Test Bank for Criminological Theory, 7th Edition

Exam Name___________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Which was not an idea which descended from the Classical School? 1) _______ A) The development of speedy trial laws B) The implementation of situational crime prevention C) More use of judicial discretion D) Just deserts punishments 2) Members of the Classical School were generally opposed to: A) Determinate sentencing B) Due process C) Capital punishment D) The legal definition of crime 2) _______ 3) The Classical School is best characterized as: 3) _______ A) A unit theory B) Quantitative C) Structural D) None of the above 4) Showing potential offenders the negative consequences of a crime in the hope that it will prevent them from committing that same crime is the concept of: 4) _______ A) Social contract B) General deterrence C) Just desserts D) Specific deterrence 5) Which of the following is NOT a favorite topic for deterrence theorists? A) Domestic terrorism B) Drug use C) Drunk driving D) Death penalty 5) _______ 6) An elaborate schedule of punishments designed to take into account a combination of pleasure, pain and mitigating circumstances was designed by: 6) _______ A) Jeremy Bentham. B) John Howard. C) John Locke. D) Cesare Beccaria. 7) Which of the following was NOT a major historical influence on the emergence of the Classical philosophy? _______ A) Growing specialization in trade and industry B) The rise of the Protestant work ethic C) The writings of Guerry & Quetelet D) Abuse of law by the aristocracy 8) Beccaria, in his essay Of Crimes and Punishments, made which one of these points? A) Each citizen has the right to decide whether to take his own life B) The defense not the prosecutor should have strict time lines for preparing for trial C) Persons awaiting trial should not be placed in prisons D) All of the above 9) The least important of the three elements of deterrence was thought to be: A) Certainty B) Celerity C) Severity 8) _______ 9) _______ 7) D) None of the above, they are all equally important 10) Which of the following statements about the Classical School is incorrect? A) They saw the purpose of punishment as deterrence B) It was primarily composed of a group of moral philosophers C) They used science to focus on behavior D) They were concerned with law 10) ______ TRUE/FALSE. Write ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F’ if the statement is false. 11) One of the characteristics of the Classical Era was the decline in the Protestant Ethic. 11) ______ 12) According to the text, during the last part of this past century, rehabilitation has been replaced in punishment by rational models of deterrence. 12) ______ 13) The Classical School is basically a microtheory in its orientation. 13) ______ 14) Beccaria wrote a small but popular book titled “An Introduction to the Principles and Morals of Legislation”. ______ 14) 15) According to the text, the vast majority of deterrence research has failed to find any substantial effects from legal sanctions. 15) ______ SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 16) Writers of the Classical period were interested in laws serving the greatest good for the greatest number, a concept we refer to as ________. 16) _____________ 17) Deterrence that is designed to make an example of someone to keep the rest of the public from committing crimes is called ________ deterrence. 17) _____________ 18) Jeremy Bentham graduated from Queen’s College at Oxford at the age of ________. 18) _____________ 19) According to Classical theorists, man’s basic instinct to maximize pleasure was the primary explanation for behavior which was referred to as: ________. 19) _____________ 20) The value of any pleasure or pain according to classical thought would be determined by its certainty, intensity and ________. 20) _____________ MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. Match the term in Column 1 to its best definition in Column 2 21) Social contract A) Person gives up some liberty to benefit from greater protection of all 21) ______ 22) 23) 24) 25) 26) Hedonism Free will Due process Felicific Calculus Protestant Ethic B) C) D) E) Elaborate schedule of punishments offsetting rewards with sanction severity Success comes from hard work and not necessarily in the afterlife People in self-interested ways seek to maximize pleasure and avoid pain People make rational choices based on realistic perceptions of outcomes 22) 23) 24) 25) 26) ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ F) Steps to insure equal and fair treatment under the law ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 27) What are some of the due process concerns raised by theorists in the Classical Era? 28) What historical conditions gave rise to the popularity of the writings of the classical school? 29) Is Classical School theory an explanation of behavior or political/legal systems? Defend your answer. 30) How do researchers study deterrence today? 31) Compare and contrast specific and general deterrence. 32) Briefly describe the assumptions of hedonism. 1) C 2) C 3) C 4) B 5) A 6) A 7) C 8) C 9) C 10) C 11) FALSE 12) TRUE 13) FALSE 14) FALSE 15) TRUE 16) Utilitarianism 17) General 18) Fifteen 19) Hedonism 20) Duration 21) A 22) D 23) E 24) F 25) B 26) C 27) [key points to be made] *How quickly defense and prosecution must both prepare for trial (celerity) *Keeping the accused out of squalid jails awaiting trial *Is the death penalty ever acceptable? *Are laws clearly written so they can be understood? * Do judges have too much discretion? *Is the punishment proportional to the offense? *Is corporal punishment allowed although torture should not be? 28) [key points to be made] *Rise in secularism, mercantilism and industrialization *Enlightenment in philosophy, literature *Diminishing power of aristocracy, rise of middle class *Diminished power of church and rise of Protestant Ethic *Increased popularity of concepts of free will and democracy *Protest against unwritten laws and capricious justice 29) [key points to be made] *Answers will vary 30) [key points to be made] *Focus on whether harsher sentences reduce crime *Tests of celerity with Speedy Trial Laws * Research on drug and DWI measures as well as death penalty *Some researchers try to distinguish between formal & informal social control and sanctions 31) [key points to be made] *Specific applies to person who committed offense *General or societal applies to any potential offender who sees punishment enforced *General involves learning certainty of sanctions, absence of benefit *Both are only justification for punishment according to Classical theory 32) [key points to be made] *Man is self-interested, seeks pleasure avoids pain *Man uses free will to calculate probability of reward & avoiding sanction *Unless punishment is certain, swift and severe, drive to seek pleasure will mean crime *Hedonism is why laws need to be passed and enforced, social contract requires