Test Bank for Child Development, 8th Edition

Feldman, Child Development, 8e Chapter 2: Theoretical Perspectives and Research TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE Topic QUICK QUIZ LO 2.1: Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. LO 2.2: Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. LO 2.3: Describe the basic concepts of the cognitive perspective. LO 2.4: Describe the basic concepts of the contextual perspective. LO 2.5: Describe the basic concepts of the evolutionary perspective. Multiple Choice Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay LO 2.6: Explain the value of applying multiple perspectives to child development. Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay LO 2.7: Identify the principles of the scientific method and how they help answer questions about child development. Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay Remember the Facts 10 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 28 Understand the Concepts 1, 6, 7, 8 5, 6, 22, 24, 25, 26 Apply What You Know 2, 3, 4, 5, 9 19, 27, 29 Analyze It 99 30, 32, 33, 35 31 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 107 41, 43, 44, 48, 49 100 47 42, 45, 46 101 50, 51, 52, 53 54, 55, 56, 57 102 58, 59, 60 108 61, 62, 63, 64 66 109 65 1 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e LO 2.8: Summarize the major characteristics of correlational studies. LO 2.9: Summarize the major characteristics of experiments and how do they differ from correlational studies. LO 2.10: Distinguish between theoretical and applied research. LO 2.11: Explain the major research strategies. LO 2.12: Identify the primary ethical principles used to guide research. Multiple Choice 76, 77, 79 67, 72, 73, 74 Short Answer Essay 68, 69, 70, 71, 75, 78 104 Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay 80 82, 83 Multiple Choice Short Answer 86, 87, 90, 91 88, 89 106 103 81, 84, 85 109 10 5 Essay Multiple Choice 94 92, 93, 95, 96 Short Answer Essay Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay 97, 98 2 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e Quick Quiz 1. Believing that a young child’s aggressive behavior is the result of unconscious motivations supports the __________ perspective. a) psychodynamic b) contextual c) behavioral d) cognitive 2. Willard’s father believes that by creating the right environment and rewarding desirable behaviors, he can enable Willard to grow up to be a senator. Willard’s father seems to support the __________ perspective. a) psychodynamic b) evolutionary c) behavioral d) cognitive 3. Krystal’s mother is not concerned that Krystal is not yet able to do simple mathematical computations. She believes that as Krystal grows, her mental abilities will change and she will then be able to do this math and more. Krystal’s mother supports the __________ perspective. a) psychodynamic b) evolutionary c) behavioral d) cognitive 4. Ayla believes that you cannot consider the child without examining the child’s surrounding environment. Part of Ayla’s approach to child development is that all of these people and social institutions affect the child as the child also affects the people and institutions. Ayla supports the __________ perspective. a) psychodynamic b) evolutionary c) contextual d) cognitive 5. Mrs. Jones is a second-grade teacher who constructs her lessons around the idea that children learn through social interaction with others. In addition, she believes children learn through play and cooperation with other members of a culture. Mrs. Jones supports the __________ perspective. a) evolutionary b) psychodynamic c) behavioral d) sociocultural 3 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 6. Newborn babies’ preference for human faces is important because babies are dependent on their parents for survival. This outlook supports the __________ perspective. a) behavioral b) evolutionary c) contextual d) cognitive 7. Research that provides descriptive information and may demonstrate associations between variables is most likely __________. a) experimental research b) cross-sequential research c) longitudinal research d) correlational research 8. To demonstrate the cause of a behavior, you need to conduct __________ research. a) experimental b) cross-sequential c) longitudinal d) correlational 9. Anna interviews a small group of fathers to learn about their parenting practices. This is called a __________. a) naturalistic observation b) case study c) psychophysiological method d) correlational experiment 10. In an experiment, the __________ variable is manipulated by the experimenter, and the __________ variable is measured by the experimenter. a) dependent, independent b) independent; dependent c) control; experimental d) experimental; control 4 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e Quick Quiz Answers 1. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The psychodynamic perspective states that behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control. Motivation by unconscious forces represents an example of the psychodynamic approach. 2. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The behavioral perspective suggests that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment. Willard’s father is demonstrating support of this perspective when he suggests that creating the “right” environment and rewarding the “desirable” behaviors will result in Willard becoming a senator. 3. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Describe the basic concepts of the cognitive perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The cognitive perspective focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world. Krystal’s mother demonstrates her belief in Piaget’s cognitive development theory, in which the stages of cognitive development represent qualitative changes in the way of thinking. By advancing to another stage of cognitive development, Krystal will be able to complete the math computations. 5 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 4. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Describe the basic concepts of the contextual perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The contextual perspective considers the relationship between individuals and their cognitive, personality, social, and physical worlds. In this example, Ayla points out the importance of considering these additional components of the child’s life and the child’s development in that context. 5. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Describe the basic concepts of the contextual perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture. According to Vygotsky, children develop cognitively through play and cooperation with others. 6. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Describe the basic concepts of the evolutionary perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: Evolutionary theory seeks to identify behavior that is the result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors. Explaining a baby’s preference for human faces as a source of meeting survival means supports the evolutionary perspective. 6 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 7. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Identify the principles of the scientific method and how they help answer questions about child development. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: Correlational research seeks to identify whether an association or relationship between two factors exists. 8. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Identify the principles of the scientific method and how they help answer questions about child development. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: Experimental research is a process in which the investigator devises two different experiences for subjects or participants. One hallmark of experimental research is the fact that causation can be uncovered, which is not true of the other selections. 9. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.8 Summarize the major characteristics of correlational studies. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: A case study is an extensive, in-depth interview with a particular individual or small group of individuals. 10. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.9 Summarize the major characteristics of experiments and how they differ from correlational studies. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: The independent variable in an experiment is the variable that is manipulated. The dependent variable in an experiment is the variable that is measured and expected to change as a result of the experimental manipulation. 7 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e Chapter 2 Theoretical Perspectives and Research Multiple Choice Questions 1. Explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest, providing a framework for understanding the relationships among an organized set of facts or principles, are known as __________. a) hypotheses b) perspectives c) theories d) approaches Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena. Rationale: A theory, as defined in the textbook, is a broad, organized explanation and prediction concerning phenomena of interest. Theories provide frameworks for understanding the relationships among an organized set of facts or principles. 2. A(n) __________ provides a framework for understanding the relationships among an organized set of facts or principles. a) theory b) sample c) experiment d) field study Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena. Rationale: A theory, as defined in the textbook, provides a framework for understanding the relationships among an organized set of facts or principles. 8 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 3. There are five major theoretical perspectives that guide the study of child development: the psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, contextual, and __________ perspectives. a) revolutionary b) revolution c) evolutionary d) non-behavioral Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The five major theoretical perspectives presented in the textbook are the psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, contextual, and evolutionary perspectives. 4. Proponents of the __________ perspective believe that behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness. a) behavioral b) psychodynamic c) cognitive d) contextual Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The psychodynamic perspective states that behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control. 9 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 5. Contemporary researchers who study memory and learning suggest that we carry with us memories, of which we are not consciously aware, that have a significant impact on our behavior. This supports the __________ perspective. a) contextual b) cognitive c) psychosocial d) psychodynamic Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The psychodynamic perspective states that behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control. 6. Dr. Dreuf suggests that adolescents behave in sometimes reckless ways because they are motivated by forces beneath their awareness. Dr. Dreuf’s suggestion is most closely aligned with which perspective? a) contextual b) cognitive c) behavioral d) psychodynamic Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The psychodynamic perspective states that behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control. Dr. Dreuf’s beliefs are consistent with this perspective. 10 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 7. Freud’s __________ theory proposes that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior. a) psychosocial b) psycholinguistic c) psychoanalytic d) psychosexual Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: Freud’s psychoanalytic theory suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior. Freud suggested that the way personality developed through childhood was psychosexual development. Erik Erikson proposed the psychosocial theory. 8. According to Freud, everyone’s personality has three aspects: __________, __________, and __________. a) id; ego; superego b) wishes; desires; demands c) love; care; support d) ego; superego; support Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: According to Freud, everyone’s personality has three aspects: id, ego, and superego. 11 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 9. According to Freud, the __________ is the raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality that is present at birth. a) ego b) superego c) subego d) id Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The id, present at birth, is the raw, unorganized, inborn part of the personality, according to Freud. 10. Freud contended that the __________ is the part of personality that is rational and reasonable. a) ego b) superego c) subego d) id Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: According to Freud, the ego is the part of the personality that is rational and reasonable. 12 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 11. According to Freud, the __________ is the part of the personality that represents a person’s conscience, incorporating distinctions between right and wrong. a) ego b) id c) subego d) superego Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The superego, according to Freud, represents a person’s conscience, incorporating distinctions between right and wrong. 12. The __________ operates on the reality principle. a) superego b) id-ego c) id d) ego Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: According to Freud, the ego operates on the reality principle; the id operates according to the pleasure principle. 13 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 13. Six-year-old Amanda is upset because Rudy took her cookies. She wants to hit him, but she knows she will be punished if she does hit him. So she decides to let him have the cookies without putting up a fight. This is an example of the __________. a) reality principle b) superego c) ego d) primary id Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The superego, which represents a person’s conscience, makes the distinction for Amanda between what is right and what is wrong, imploring her to not fight with Rudy. 14. The __________ operates according to the pleasure principle, in which the goal is to maximize satisfaction and reduce tension. a) id b) superego c) subego d) ego Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The id, which is the raw, unorganized, inborn part of the personality, operates on the pleasure principle. The ego, the more reasonable part of the personality, operates on the reality principle. 14 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 15. When a child passes through a series of stages in which pleasure or gratification is focused on a particular biological function and body part, this is called __________. a) psychosocial development b) accommodation c) assimilation d) psychosexual development Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: Freud’s thoughts on the way that personality is formed are known as the theory of psychosexual development. In psychosexual development, the individual passes through a series of stages in which pleasure or gratification is focused on a particular biological function and body part. 16. What is the correct order of Freud’s stages of psychosexual development? a) oral, anal, phallic, genital, latency b) anal, oral, genital, phallic, latency c) genital, oral, anal, latency, phallic d) oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: Freud proposed that children progress through a series of five stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. 15 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 17. During the __________ stage of Freud’s theory, the focus is on the reemergence of sexual interests and establishment of mature sexual relationships. a) oral b) phallic c) latency d) genital Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The major characteristics of the genital stage are the reemergence of sexual interests and establishment of mature sexual relationships. 18. During the __________ stage of Freud’s theory, sexual concerns are largely unimportant. a) oral b) phallic c) latency d) genital Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The major characteristic of the latency stage is that sexual concerns are largely unimportant. 16 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 19. Ten-month-old Cameron is interested in sucking and eating. According to Freud’s stages of psychosexual development, Cameron is in the __________ stage. a) oral b) phallic c) latency d) genital Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The major characteristic of the oral stage is interest in oral gratification from sucking, eating, mouthing, and biting. 20. Behavior reflecting an earlier stage of development is known as __________. a) fixture b) obsession c) regression d) fixation Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: According to Freud, if children are unable to gratify themselves sufficiently during a particular stage, or if they receive too much gratification, fixation may occur. Fixation is behavior reflecting an earlier stage of development due to an unresolved conflict. 17 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 21. According to Erikson, __________ development encompasses changes in the understanding individuals have of their interactions with others, of others’ behavior, and of themselves as members of society. a) psychosocial b) psycholinguistic c) psychoanalytic d) psychosexual Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: Erikson’s theory, known as psychosocial development, encompasses changes in the understanding individuals have of their interactions with others, of others’ behavior, and of themselves as members of society. 22. __________, a psychodynamic theorist, suggested that growth and change continue throughout the life span. a) Piaget b) Erikson c) Masling d) Freud Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: Erikson and Freud represent psychodynamic theories. Of the two, only Erikson suggests that growth and change continue throughout the life span. Freud’s theory suggests that personality development occurs during childhood. Freud’s psychosexual development is complete at the end of adolescence or in early adulthood. 18 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 23. __________ encompasses changes in our interactions with and understandings of one another, as well as in our knowledge and understanding of us as members of society. a) Psychosexual development b) Psychosocial development c) Social-cognitive development d) Evolutionary development Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: As defined in the textbook, the psychosocial development approach encompasses changes in the understanding individuals have of their interactions with others, of others’ behavior, and of themselves as members of society. 24. The notion that people pass through stages in childhood that determine their adult personalities has __________ definitive research support. a) much b) little c) lasting d) continued Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: Some parts of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory have been called into question because they have not been validated by subsequent research. The idea that people pass through stages in childhood that determine their adult personality has little definitive research support. 19 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 25. The psychodynamic perspective provides __________ descriptions of past behavior but __________ predictions of future behavior. a) imprecise; good b) ineffective; proper c) good; imprecise d) false; accurate Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: According to research, the psychodynamic perspective provides reasonably good descriptions of past behavior, although its predictions of future behavior are imprecise. 26. Which of the following cautions suggest that it would be questionable to apply Freud’s theory to a broad, multicultural population? a) Freud’s theory uses stages to understand behavior. b) Freud’s subjects were all upper-middle-class Austrians. c) Freud’s subjects included both males and females. d) Freud examined childhood, which includes similar universal experiences. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: Applying Freud’s theory to a broad, multicultural population is questionable because Freud’s theory was based on a limited population of upper-middle-class Austrians during a strict, Puritanical era. 20 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 27. Nine-month-old Fendy is in Erikson’s __________ stage of psychosocial development. a) trust vs. mistrust b) autonomy vs. shame and doubt c) initiative vs. guilt d) industry vs. inferiority Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The trust vs. mistrust stage of Erikson’s theory covers birth to 12 to 18 months of age. 28. The positive outcome of the industry vs. inferiority stage of Erikson’s theory is the __________. a) discovery of ways to initiate actions b) awareness of uniqueness of self c) development of sense of competence d) fear and concern regarding others Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The industry vs. inferiority stage of Erikson’s theory covers ages 5 or 6 to adolescence. The positive outcome of the stage is the development of sense of competence. 21 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 29. Darren is experiencing fear and concern regarding others. According to Erikson’s theory, Darren is in the __________ stage. a) trust vs. mistrust b) autonomy vs. shame and doubt c) initiative vs. guilt d) industry vs. inferiority Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The trust vs. mistrust stage of Erikson’s theory covers birth to the ages of 12 to 18 months. The negative outcome of the stage is the development of fear and concern regarding others. 30. Proponents of the __________ perspective suggest that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment. a) behavioral b) psychodynamic c) cognitive d) contextual Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The behavioral perspective suggests that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment. 22 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 31. According to the behavioral perspective, if we know what __________ to use, we can predict behavior. a) response b) behavior c) stimuli d) environment Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: According to the behavioral perspective, the outside stimuli in the environment are keys to understanding development. 32. A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response is called __________. a) classical conditioning b) operant conditioning c) behavior modification d) instrumental conditioning Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: Classical conditioning involves learning a new response to a previously neutral stimulus. 23 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 33. A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its association with positive or negative consequences, is known as __________. a) classical conditioning b) operant conditioning c) behavior modification d) instrumental conditioning Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: In operant conditioning, voluntary responses, as opposed to the involuntary response in classical conditioning, are strengthened or weakened, depending on the association with positive or negative consequences. 34. When Brian was 7 years old, a large black dog chased him and bit his ankle. He needed several stitches and used crutches for weeks. Since the attack, Brian has been terrified of dogs. This learned fear is an example of the __________ perspective. a) behavioral b) psychodynamic c) cognitive d) contextual Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The behavioral perspective, specifically operational conditioning, would be used to explain this “learned” fear of dogs as a result of the negative consequences when bit by a dog. 24 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 35. Principles of operant conditioning are used in __________, a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones. a) classical conditioning b) operant conditioning c) behavior modification d) instrumental conditioning Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: Behavior modification, based on operant conditioning, is a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones. 36. Mrs. Hermann uses a sticker chart in her first-grade classroom to promote desirable behaviors and decrease the unwanted ones. The stickers on the chart represent the reinforcement, but the use of the chart represents a form of __________. a) classical conditioning b) punishment c) behavior modification d) stimulus generalization Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. Rationale: Behavior modification, based on operant conditioning, is a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones. In this example, the sticker chart serves as a means of behavior modification. 25 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 37. Sally usually earned average grades in her sixth-grade history class. She began studying harder when she received a B on an exam. After several more tests and better study habits, her grade was an A+. To a behaviorist, this is an example of __________. a) punishment b) reinforcement c) assimilation d) accommodation Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: Sally learns to use better study habits and that behavior is reinforced by the good grades. Those good grades (the reinforcement) therefore teach Sally to continue her response (using good study habits). 38. Mr. Zander gives students a few small candies every time they act appropriately during school assemblies. The candy is a form of __________, a stimulus that increases the likelihood that the preceding behavior will be repeated. a) punishment b) operant conditioning c) extinguishing d) reinforcement Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: Reinforcement is the stimulus provided that increases the frequency or intensity of the preceding behavior. In this example, Mr. Zander gives the candy as a reinforcement to increase the likelihood of good behavior during school assemblies. 26 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 39. After seeing her mother talk on the phone, 18-month-old Veronica pretends to carry on a telephone conversation using her toy telephone. According to the social cognitive learning theory, Veronica is likely learning by observing __________. a) operational conditioning b) a model c) classical conditioning d) instrumental conditioning Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: Veronica is learning through observation, a process known as modeling. 40. Four-year-old Shelly watches her 16-year-old cousin Tamara apply makeup for a date with her boyfriend. The next day Shelly runs to her toy box and finds a crayon. Using it like lipstick, she prances around the house in her mother’s high-heeled shoes. Her mother laughs when Shelly tells her she is ready for her date with her boyfriend. This is an example of the __________. a) psychoanalytic theory b) conditional theory c) sociocultural theory d) social-cognitive learning theory Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: According to the social-cognitive learning theory, learning is through observation. Shelly observes her cousin putting on makeup in preparation for her date and then imitates the behavior. 27 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 41. The __________ perspective focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world. a) behavioral b) psychodynamic c) cognitive d) contextual Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Describe the basic concepts of the cognitive perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The cognitive perspective is the approach that focuses on the process that allows people to know, understand, and think about the world. 42. Hiep explains that the grass is green because all of the pictures in a particular set have green grass, whereas his much older brother explains that the amount of light absorbed by the blades of grass determines their color. A researcher interested in the thinking processes in these two answers is most likely demonstrating the __________ perspective. a) psychodynamic b) cognitive c) contextual d) evolutionary Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Describe the basic concepts of the cognitive perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The cognitive perspective is the approach that focuses on the process that allows people to know, understand, and think about the world. The difference in those processes between two children of differing ages is one of the areas of interest in the cognitive perspective. 28 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 43. The organized mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions and serve as a foundation for Piaget’s cognitive development theory are known as __________. a) assimilation b) accommodation c) organization d) schemas Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Describe the basic concepts of the cognitive perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: Human thinking is arranged by schemas, the mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions. 44. Changes in existing ways of thinking in response to encounters with new stimuli or events is called __________. a) assimilation b) accommodation c) organization d) conditioning Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Describe the basic concepts of the cognitive perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: Accommodation refers to changes in existing ways of thinking in response to encounters with new stimuli or events. 29 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 45. Four-month-old Annabelle takes her mother’s keys and puts them in her mouth, much as she does her pacifier. Annabelle’s treatment of the keys demonstrates which concept of Piaget’s theory? a) assimilation b) accommodation c) organization d) conditioning Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Describe the basic concepts of the cognitive perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: Assimilation refers to the process in which an individual understands an experience based on his or her current way of thinking. Annabelle’s use of the keys like her pacifier demonstrates her thinking about the keys (new stimuli) in her previous understanding of the pacifier. 46. Four-month-old Timothy takes his mother’s keys and begins to put them into his mouth but then discovers that when he shakes them, they make a pleasant sound. Timothy’s treatment of the keys demonstrates which concept of Piaget’s theory? a) assimilation b) accommodation c) organization d) adaptation Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Describe the basic concepts of the cognitive perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: Accommodation refers to changes in existing ways of thinking in response to encounters with new stimuli or events. Timothy’s use of the keys demonstrates that he is able to think about the keys (new stimuli) in a way different from the pacifier. 30 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 47. The development of object permanence is a major characteristic of Piaget’s __________ stage of cognitive development. a) sensorimotor b) preoperational c) concrete operational d) formal operational Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Describe the basic concepts of the cognitive perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The sensorimotor stage is the first stage of Piaget’s theory. During the stage, infants develop the concept of object permanence, which is the idea that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen. 48. An approach to cognitive development that seeks to identify the ways individuals take in, use, and store information is called __________. a) information processing b) cognitive neuroscience c) social-cognitive learning d) bioecological processing Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Describe the basic concepts of the cognitive perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The information-processing approach seeks to identify the ways individuals take in, use, and store information. 31 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 49. Approaches to the study of cognitive development that focus on how brain processes are related to cognitive activity are called __________ approaches. a) information-processing b) cognitive neuroscience c) contextual learning d) minimalist Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Describe the basic concepts of the cognitive perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The cognitive neuroscience approach to the study of cognitive development focuses on how brain processes are related to cognitive activity. 50. The __________ approach suggests that a child’s unique development cannot be properly viewed without seeing the child enmeshed within a rich social and cultural context. a) information-processing b) evolutionary c) contextual d) cognitive Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Describe the basic concepts of the contextual perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The contextual perspective considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds. 32 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 51. Which major theoretical perspective stresses the interrelatedness of development areas and the importance of broad cultural factors in human development? a) contextual b) cognitive c) evolutionary d) psychodynamic Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Describe the basic concepts of the contextual perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The contextual perspective considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds. 52. Homes, teachers, friends, and caregivers are all examples of influences that are part of the __________. a) macrosystem b) exosystem c) microsystem d) mesosystem Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Describe the basic concepts of the contextual perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The microsystem is the everyday, immediate environment in which children lead their daily lives. Homes, caregivers, friends, and teachers are all influences that are part of the microsystem. 33 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 53. Which of the following is an example of the mesosystem? a) A parent meets a child’s teacher at a parent-teacher conference. b) A teacher helps a student tie her shoes. c) A child watches a scary movie on television. d) A politician proposes a new law to lengthen the school day. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Describe the basic concepts of the contextual perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The mesosystem provides connections among the various aspects of the microsystem. In this example, the teacher interacts with the parent. 54. The level that Bronfenbrenner suggested that represents broader influences such as schools, places of worship, and local government is the __________. a) macrosystem b) chronosystem c) mesosystem d) exosystem Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Describe the basic concepts of the contextual perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The exosystem represents broader influences, encompassing societal institutions such as local government, the community, schools, places of worship, and the local media. 34 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 55. The dominant Western philosophy that emphasizes personal identity, uniqueness, freedom, and worth of the individual is known as __________. a) individualism b) the id c) the ego d) the resistance Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Describe the basic concepts of the contextual perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: There are two broad cultural orientations: individualistic and collectivist. The individualistic orientation, which is the dominant Western philosophy, emphasizes personal identity, uniqueness, freedom, and worth of the individual. 56. Which theorist emphasized how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture? a) Erikson b) Vygotsky c) Piaget d) Darwin Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Describe the basic concepts of the contextual perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory is an approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interaction among members of a culture. 35 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 57. An approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions among members of a culture is the __________ theory. a) psychosocial b) sociocultural c) social cognitive d) neurobehavioral Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Describe the basic concepts of the contextual perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The sociocultural theory, part of the contextual perspective, is an approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions among members of a culture. 58. The evolutionary perspective draws heavily on the field of __________, which examines the ways in which our biological makeup influences our behavior. a) psychology b) theology c) ethology d) philosophy Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Describe the basic concepts of the evolutionary perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The evolutionary perspective, which seeks to identify behavior that is the result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors, relies heavily on ethology, a field that examines the way in which our biological makeup influences our behavior. 36 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 59. Which theoretical perspective attributes behavior to genetic inheritance from our ancestors, contending that genes determine not only traits such as skin and eye color but certain personality traits and social behaviors as well? a) contextual perspective b) cognitive perspective c) behavioral perspective d) evolutionary perspective Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Describe the basic concepts of the evolutionary perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: The evolutionary perspective seeks to identify behavior that is the result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors. 60. Which theorist was a proponent of ethology? a) Jean Piaget b) Lev Vygotsky c) Konrad Lorenz d) Erik Erikson Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Describe the basic concepts of the evolutionary perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. Rationale: Konrad Lorenz was a primary proponent of ethology, which examines the way in which our biological makeup influences our behavior. 37 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 61. Identifying questions of interest, formulating an explanation, and carrying out research that either lends support to or refutes the explanation are all steps of __________. a) the scientific method b) a theory c) the collection of data d) observation Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Identify the principles of the scientific method and how they help answer questions about child development. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: The scientific method is the process of posing and answering questions using careful, controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data. 62. Which of the following is a prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested? a) theory b) hypothesis c) analysis d) operationalization Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Identify the principles of the scientific method and how they help answer questions about child development. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: The hypothesis is a prediction that is stated in a way that permits it to be tested. 38 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 63. Which of the following is the process of translating a hypothesis into specific, testable procedures that can be measured and observed? a) randomly assigning b) operant conditioning c) operationalization d) observation Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Identify the principles of the scientific method and how they help answer questions about child development. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: Operationalization is the process of translating a hypothesis into specific, testable procedures that can be measured and observed. 64. Which of the following seeks to identify whether an association or relationship exists between two factors? a) operationalization b) correlational research c) observation d) operant conditioning Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Identify the principles of the scientific method and how they help answer questions about child development. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: Correlational research seeks to identify whether an association or relationship between two factors exist. 39 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 65. Ms. Weatherbie, a music instructor, wanted to know whether students who could read music were better in choir than students who could not read music. To find out, she took two groups of students and taught one group to read music in addition to learning the words to the songs; the other group only learned the words to the songs. This study is an example of __________. a) experimental research b) correlational research c) survey research d) theoretical research Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Identify the principles of the scientific method and how they help answer questions about child development. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: Experimental research requires two different conditions for participants. In this experiment, Ms. Weatherbie divided the class into two groups; one received additional musical training and the other did not. She then compared the performance of students in choir. 66. Researchers have found that children who watch a good deal of aggression on television tend to be more aggressive than those who watch only a little. This is an example of __________. a) an experiment b) causation c) correlation d) cause and effect Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Identify the principles of the scientific method and how they help answer questions about child development. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: Correlational research seeks to identify whether an association or relationship between two factors exist. In this case the association or relationship being sought is between aggressive behaviors and watching aggression on television. 40 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 67. A mother takes her child to the beach on a hot summer day, where she buys her an ice cream cone from a vendor. That evening the child has an upset stomach. The mother says that every time the child eats ice cream, the child gets a stomachache. The mother needs to be reminded that __________. a) correlation proves causation b) relationship proves causation c) correlation does not prove causation d) experiment does not prove causation Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.8 Summarize the major characteristics of correlational studies. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: Although the mother has established an association between the ice cream and stomachaches, she cannot assume that the ice cream is the cause of the stomachache. This is an example of the general principle that correlation does not prove causation. 68. Ms. Sounder, a preschool teacher, has found that when she uses a quiet indoor voice her students tend to use their indoor voices, too. However, when she raises her voice, she notes that the students also raise their voices. Her informal observation of noise levels is an example of a(n) __________ correlation. a) positive b) negative c) zero d) optimistic Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.8 Summarize the major characteristics of correlational studies. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: The indication of a positive correlation is that when one variable increases, so does the other. In this case, when Ms. Sounder increases her speaking voice, likewise the students increase their voices. In addition, when the teacher uses a lower voice, likewise the children will use their lower voices. 41 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 69. Mr. Work, a fourth-grade teacher, tells his class that the more time they devote to homework, the better their final grade will be. Conversely, the less time they spend on homework, the poorer their final grade will be. This is an example of a(n) __________ correlation. a) negative b) positive c) zero d) optimistic Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.8 Summarize the major characteristics of correlational studies. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: The indication of a positive correlation is that when one variable increases, so does the other. In this case, when the students spend more time studying, they receive a higher grade. 70. Ms. Davila, a health education teacher, tells her students that they should refrain from smoking because smoking shortens the life span. Specifically, she tells them the more cigarettes they smoke, the less time they will live and, conversely, the fewer cigarettes they smoke, the longer they will live. This is an example of __________ correlation. a) a negative b) a positive c) no d) an optimistic Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.8 Summarize the major characteristics of correlational studies. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: The indication of a negative correlation is that when one variable increases, the other will decrease. In this example, the more cigarettes one smokes (an increase), the shorter time one will live (a decrease). 42 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 71. Mr. Padilla, a physical education teacher, finds that children who are overweight tend to like his aerobics class least, whereas children who weigh less tend to enjoy his aerobics class. This is an example of a(n) __________ correlation. a) optimistic b) positive c) zero d) negative Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.8 Summarize the major characteristics of correlational studies. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: The indication of a negative correlation is that when one variable increases, the other will decrease. In this example, as the weight of the children increases, the enjoyment of the class decreases. 72. In a negative correlation, as one variable increases, the other variable __________. a) decreases b) remains the same c) increases d) fluctuates Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.8 Summarize the major characteristics of correlational studies. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: In a negative correlation, as one variable increases, the other variable decreases. 73. In a positive correlation, as one variable increases, the other variable __________. a) decreases b) remains the same c) increases d) fluctuates Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.8 Summarize the major characteristics of correlational studies. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: In a positive correlation, as one variable increases, the other variable increases. 43 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 74. Which of the following is the observation of a naturally occurring behavior without intervention in the situation? a) naturalistic observation b) operational conditioning c) classical conditioning d) structured observation Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.8 Summarize the major characteristics of correlational studies. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: Naturalistic observation is done without intervening in or changing the situation. This is contrasted with structured observation. 75. Dr. Gomez would like to know how many parents use spanking as a form of punishment. She knows she cannot solicit this information from every parent in the country, so she asks a subset of parents that she thinks are representative of all parents in the country. The collection of the data in this study is an example of using __________. a) naturalistic observation b) ethnography c) survey research d) psychophysiological methods Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.8 Summarize the major characteristics of correlational studies. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: Dr. Gomez would be utilizing a survey to collect her data from a representative sample. Other forms of data collection include naturalistic observation, ethnography, and psychophysiological methods, although all of these would be inappropriate in this example. 44 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 76. Both experimental and correlational studies can be done employing methods that compare heart rate and interest in material. These types of measurements may be referred to as __________ methods. a) psychodynamic b) ethnographic c) psychophysiological d) biogenetic Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.8 Summarize the major characteristics of correlational studies. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: Psychophysiological methods focus on the relationship between physiological processes and behavior. These methods may lead to correlational associations or can be used as part of an experimental paradigm. 77. Which of the following psychophysiological methods measures electrical activity in the brain? a) computerized axial tomography b) functional magnetic resonance imaging c) electroencephalogram d) naturalistic observation Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.8 Summarize the major characteristics of correlational studies. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: The electroencephalogram records electrical activity in the brain, recorded by electrodes placed on the outside of the skull. 45 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 78. Dr. Chiu, a reading specialist, wants to know whether third graders who learned to read predominantly by phonics are better at comprehending text than children who learned to read predominantly by whole language. To find out, she decides to randomly assign two groups of first graders to either a phonics-based reading program or a whole language-based reading program. She will then give each group a reading comprehension test when they reach third grade. This study provides an example of a(n) __________. a) experiment b) control group c) treatment group d) sample Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.9 Summarize the major characteristics of experiments and how they differ from correlational studies. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: This is an example of an experiment. The two different experiences are a phonicsbased reading program and a whole-language reading program. 79. The variable that is manipulated by the experimenter is called the __________ variable. a) independent b) dependent c) treatment d) control Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.9 Summarize the major characteristics of experiments and how they differ from correlational studies. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: The independent variable in an experiment is manipulated by the researchers. 46 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 80. The __________ variable is expected to change as a result of the manipulation of the __________ variable. a) independent; dependent b) dependent; independent c) treatment; control d) control; treatment Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.9 Summarize the major characteristics of experiments and how they differ from correlational studies. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: The independent variable in an experiment is manipulated by the researchers, and the dependent variable is measured by the researchers. 81. Researchers conducted a study with Spanish-speaking kindergarteners. They were interested in learning whether young children would benefit from explicit test-taking training. The researchers randomly assigned students and taught half of the kindergarteners’ test-taking strategies, while the other half of the kindergarteners drew pictures. They found that those who had received training in test taking received higher scores on a school readiness test compared to the children who had received no training. Thus, the researchers manipulated test-taking training, or the __________ variable, and saw the results of their manipulation in the __________ variable. a) dependent; independent b) independent; dependent c) reliable; unreliable d) unreliable; reliable Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.9 Summarize the major characteristics of experiments and how they differ from correlational studies. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: The independent variable is the variable in an experiment that is manipulated by researchers. The dependent variable is the variable in the experiment that is measured and is expected to change as a result of the experimental manipulation. In this example, the training in test-taking strategies is the independent variable. What is being measured is the dependent variable on the school readiness test. 47 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 82. When conducting experiments, researchers use random assignment to __________. a) recruit a large sample of participants b) divide participants into different experimental groups c) maximize differences between experimental groups d) obtain informed consent from participants Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.9 Summarize the major characteristics of experiments and how they differ from correlational studies. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: In random assignment, participants are assigned to different experimental groups. 83. Which of the following is an example of random assignment? a) assigning all left-handed participants to a particular condition b) having participants choose which condition they would prefer to be in and then assigning them to a different condition c) having participants choose which condition they would prefer to be in and then assigning them to that condition d) using a random number generator to assign participants to conditions (e.g., odds are in one condition and evens in another condition) Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.9 Summarize the major characteristics of experiments and how they differ from correlational studies. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: Random assignment involves assigning participants to different experimental groups or “conditions” on the basis of chance and chance alone. 48 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 84. Amy is in a group of participants who were chosen for an experiment; the group she is in would be considered a(n) __________. a) sample b) experiment c) field study d) treatment Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.9 Summarize the major characteristics of experiments and how they differ from correlational studies. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: A group of participants chosen for an experiment is known as the sample. 85. The strange situation paradigm is often used to assess the attachment of 1- to 2-year-old children to their mothers. The mother and child enter a room that is equipped with a two-way mirror. Then, a stranger walks into the room. Following this, the mother leaves her child with the stranger. Last, the mother returns to the room. Throughout the procedure, a researcher observes and records the interactions between the mother and child. This is an example of a __________ study. a) field b) laboratory c) ethnographic d) ground Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.9 Summarize the major characteristics of experiments and how they differ from correlational studies. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: The laboratory study is a research investigation conducted in a controlled setting explicitly designed to hold events constant. By placing the child and mother in a room with a two-way mirror, the researchers can observe undetected while ensuring that all other conditions remain constant. 49 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 86. A study that is designed to specifically test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge is called __________ research. a) theoretical b) experimental c) applied d) survey Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Distinguish between theoretical and applied research. Topic: Research Strategies and Challenges Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: Theoretical research is designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge. 87. Applied research is meant to provide practical solutions to immediate __________. a) studies b) problems c) research d) cases Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Distinguish between theoretical and applied research. Topic: Research Strategies and Challenges Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: Applied research is meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems. 88. A research psychologist who is interested in improving students’ ability to memorize key terms is likely conducting __________ research. a) survey b) theoretical c) applied d) basic Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Distinguish between theoretical and applied research. Topic: Research Strategies and Challenges Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: Applied research is meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems. In this example, improving students’ memory is the goal. 50 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 89. If a cognitive psychologist is conducting a study to measure the capacity of human memory, the psychologist is conducting __________ research. a) survey b) unethical c) theoretical d) applied Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Distinguish between theoretical and applied research. Topic: Research Strategies and Challenges Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: Theoretical research is designed to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge. 90. __________ research is research in which the behavior of one or more individuals is measured as subjects age. a) Survey b) Longitudinal c) Cross-sectional d) Correlational Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Distinguish between theoretical and applied research. Topic: Research Strategies and Challenges Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: In longitudinal research, the behavior of one or more individuals is measured as they age. 91. __________research is research in which people of different ages are compared at the same point in time. a) Survey b) Longitudinal c) Cross-sectional d) Correlational Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Distinguish between theoretical and applied research. Topic: Research Strategies and Challenges Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: In cross-sectional research, people of different ages are compared at the same point in time. 51 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 92. Shyanna wants to know whether shy children will become shy adults. She decides to ask a group of preschool teachers to select all the children they would consider to be shy. She then follows and periodically assesses these children until they reach adulthood. This is an example of a __________ research design. a) survey b) longitudinal c) cross-sectional d) cross-sequential Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.11 Explain the major research strategies. Topic: Research Strategies and Challenges Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: Research in which the behavior of one or more individuals is measured as the participants age is known as longitudinal research. 93. Mr. Eli Shun wants to study the development of emotion in children for his doctoral dissertation. He would like to graduate as soon as possible, so he devises a study that consists of assessing children of different ages at the same time. This is an example of a __________ research design. a) survey b) longitudinal c) cross-sectional d) sequential Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.11 Explain the major research strategies. Topic: Research Strategies and Challenges Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: Research in which people of different ages are compared at the same point in time is known as cross-sectional research. Mr. Eli Shun is assessing children of different ages at one time to determine development of emotions. 52 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 94. In a sequential study, researchers __________. a) test a small group of participants b) use experimental research instead of correlational research c) examine a number of different groups at several points in time d) study young children Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.11 Explain the major research strategies. Topic: Research Strategies and Challenges Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: In sequential studies, researchers examine a number of different age groups at several points in time. 95. Dr. Kang studies the development of morality in children. In her latest study she followed and assessed 3-year-olds, 4-year-olds, and 5-year-olds for a period of time. The 3-year-olds were tested at ages 3, 4, and 5; the 4-year-olds at 4, 5, and 6; and the 5-year-olds at ages 5, 6, and 7. This is an example of a __________ research design. a) survey b) longitudinal c) cross-sectional d) sequential Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.11 Explain the major research strategies. Topic: Research Strategies and Challenges Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: Studies in which researchers examine members of a number of different age groups at several points in time are known as sequential studies. In this example, Dr. Kang is combining the different age groups of the cross-sectional study with the several points in time of the sequential study for a cross-sequential study. 53 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 96. Dr. Salahma conducts a study on teenagers and product preference. In his study, he begins with a diverse sample of 13- to 19-year-olds. However, after the first few trials of the experiment many of the 15-year-old males in the experiment stop responding to the questions and choose not to participate in a follow-up session. Dr. Salahma needs to be concerned about __________. a) random assignment b) selective attention c) cohort effects d) selective dropout Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.11 Explain the major research strategies. Topic: Research Strategies and Challenges Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Rationale: Selective dropout occurs when participants in some age groups are more likely than others to quit participating in a study. 97. Which of the following basic ethical principles must be followed in child developmental research? a) The truth must win out at all costs. b) Random assignment must be employed. c) Participants must be protected from harm. d) Parents must be compensated for their child’s time. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.12 Identify the primary ethical principles used to guide research. Topic: Research Strategies and Challenges Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 3.1 Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice. Rationale: Among the basic ethical principles to be followed are freedom from harm, informed consent, avoidance of deception, and maintenance of participant privacy. 54 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 98. To test participants in a scientific study, researchers must __________. a) obtain informed consent from participants b) maximize physical and psychological harm c) use deception to trick participants d) reveal the true purpose of the study before the study begins Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.12 Identify the primary ethical principles used to guide research. Topic: Research Strategies and Challenges Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 3.1 Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice. Rationale: Researchers must obtain informed consent from participants before their involvement in a study. Short Answer Questions 99. List and describe the three key components of personality according to Freud. Answer: A good answer would include the following key points: 1. The id is the raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality that is represented at birth. 2. The ego is the part of personality that is rational and reasonable. 3. The superego represents a person’s conscience, incorporating distinctions between right and wrong. Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 100. List the major stages of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. Identify the age ranges noted in each stage of cognitive development. Answer: A good answer would include the following key points: 1. The sensorimotor stage covers birth to 2 years of age. The preoperational stage covers 2 to 7 years of age. 2. The concrete operational stage covers 7 to 12 years of age. 3. The formal operational stage covers 12 years of age to adulthood. Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Describe the basic concepts of the cognitive perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 55 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 101. What is the focus of the cognitive neuroscience approach? What is the primary critique of this approach? Answer: A good answer would include the following key points: 1. The cognitive neuroscience approach studies cognitive development by focusing on brain processes related to cognitive activity. 2. The focus is on internal mental processes. 3. The primary goal is to identify which parts of the brain are involved in different types of cognitive activity. 4. This approach has been useful in understanding developmental delays or disabilities such as autism. 5. The primary critique is that the results are largely descriptive rather than explanatory. Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Describe the basic concepts of the cognitive perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 102. What are the five levels of the environment according to the bioecological approach? Provide an example of each. Answer: A good answer will include the following key points: 1. The microsystem includes the everyday immediate environment (e.g., family, friends, teachers). 2. The mesosystem is the layer that links the structures within the microsystem (e.g., children’s teachers and children’s parents). 3. The exosystem includes social institutions (e.g., local government, school committees). 4. The macrosystem includes larger cultural influences (e.g., cultural values, ideals, laws). 5. The chronosystem is the dimension of time in relation to the child (e.g., historical events, changes in technology). Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Describe the basic concepts of the contextual perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 56 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 103. Two types of correlational studies are naturalistic observation and survey research. Define these types of studies and note one disadvantage of each type of study. Answer: A good answer would include the following key points: 1. Naturalistic observation is the observation of a naturally occurring behavior without intervention in the situation. The investigator simply observes without interfering with the situation in any way. A disadvantage is that researchers are unable to exert control over factors of interest. 2. Survey research is research in which a group of people chosen to represent a larger population are asked questions about their attitudes or behaviors on a given topic. A disadvantage is that if the sample is not representative of the broader population, the survey has little meaning. Learning Objective: LO 2.8 Summarize the major characteristics of correlational studies. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 104. List and describe three psychophysiological methods used in research. Answer: A good answer would include the following key points: 1. An electroencephalogram (EEG) records electrical activity in the brain. 2. A computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan constructs an image of the brain by combining thousands of individual X-rays. 3. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides a detailed, three-dimensional image of brain activity by aiming a powerful magnetic field at the brain. Learning Objective: LO 2.8 Summarize the major characteristics of correlational studies. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 57 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 105. Contrast theoretical research with applied research. Answer: A good answer would include the following key points: 1. Theoretical research is designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge. 2. Applied research is meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems. 3. Often, research is considered both theoretical and applied if it illuminates a basic principle or theory but can also be applied to a real-world situation. Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Distinguish between theoretical and applied research. Topic: Research Strategies and Challenges Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 106. How might developmental research be used to improve public policy? Answer: A good answer would include the following key points: 1. Research findings can provide policymakers with means of determining what questions to ask. 2. Research findings and the testimony of researchers are often part of the process by which laws are drafted. 3. Policymakers and other professionals use research findings to determine how best to implement programs. 4. Research techniques are used to evaluate the effectiveness of existing policies and programs. Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Distinguish between theoretical and applied research. Topic: Research Strategies and Challenges Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 58 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e Essay Questions 107. Compare and contrast classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Answer: A good answer will include the following key points: 1. Classical conditioning involves involuntary behaviors. 2. Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response. 3. Operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors. 4. Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its association with positive or negative consequences. Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 108. Compare and contrast the five major perspectives of child development. Answer: A good answer will include the following key points: 1. The psychodynamic perspective emphasizes motivational conflicts and unconscious determinants of behavior. 2. The behavioral perspective emphasizes observable behavior and the influence of outside stimuli in the environment. 3. The cognitive perspective focuses on the processes of knowing, understanding, and thinking. 4. The contextual perspective considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, social, and physical worlds. 5. This evolutionary perspective seeks to identify behavior that is the result of genetic inheritance from ancestors. 6. In contrasting the perspectives, students should consider the unique aspects of each perspective and how those characteristics differ. Learning Objective: LO 2.6 Explain the value of applying multiple perspectives to child development. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 59 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 109. What is the scientific method, and how does it help answer questions about child development? Answer: A good answer will include the following key points: 1. The scientific method involves three major steps: (1) identifying questions of interest, (2) formulating an explanation, and (3) carrying out research. 2. The scientific method encourages the process of asking and answering questions. 3. It encourages orderly, systematic observation and data collection. Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Identify the principles of the scientific method and how they help answer questions about child development. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 110. Describe how a psychologist would design an experiment to test the effect of meditation on anxiety. Answer: A good answer would include the following key points: 1. The independent variable, meditation, would be manipulated by the experimenter. 2. The dependent variable, anxiety, would be measured by the experimenter. 3. The experimenter would randomly assign participants to experimental and control groups. 4. At the end, the experimenter would compare the two groups and draw conclusions. Learning Objective: LO 2.9 Summarize the major characteristics of experiments and how they differ from correlational studies. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Virtual Child Questions 1. Chapter 2 focuses on various perspectives used to explain child development. Looking over the tenets of each theory, think about your own ideas about how children grow and develop across the life span. What theories make the most sense to you in relation to your own child? Perhaps there are some aspects of each theory that seems applicable to your virtual child and other aspects that you may question. Choose three of the theories discussed in your text and describe aspects with which you agree. Then note two aspects of the theories that you question. What do we call this approach that draws simultaneously on several perspectives? 2. Read over the description of the behavioral perspective in your text. Have you noticed any examples of classical or operant conditioning occurring with your child? If so, describe these. What is your role in providing reinforcement in relationship to various behaviors observed in the environment? Thinking back to the nature-versus-nurture issue, what position would the behavioral perspective reflect? Explain. 3. According to the bioecological approach, the microsystem encompasses the everyday environment of the child. Describe the microsystem in relation to your virtual child. Name the individuals who make up the microsystem. In addition, provide an example of the connections between the individuals in the microsystem. What is this system called? 60 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e 4. Think about Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of cognitive development. What role do you see your own culture playing in the development of your child? Do you have extended family near you to assist with care giving, or do your relatives live far away from you? Describe the role of extended family in your parenting and note how this affects your child. Then think about the process of reciprocal transactions. How do these transactions affect you, your family, and your child? 5. Think about the behaviors you have observed in these first weeks of life with your child. Are there any issues of growth and development that you have specific questions about that might be answered through the process of the scientific method and research? You may have observed sleep patterns, feeding patterns, crying, smiling, prelinguistic communication, and emotional expressions, to name a few. What type of research would you use to find practical solutions to your immediate problems? Explain. 61 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e Revel Quizzes The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel for Child Development, Eighth Edition. Quiz 2.1: Perspectives on Children EOM_Q2.1.1 The five major theoretical perspectives that guide the study of child development are the psychodynamic, the __________, the cognitive, the contextual, and the evolutionary perspectives. a) behavioral b) psychoanalytic Consider This: This perspective asserts that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and external stimuli in the environment. LO 2.2: Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. c) psychosexual Consider This: This perspective asserts that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and external stimuli in the environment. LO 2.2: Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. d) psychosocial Consider This: This perspective asserts that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and external stimuli in the environment. LO 2.2: Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 62 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e EOM_Q2.1.2 According to Piaget, human thought is arranged in organized mental patterns, called __________, that represent behaviors and actions. a) schemas b) sequences Consider This: These are like “intellectual computer software” that directs and determines how data from the world will be looked at and handled. LO 2.3: Describe the basic concepts of the cognitive perspective. c) steps Consider This: These are like “intellectual computer software” that directs and determines how data from the world will be looked at and handled. LO 2.3: Describe the basic concepts of the cognitive perspective. d) accommodations Consider This: These are like “intellectual computer software” that directs and determines how data from the world will be looked at and handled. LO 2.3: Describe the basic concepts of the cognitive perspective. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Describe the basic concepts of the cognitive perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts EOM_Q2.1.3 The __________ perspective identifies behaviors that are the result of genetic inheritance. a) evolutionary b) contextual Consider This: This perspective grew out of Charles Darwin’s work. LO 2.5: Describe the basic concepts of the evolutionary perspective. c) cognitive Consider This: This perspective grew out of Charles Darwin’s work. LO 2.5: Describe the basic concepts of the evolutionary perspective. d) psychodynamic Consider This: This perspective grew out of Charles Darwin’s work. LO 2.5: Describe the basic concepts of the evolutionary perspective. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Describe the basic concepts of the evolutionary perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 63 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e EOM_Q2.1.4 Erikson’s __________ theory was created as an alternative psychodynamic view to that of Freud, and emphasizes social interaction with other people. a) psychosocial development b) psychoanalytic development Consider This: This theory of development suggests that developmental change occurs throughout our lives in eight distinct stages. LO 2.1: Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. c) behavioral perspective Consider This: This theory of development suggests that developmental change occurs throughout our lives in eight distinct stages. LO 2.1: Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. d) social-cognitive Consider This: This theory of development suggests that developmental change occurs throughout our lives in eight distinct stages. LO 2.1: Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts EOM_Q2.1.5 Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory emphasizes the ways in which cognitive development proceeds as a result of __________ between members of a culture. a) social interactions b) behavior modifications Consider This: Vygotsky argued that children’s understanding of the world is acquired through their problem-solving interactions with adults and other children. LO 2.4: Describe the basic concepts of the contextual perspective. c) operant conditioning Consider This: Vygotsky argued that children’s understanding of the world is acquired through their problem-solving interactions with adults and other children. LO 2.4: Describe the basic concepts of the contextual perspective. d) classical conditioning Consider This: Vygotsky argued that children’s understanding of the world is acquired through their problem-solving interactions with adults and other children. LO 2.4: Describe the basic concepts of the contextual perspective. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Describe the basic concepts of the contextual perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 64 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e Quiz 2.2: The Scientific Method and Research EOM_Q2.2.1 The __________ is the process of posing and answering questions using controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data. a) scientific method b) contextual method Consider This: This process involves three major steps. LO 2.7: Identify the principles of the scientific method and how they help answer questions about child development. c) developmental method Consider This: This process involves three major steps. LO 2.7: Identify the principles of the scientific method and how they help answer questions about child development. d) meta-theoretical method Consider This: This process involves three major steps. LO 2.7: Identify the principles of the scientific method and how they help answer questions about child development. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Identify the principles of the scientific method and how they help answer questions about child development. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts EOM_Q2.2.2 A(n) __________ is a prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested. a) hypothesis b) proposition Consider This: This is used to validate a theory. LO 2.7: Identify the principles of the scientific method and how they help answer questions about child development. c) experiment Consider This: This is used to validate a theory. LO 2.7: Identify the principles of the scientific method and how they help answer questions about child development. d) theory Consider This: This is used to validate a theory. LO 2.7: Identify the principles of the scientific method and how they help answer questions about child development. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Identify the principles of the scientific method and how they help answer questions about child development. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 65 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e EOM_Q2.2.3 __________ are systematically derived explanations of facts or phenomena. a) Theories b) Objectives Consider This: These are explanations of phenomena of interest. LO 2.7: Identify the principles of the scientific method and how they help answer questions about child development. c) Experiments Consider This: These are explanations of phenomena of interest. LO 2.7: Identify the principles of the scientific method and how they help answer questions about child development. d) Conclusions Consider This: These are explanations of phenomena of interest. LO 2.7: Identify the principles of the scientific method and how they help answer questions about child development. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Identify the principles of the scientific method and how they help answer questions about child development. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts EOM_Q2.2.4 __________ studies seek to identify whether an association or relationship exists between two factors. a) Correlational b) Experimental Consider This: This type of study might examine whether there is a relationship between child abuse and poverty, but could not determine whether one caused the other. LO 2.8: Summarize the major characteristics of correlational studies. c) Qualitative Consider This: This type of study might examine whether there is a relationship between child abuse and poverty, but could not determine whether one caused the other. LO 2.8: Summarize the major characteristics of correlational studies. d) Hierarchical Consider This: This type of study might examine whether there is a relationship between child abuse and poverty, but could not determine whether one caused the other. LO 2.8: Summarize the major characteristics of correlational studies. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.8 Summarize the major characteristics of correlational studies. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 66 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e EOM_Q2.2.5 In an experiment, the group receiving the treatment is called the treatment group, whereas the group receiving no treatment or an alternative treatment is called the __________. a) control group b) case study Consider This: This group usually receives placebos in a drug study. LO 2.9: Summarize the major characteristics of experiments and how they differ from correlational studies. c) test case Consider This: This group usually receives placebos in a drug study. LO 2.9: Summarize the major characteristics of experiments and how they differ from correlational studies. d) experimental group Consider This: This group usually receives placebos in a drug study. LO 2.9: Summarize the major characteristics of experiments and how they differ from correlational studies. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.9 Summarize the major characteristics of experiments and how they differ from correlational studies. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 67 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e Quiz 2.3: Research Strategies and Challenges EOM_Q2.3.1 Developmental researchers typically focus on both __________ research. a) theoretical and applied b) genetic and biological Consider This: Knowledge for its own sake is good, and knowledge in the service of a purpose is also good. LO 2.10: Distinguish between theoretical and applied research. c) ethical and unethical Consider This: Knowledge for its own sake is good, and knowledge in the service of a purpose is also good. LO 2.10: Distinguish between theoretical and applied research. d) factorial and multilinear Consider This: Knowledge for its own sake is good, and knowledge in the service of a purpose is also good. LO 2.10: Distinguish between theoretical and applied research. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.10 Distinguish between theoretical and applied research. Topic: Research Strategies and Challenges Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts EOM_Q2.3.2 __________ research seeks to understand how participants change over time. a) Longitudinal b) Cross-sectional Consider This: The study of “Termites” would be an example of this type of research. LO 2.11: Explain the major research strategies. c) Experimental Consider This: The study of “Termites” would be an example of this type of research. LO 2.11: Explain the major research strategies. d) Theoretical Consider This: The study of “Termites” would be an example of this type of research. LO 2.11: Explain the major research strategies. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.11 Explain the major research strategies. Topic: Research Strategies and Challenges Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 68 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e EOM_Q2.3.3 The research method in which researchers examine a number of different age groups at a single point in time is called __________ research. a) cross-sectional b) longitudinal Consider This: This form of research often presents a more economical alternative to other research designs. LO 2.11: Explain the major research strategies. c) applied developmental Consider This: This form of research often presents a more economical alternative to other research designs. LO 2.11: Explain the major research strategies. d) sequential Consider This: This form of research often presents a more economical alternative to other research designs. LO 2.11: Explain the major research strategies. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.11 Explain the major research strategies. Topic: Research Strategies and Challenges Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts EOM_Q2.3.4 Among the basic ethical principles that protect research participants are those involving freedom from harm, __________, and maintenance of participants’ privacy. a) informed consent b) test screening Consider This: This requirement sometimes raises difficult issues in psychological research. LO 2.12: Identify the primary ethical principles used to guide research. c) permissioned waiver Consider This: This requirement sometimes raises difficult issues in psychological research. LO 2.12: Identify the primary ethical principles used to guide research. d) absence of loss Consider This: This requirement sometimes raises difficult issues in psychological research. LO 2.12: Identify the primary ethical principles used to guide research. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.12 Identify the primary ethical principles used to guide research. Topic: Research Strategies and Challenges Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 69 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e EOM_Q2.3.5 The use of __________ in research must be justified and must cause no harm. a) deception b) informed consent Consider This: This element is sometimes required in research in order to gather data. LO 2.12: Identify the primary ethical principles used to guide research. c) electronic data collection Consider This: This element is sometimes required in research in order to gather data. LO 2.12: Identify the primary ethical principles used to guide research. d) variables Consider This: This element is sometimes required in research in order to gather data. LO 2.12: Identify the primary ethical principles used to guide research. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.12 Identify the primary ethical principles used to guide research. Topic: Research Strategies and Challenges Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 70 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e Chapter 2 Quiz: Theoretical Perspectives and Research EOC_Q2.1 According to Freud’s psychodynamic theory, the superego represents a person’s__________. a) confidence Consider This: Advocates of this perspective believe that behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control. LO 2.1: Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. b) pleasure Consider This: Advocates of this perspective believe that behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control. LO 2.1: Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. c) conscience d) reality Consider This: Advocates of this perspective believe that behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control. LO 2.1: Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts EOC_Q2.2 Why have contemporary researchers tended to reject Freud’s psychodynamic theories? a) His research focused on both male and female development. Consider This: How easy would it be to conduct research investigating Freudian concepts? LO 2.1: Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. b) He tended to integrate biological and psychological research Consider This: How easy would it be to conduct research investigating Freudian concepts? LO 2.1: Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. c) Human psychological functioning was drastically different during Freud’s time. Consider This: How easy would it be to conduct research investigating Freudian concepts? LO 2.1: Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. d) His work has not been validated by later research. Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 71 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e EOC_Q2.3 Freud’s theory of personality emphasizes unconscious forces, whereas Erikson’s psychodynamic theory focuses on __________. a) genetic maturation Consider This: Erikson’s theory is vague and hard to test in a rigorous manner. LO 2.1: Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. b) social interaction c) observable behavior Consider This: Erikson’s theory is vague and hard to test in a rigorous manner. LO 2.1: Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. d) cognitive processes Consider This: Erikson’s theory is vague and hard to test in a rigorous manner. LO 2.1: Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Describe the basic concepts of the psychodynamic perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts EOC Q_2.4 The behavioral perspective argues that __________ is more important than __________ in influencing a person’s development. a) nurture; nature b) genetics; conditioning Consider This: This perspective asserts that if we know the stimuli, we can predict the behavior. LO 2.2: Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. c) a mix of stages; plasticity; Consider This: This perspective asserts that if we know the stimuli, we can predict the behavior. LO 2.2: Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. d) nature; nurture Consider This: This perspective asserts that if we know the stimuli, we can predict the behavior. LO 2.2: Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. Answer: a Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 72 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e EOC_Q2.5 In terms of stimuli, how does classical conditioning differ from operant conditioning? a) Classical conditioning employs reward and punishment stimuli. Consider This: Dogs do not normally salivate when a bell rings unless they are conditioned to do so. LO 2.2: Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. b) Classical conditioning employs neutral stimuli. c) Classical conditioning is focused on the absence of stimuli. Consider This: Dogs do not normally salivate when a bell rings unless they are conditioned to do so. LO 2.2: Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. d) A classically conditioned stimulus response is purposeful. Consider This: Dogs do not normally salivate when a bell rings unless they are conditioned to do so. LO 2.2: Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know EOC_Q2.6 What theorist is known primarily for investigating operant conditioning? a) Erik Erikson Consider This: This person was the major proponent of operant conditioning for decades in the history of psychology. LO 2.2: Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. b) Albert Bandura Consider This: This person was the major proponent of operant conditioning for decades in the history of psychology. LO 2.2: Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. c) B. F. Skinner d) Lev Vygotsky Consider This: This person was the major proponent of operant conditioning for decades in the history of psychology. LO 2.2: Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 73 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e EOC_Q2.7 When Janie brings home a good report card, her mom and dad give her a pizza party. Her parents note that Janie’s been studying harder and getting better grades since they started this practice. Skinner would say the pizza party acts as __________in determining Janie’s behavior. a) punishment Consider This: This is the process by which a stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated is provided. LO 2.2: Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. b) modeling Consider This: This is the process by which a stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated is provided. LO 2.2: Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. c) reinforcement d) assimilation Consider This: This is the process by which a stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated is provided. LO 2.2: Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know EOC_Q2.8 Which phrase best describes Bandura’s theory? a) Learning through reinforcement Consider This: The social-cognitive learning approach emphasizes learning via a model. LO 2.2: Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. b) Learning through imitation c) Duty now for the future Consider This: The social-cognitive learning approach emphasizes learning via a model. LO 2.2: Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. d) Growth through crisis resolution Consider This: The social-cognitive learning approach emphasizes learning via a model. LO 2.2: Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Describe the basic concepts of the behavioral perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 74 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e EOC Q2.9 Which psychologist has had a profound impact on the understanding of cognitive processes in children? a) B. F. Skinner Consider This: This theorist proposed that all people pass in a fixed sequence through a series of universal stages of cognitive development. LO 2.3: Describe the basic concepts of the cognitive perspective. b) Albert Bandura Consider This: This theorist proposed that all people pass in a fixed sequence through a series of universal stages of cognitive development. LO 2.3: Describe the basic concepts of the cognitive perspective. c) Jean Piaget d) Sigmund Freud Consider This: This theorist proposed that all people pass in a fixed sequence through a series of universal stages of cognitive development. LO 2.3: Describe the basic concepts of the cognitive perspective. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Describe the basic concepts of the cognitive perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts EOC Q2.10 The __________ approach is a neo-Piagetian theory that identifies the ways individuals take in, use, and store information. a) individual skills Consider This: This perspective grew out of the development of computers. LO 2.3: Describe the basic concepts of the cognitive approach. b) experiential Consider This: This perspective grew out of the development of computers. LO 2.3: Describe the basic concepts of the cognitive approach. c) information processing d) contextual Consider This: This perspective grew out of the development of computers. LO 2.3: Describe the basic concepts of the cognitive approach. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Describe the basic concepts of the cognitive perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts 75 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e EOC_Q2.11 What is the key factor guiding developmental perspectives that consider the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, social, and physical worlds? a) Experience Consider This: This perspective asserts that a child’s unique development cannot be properly viewed without seeing the child enmeshed within a complex social and cultural setting. LO 2.4: Describe the basic concepts of the contextual perspective. b) Context c) Genetics Consider This: This perspective asserts that a child’s unique development cannot be properly viewed without seeing the child enmeshed within a complex social and cultural setting. LO 2.4: Describe the basic concepts of the contextual perspective. d) Conditioning Consider This: This perspective asserts that a child’s unique development cannot be properly viewed without seeing the child enmeshed within a complex social and cultural setting. LO 2.4: Describe the basic concepts of the contextual perspective. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Describe the basic concepts of the contextual perspective. Topic: Perspectives on Children Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts EOC Q2.12 Posing and answering questions using controlled techniques that include systematic observation and data collection is called __________. a) qualitative diagnosis Consider This: This approach is often a qualifier of or even an antidote to common sense. LO 2.7: Identify the principles of the scientific method and how they help answer questions about child development. b) experimentation Consider This: This approach is often a qualifier of or even an antidote to common sense. LO 2.7: Identify the principles of the scientific method and how they help answer questions about child development. c) the scientific method d) correlational research Consider This: This approach is often a qualifier of or even an antidote to common sense. LO 2.7: Identify the principles of the scientific method and how they help answer questions about child development. Answer: c Learning Objective: LO 2.7 Identify the principles of the scientific method and how they help answer questions about child development. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 76 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e EOC Q2.13 __________ is a potential problem with cross-sectional research and occurs when participants in some age groups are more likely to quit the study compared to participants in other age groups. a) Theory-negation Consider This: This can limit the validity of the study. LO 2.11: Explain the major research strategies. b) Correlational drift Consider This: This can limit the validity of the study. LO 2.11: Explain the major research strategies. c) Dependent variable inflation Consider This: This can limit the validity of the study. LO 2.11: Explain the major research strategies. d) Selective dropout Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.11 Identify the principles of the scientific method and how they help answer questions about child development. Topic: Research Strategies and Challenges Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts EOC_Q2.14 Alan has decided to conduct a naturalistic observation of children and friendships. Which location would provide the most accurate results? a) A school principal’s office Consider This: Naturalistic observation is the recording of naturally occurring behavior without intervention in the situation. LO 2.8: Summarize the major characteristics of correlational studies. b) A hospital emergency room Consider This: Naturalistic observation is the recording of naturally occurring behavior without intervention in the situation. LO 2.8: Summarize the major characteristics of correlational studies. c) A laboratory setting designed like a classroom Consider This: Naturalistic observation is the recording of naturally occurring behavior without intervention in the situation. LO 2.8: Summarize the major characteristics of correlational studies. d) A playground Answer: d Learning Objective: LO 2.8 Summarize the major characteristics of correlational studies. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know 77 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feldman, Child Development, 8e EOC_Q2.15 The use of both a treatment group and a ____________ group allows researchers to rule out the possibility that something other than the experimental manipulation produced the results of the experiment. a) correlation Consider This: This group provides the researcher with a basis for comparison. LO 2.9: Summarize the major characteristics of experiments and how they differ from correlational studies. b) control c) participant Consider This: This group provides the researcher with a basis for comparison. LO 2.9: Summarize the major characteristics of experiments and how they differ from correlational studies. d) longitudinal Consider This: This group provides the researcher with a basis for comparison. LO 2.9: Summarize the major characteristics of experiments and how they differ from correlational studies. Answer: b Learning Objective: LO 2.9 Summarize the major characteristics of experiments and how they differ from correlational studies. Topic: The Scientific Method and Research Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 78 Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.