary preventable cause of intellectual impairment. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2.193. A father’s use of alcohol and illegal drugs has no significant effect on the development of a fetus. Answer: False 67 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e Learning Objective: 2.16 What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? Topic: The Prenatal Environment: Threats to Development Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Easy APA LO: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 68 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel for Development Across the Life Span Ninth Edition. REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS EOM Quiz Question 2.1.1 The human genetic code, transmitted at the moment of conception and stored in our genes, is composed of specific sequences of ________. a) b) c) d) chromosomes DNA membranes cells Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Topic: Earliest Development Difficulty Level: LO 2.1: Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment. EOM Quiz Question 2.1.2 A __________ is the underlying combination of genetic material present (but outwardly invisible) in an organism. a) b) c) d) phenotype dominant trait genotype recessive trait Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Topic: Earliest Development Difficulty Level: LO 2.4: Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information. 69 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e EOM Quiz Question 2.1.3 The field of __________ studies the effects of heredity on psychological characteristics such as personality and habits. a) b) c) d) behavioral genetics child development genetic counseling genome sequencing Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Topic: Earliest Development Difficulty Level: LO 2.5: Describe the field of behavioral genetics. EOM Quiz Question 2.1.4 __________ is a disorder produced by the presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair. a) b) c) d) Down syndrome Fragile X syndrome Sickle-cell anemia Tay-Sachs disease Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Topic: Earliest Development Difficulty Level: LO 2.6: Describe the major inherited disorders. 70 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e EOM Quiz Question 2.1.5 The prenatal procedure by which a sample of fetal cells is drawn from the fluid surrounding the fetus is called ______________. a) b) c) d) a sonogram chorionic villus sampling an embryoscopy amniocentesis Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Topic: Earliest Development Difficulty Level: LO 2.7: Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing. EOM Quiz Question 2.2.1 The fact that many human traits are determined by a combination of genetic and environmental factors is referred to as __________. a) b) c) d) natural selection multifactorial transmission joint evolution binary influence Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Topic: The Interaction of Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: LO 2.8: Explain how the environment and genetics work together to determine human characteristics. 71 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e EOM Quiz Question 2.2.2 Because the genetic backgrounds of __________________ twins are identical, researchers can conclude that variations in their behavior must be due to environmental factors. a) b) c) d) dizygotic homozygous monozygotic heterozygous Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Topic: The Interaction of Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: LO 2.9: Summarize how researchers study the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in development. EOM Quiz Question 2.2.3 One major personality trait that has been linked to genetic factors is __________________, defined as the degree to which a person is outgoing and seeks contact with others. a) b) c) d) neuroticism introversion friendliness extroversion Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Topic: The Interaction of Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: LO 2.10: Explain how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical traits, intelligence, and personality. 72 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e EOM Quiz Question 2.2.4 The severe psychological disorder known as __________________, in which a person loses touch with reality, has been shown to have genetic roots. a) b) c) d) bipolar disorder autism spectrum disorder schizophrenia spectrum disorder ADHD Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Topic: The Interaction of Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: LO 2.11: Explain the role genetics and the environment play in the development of psychological disorders. EOM Quiz Question 2.2.5 Theresa has been described as a “natural athlete.” Her room at home is full of soccer balls, basketball nets, softball bats, and similar sports items. This is an example of how ___________ can influence ____________. a) b) c) d) genes; the environment the phenotype; the genotype the environment; genetics nurture; nature Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Topic: The Interaction of Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: LO 2.12: Describe ways in which genes influence the environment. 73 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e EOM Quiz Question 2.3.1 When sperm enter the vagina, they go through the cervix, and into the fallopian tube, where __________ may take place. a) b) c) d) conception ovulation ejaculation insemination Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Topic: Prenatal Growth and Change Difficulty Level: LO 2.13: Explain the process of fertilization. EOM Quiz Question 2.3.2 The _____ stage is the shortest stage of the prenatal period. a) b) c) d) zygotic fetal embryonic germinal Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Topic: Prenatal Growth and Change Difficulty Level: LO 2.14: Summarize the three stages of prenatal development. EOM Quiz Question 2.3.3 Some 15 percent of couples suffer from __________. a) b) c) d) abortion IVF miscarriage infertility Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Topic: Prenatal Growth and Change Difficulty Level: LO 2.15: Describe some of the physical and ethical challenges that relate to pregnancy. 74 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e EOM Quiz Question 2.3.4 A(n) _____ occurs when pregnancy ends before the developing child is able to survive outside the mother’s womb. a) b) c) d) stillbirth ectopic pregnancy miscarriage premature birth Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Topic: Prenatal Growth and Change Difficulty Level: LO 2.15: Describe some of the physical and ethical challenges that relate to pregnancy. EOM Quiz Question 2.3.5 An environmental agent such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that produces a birth defect is called a(n) __________. a) b) c) d) teratogen exposure abnormality pollutant Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Topic: Prenatal Growth and Change Difficulty Level: LO 2.16: What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? EOC Quiz Question 2.1 How are a person’s chromosomes organized? a) b) c) d) in rod-shaped portions of DNA in chains of 46 in 23 pairs in Xs and Ys Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Topic: Earliest Development Difficulty Level: LO 2.1: Describe how genes and chromosomes provide our basic genetic endowment. 75 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e EOC Quiz Question 2.2 __________ twins are twins who are identical, whereas __________ twins come from two separate ova. a) b) c) d) Dizygotic / monozygotic Monozygotic / dizygotic Dizygotic / gametic Gametic / dizygotic Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Topic: Earliest Development Difficulty Level: LO 2.2: Compare monozygotic twins with dizygotic twins. EOC Quiz Question 2.3 The __________ pair of chromosomes determines the sex of the child. a) b) c) d) first fourth twenty-third forty-sixth Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Topic: Earliest Development Difficulty Level: LO 2.3: Describe how the sex of a child is determined. 76 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e EOC Quiz Question 2.4 How do genotype and phenotype differ? a) b) c) d) Genotype characteristics are inherited from the mother; phenotype characteristics are inherited from the father. Genotype characteristics are inherited from the father; phenotype characteristics are inherited from the mother. Genotype characteristics are visible; phenotype characteristics are not visible. Genotype characteristics are not visible; phenotype characteristics are visible. Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Topic: Earliest Development Difficulty Level: LO 2.4: Explain the mechanisms by which genes transmit information. EOC Quiz Question 2.5 __________ studies the effects of heredity on behavior and psychological characteristics. a) b) c) d) Evolutionary science Behavioral psychology Behavioral genetics Operant conditioning Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Topic: Earliest Development Difficulty Level: LO 2.5: Describe the field of behavioral genetics. 77 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e EOC Quiz Question 2.6 Martin is from the Czech Republic and has Jewish ancestry. Before he and his wife try to have a baby, he wants to take a genetic test to see if he carries the gene for __________, which is common for people of his background. a) b) c) d) sickle-cell disease Huntington’s disease Tay-Sachs disease Down syndrome Answer: C Difficulty: 3 Topic: Earliest Development Difficulty Level: LO 2.6: Describe the major inherited disorders. EOC Quiz Question 2.7 In addition to prenatal testing for potential diseases, recent technology can now predict the occurrence of __________ genetic disorders in adults. a) b) c) d) 50 150 400 more than 1,000 Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Topic: Earliest Development Difficulty Level: LO 2.7: Describe the role of genetic counselors and differentiate between different forms of prenatal testing. 78 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e EOC Quiz Question 2.8 Caleb was born with a bright and boisterous temperament. He was always laughing and was quick to engage with people. His parents belong to a very strict religious sect that forbids any overt expression of emotion in adults. How will multifactorial transmission affect Caleb? a) b) c) d) He will eventually rebel against his parental environment and exhibit outlandish behavior. His expressive demeanor will be softened by the parental environment. His expressive demeanor will be eliminated by the parental environment. He will maintain his expressive temperament throughout his life. Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Topic: The Interaction of Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: LO 2.8: Explain how the environment and genetics work together to determine human characteristics. EOC Quiz Question 2.9 What is one way in which researchers learn about the effect of nature vs. nurture on human development? a) b) c) d) through chronic villius sampling through genetic testing by testing the temperament of newborns by studying twins Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Topic: The Interaction of Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: LO 2.9: Summarize how researchers study the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in development. 79 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e EOC Quiz Question 2.10 The more genetically similar two people are, the more likely it is that they will share physical characteristics. Which of the following will have the lowest degree of shared characteristics? a) b) c) d) dizygotic twins monozygotic twins non-twin siblings of the same parents two siblings born from different sperm donors Answer: D Difficulty: 3 Topic: The Interaction of Heredity and Environment Skill: Analytical LO 2.10: Explain how genetics and the environment jointly influence physical traits, intelligence, and personality. EOC Quiz Question 2.11 What can decrease the chance of developing schizophrenia for someone genetically disposed to the disorder? a) b) c) d) a stress-free environment genetic testing a calm temperament nothing Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Topic: The Interaction of Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: LO 2.11: Explain the role genetics and the environment play in the development of psychological disorders. 80 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e EOC Quiz Question 2.12 Gina has always been a thoughtful, sensitive child who seemed to take special joy in beautiful things. Instead of a playroom filled with toys, her parents created an arts and crafts room for her—where Gina is content to create for hours. This is an example of __________. a) b) c) d) child-centered parenting genetics evoking an environmental influence the environment influencing genetics active genetic manipulation of the environment Answer: B Difficulty: 3 Topic: The Interaction of Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: LO 2.12: Describe ways in which genes influence the environment. EOC Quiz Question 2.13 The joining of sperm and ovum to create the single-celled zygote from which life begins is referred to as __________. a) b) c) d) fertilization ectopic pregnancy gamete creation the fetal stage Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Topic: Prenatal Growth and Change Difficulty Level: LO 2.13: Explain the process of fertilization. 81 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Development Across the Life Span, 9e EOC Quiz Question 2.14 The __________ serves as a filter and conduit between the mother and fetus. a) b) c) d) uterus reticulum placenta cervix Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Topic: Prenatal Growth and Change Difficulty Level: LO 2.14: Summarize the three stages of prenatal development. EOC Quiz Question 2.15 On a graph comparing the following four issues to the increase in a woman’s age, which line will show a downward trend? a) b) c) d) potential for pregnancy potential for ectopic pregnancy potential for miscarriage potential for fetal chromosomal abnormality Answer: A Difficulty: 3 Topic: Prenatal Growth and Change Skill: Analytical LO 2.15: Describe some of the physical and ethical challenges that relate to pregnancy. EOC Quiz Question 2.16 In what period of prenatal development are all fetal bodily components sensitive to teratogen exposure? a) b) c) d) weeks three to four weeks five to six weeks seven to eight weeks twelve to fourteen Answer: C Difficulty: 2 Topic: Prenatal Growth and Change Difficulty Level: LO 2.16: What are the threats to the fetal environment, and what can be done about them? 82 Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.