Test Bank for Crime Control In America: What Works, 4th Edition

Chapter 2 Crime Control Perspectives MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Herbert Packer described two competing crime control policies as the crime control perspective, and the ________. A) assembly-line perspective B) operational perspective C) due process perspective D) value laden 1) 2) The funnel model of justice was developed by those who believe the justice system is ________. A) working effectively B) a nonexistent system C) highly fragmented D) struggling for cooperation 2) 3) What type of deterrence would sanction a first time offender to steer him or her away from committing another offenses? A) general B) absolute C) specific D) marginal 3) 4) What type of case is at the top of the criminal justice wedding cake? A) celebrated B) serious felonies C) misdemeanors D) not-so-serious felonies 4) 5) Which form of punishment is focused upon “just deserts”? A) retribution B) incapacitation C) rehabilitation 5) D) deterrence 6) Which type of deterrence seeks to deter criminal activity in the general population by the threat of sanctions? A) absolute B) marginal C) specific D) general 6) 7) Which model stands in contrast to the due process model? A) crime control model B) liberal model C) process control model D) advocacy model 7) 8) Duplication of efforts in crime control by various government agencies has labeled the criminal justice system as a(n) ________. A) non-system model B) systematic model C) limited model D) adversarial model 8) 9) The liberal perspective closely resembles the ________. A) rehabilitative perspective B) behavioral perspective C) classical perspective D) due process perspective 9) 10) ________ is concerned with incremental changes in various dimensions of the criminal justice system. A) Marginal deterrence B) Covert deterrence C) Massive deterrence D) Large scale deterrence 10) 11) Crime control policies are more important to which political group? A) libertarians B) conservatives C) independents 11) 1 D) liberals 12) ________ thinkers believe that self-interest, coercion, and political power are factors that best describe social interaction. A) Confusion B) Covert C) Conflict D) Consensus 12) 13) Which concept of punishment involves a planned intervention program designed to change criminal behavior? A) retribution B) deterrence C) incapacitation D) rehabilitation 13) 14) ________ thinkers believe that people agree on what issues are of most concern to social welfare. A) Confusion B) Consensus C) Covert D) Conflict 14) 15) ________ is a concept of punishment that is concerned with protecting members of society by removing the criminal element. A) Deterrence B) Incapacitation C) Rehabilitation D) Retribution 15) 16) Like retribution, incapacitation is a fairly ________ perspective. A) quasi-motor B) long-sighted C) large-scale 16) D) short-sighted 17) Not all criminals can change. Some may be resistant to treatment; others may just be prone to ________. A) failure B) forget C) crime D) negativity 17) 18) Retribution is concerned, simply, with punishing criminals on the basis of the ________ of their crimes. A) propensity B) severity C) location D) number 18) 19) Of the various types of deterrence, ________ deterrence is perhaps the most difficult to show. A) local B) general C) urban D) specific 19) 20) Academics are often described derisively as ________ types who have little connection to the real world. A) specific deterrent B) multi level C) ivory tower D) benevolent thinker 20) TRUE/FALSE. Write ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F’ if the statement is false. 21) Conservatives believe that crime is a product of individual choice. 21) 22) Absolute deterrence is concerned with incremental changes within the criminal justice system. 22) 23) The due process model favors a liberal approach toward individual rights. 23) 24) Americans tend to be shortsighted with respect to crime control. 24) 25) Conservatives generally take a tough-on-crime stance and argue for more criminal justice spending. 25) 2 26) Rehabilitation is highly effective in the short run. 26) 27) The crime control model emphasizes quality over quantity. 27) 28) The due process perspective does not place a great deal of faith in the courts. 28) 29) Those who believe in the non-system model of criminal justice believe there is a lack of communication between agencies. 29) 30) The fourth layer of the criminal justice wedding cake is reserved for serious felonies. 30) 31) Academics are often described derisively as ivory tower types. 31) 32) Retribution is concerned, simply, with punishing criminals on the basis of the severity of their crimes. 32) 33) Retribution is a concept of punishment that is concerned with protecting members of society by removing the criminal element. 33) 34) Some criminals may be resistant to treatment; others may just be prone to failure. 34) 35) Like retribution, incapacitation is a fairly long-sighted perspective. 35) SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 36) ________ believe that crime is a product of environmental factors. 36) 37) ________ tend to favor treatment, such as job training, in addressing crime. 37) 38) ________ believe that capitalism results in class division and inequality. 38) 39) ________ and policymakers do not communicate as much as they should. 39) 40) ________ is a goal of criminal justice concerned with punishing criminals on the basis of the severity of their crimes. 40) 41) Incapacitation removes criminals from society through ________. 41) 42) The funnel model of justice is characteristic of a systems perspective of ________. 42) 43) Hard-line ________ and conservatives disagree about the causes of crime. 43) 44) Deterrence is not of interest to advocates of ________. 44) 45) ________ perspectives consist of views about how the justice system should work. 45) 3 MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. 46) Crime control perspective 47) Criminal justice wedding cake model 48) Due process perspective 49) Liberal perspective A) Emphasizes how cases are process.Top layer cases are the fewest in number and receive the full gamut of the criminal process while the lowest level cases, which are the greatest in number, receive quick and informal processing. B) A belief that the key aim of criminal justice policy is the protection of due process and people’s rights. 46) 47) 48) 49) C) With respect to crime control, an emphasis on the protection of people’s rights and liberties. D) A belief that the key aim of criminal justice policy is the control of crime. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. 50) Conservative perspective 51) Consensus perspective 52) Conflict perspective 53) Specific deterrence A) With respect to crime control, an emphasis on tough punishment and crime control. Corresponds closely with a crime control orientation. B) A belief that self interest, coercion, division, opposition, exclusion, hostility, sectional interests, political power, contradictions, and other such factors best describe social interactions. C) Set of beliefs that (1) certain norms and values are the core elements of social life, (2) people are committed to a certain social order, (3) solidarity is evident in the interaction between people of all groups, and (4) everyone willingly submits to a legitimate authority, typically the government. D) When a sentenced offender is discouraged from committing additional crimes due to his or her capture/incarceration. 4 50) 51) 52) 53) Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1. 54) General deterrence 55) Absolute deterrence 56) Marginal deterrence 57) Incapacitation A) The belief that the collective actions of the criminal justice system on the whole discourage criminality. B) Removing criminals from society, usually through incarceration (or sometimes through home confinement, electronic monitoring, or a similar method of restraint). 54) 55) 56) 57) C) Incremental changes in the deterrability of crime due to changes in various dimensions of the criminal justice system and process. D) When others besides the sentenced offender are discouraged from committing additional crime due to sentencing/incarceration practices. ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 58) Describe the central features of the due process and the crime control perspective. 59) Define the goal of retribution in punishing an offender and describe its limitations. 60) Explain why the criminal justice system is characterized as a non-system. 61) Due process advocates place greater emphasis on legal guilt (whether a person is guilty according to the law) than on factual guilt (whether a person actually committed the crime with which she or he is charged). Crime control advocates take a serious interest in this country in controlling crime and are tolerant of the police doing whatever it takes to keep criminals off the streets. The Supreme Court has taken action to protect citizens’ rights by not allowing any illegally obtained evidence to be used in a court trial against the accused. This rule of law, called the “exclusionary rule,” has resulted in dangerous criminals being released into the community due to inappropriate actions by the police. Do you feel this is the right way to deal with corrupt or poor police work? Do you have any other suggestions as to how to keep the guilty in jail and at the same time be treated fairly? 62) Why do you think people commit crime? Are you more of a conservative or a liberal? Based on your theory, what would you recommend as a deterrent to control crime? 5 Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED1 1) C 2) A 3) C 4) A 5) A 6) D 7) A 8) A 9) D 10) A 11) B 12) C 13) D 14) B 15) B 16) D 17) A 18) B 19) B 20) C 21) TRUE 22) FALSE 23) TRUE 24) TRUE 25) TRUE 26) FALSE 27) FALSE 28) FALSE 29) TRUE 30) FALSE 31) TRUE 32) TRUE 33) FALSE 34) TRUE 35) FALSE 36) Liberals 37) Liberals 38) Conflict thinkers 39) Academics 40) Retribution 41) incarceration 42) criminal justice 43) liberals 44) retribution 45) Operational 46) D 47) A 48) B 49) C 50) A 6 Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED1 51) C 52) B 53) D 54) D 55) A 56) C 57) B 58) A goal of the due process perspective is to ensure the individual will receive a fair and accurate decision at every stage of the criminal process. Additionally, due process advocates do not favor informal processes in the criminal justice system because of the risk of human error and bias. Hence, due process advocates place greater emphasis on legal guilt, than on factual guilt. The crime control perspective stands in contrast to the due process perspective. The supporters of the crime control perspective emphasize the importance of controlling crime. The goal is to move criminal offenders through the criminal justice system, with as little delay as possible. The crime control model is willing to eliminate or limit individual rights, in order to increase efficiency. In short the crime control model favors quantity over quality in the criminal process. 59) The goal of retribution is to punish a criminal offender according to the severity of their crimes. Advocates of retribution believe criminals should get their just deserts. Moreover, society holds a view that criminals need to be punished justly for the crimes they commit. Since deterrence is not a goal of retribution, there are some shortcomings to this form of punishment. First, the punishment might be discriminatory and more severe based upon one’s race. Another criticism is that retribution fails to provide for rehabilitation of the offender, hence failing to prevent future crimes. 60) Although the police, prosecutors and the courts are concerned with controlling crime, too often these agencies develop their own priorities and goals. So called turf wars can develop between the police and the prosecutor’s office. Additionally, communications can break down between the components. The agencies within the criminal justice system tend to be too rigid with respect to cooperation. The efforts of government agencies within the criminal justice system are seen as fragmented and many times duplicated. A lack of cooperation between components has lead to a criminal justice system referred to as a non-system. 61) Some feel the exclusionary rule harms society and does not deter police from being careless or corrupt. If a detective loses a case due to evidence being excluded (as a result of violations of rules of law), rarely is there any kind of consequence for the guilty officer/s (with some exceptions involving integrity issues). Another approach could be to punish the police instead of society as a whole. By holding the police accountable (sanctions, terminations, remedial trainings), the police might be better deterred and society can be safer if evidence remains admissible in court. 62) Conservatives believe, simply, that crime is a product of individual choice. That is, people supposedly weigh the costs and benefits associated with committing crime and then act on the basis of the information they have. This rational choice perspective is sometimes called the classical criminological paradigm, or the classical school. If it is assumed that people make rational choices, then deterrence-oriented policies should be adopted. Liberals believe that crime is a product not of individual choices but of environmental factors. That is, liberals discount the notion of rational decision-making and point to a number of other explanations for crime. These include peer influence, dysfunctional families, blocked opportunities, stigmatization, and a host of other causes of crime. Some people buy into both perspectives to varying degrees. A middle-of-the-road take on liberal and conservative explanations for crime might be something like this: People make rational decisions, but their rationality is limited by environmental factors. Another centrist view could be that people are heavily influenced by their environments; anyone who is not mentally defective to some extent gives at least some thought to his or her actions. Crime control for the more liberal approach could include target hardening and improving some of the social influences that correlate with an increase in crime. 7