Test Bank For Child and Adolescent Development in Context, 1st Edition

Instructor Resource Kuther, Child & Adolescent Development in Context SAGE Publishing, 2020 Chapter 2: Biological and Environmental Foundations and Prenatal Development Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. The nucleus of every human cell contains 46 structures called ______. a. chromosomes b. gametes c. alleles d. genes Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Genetics Difficulty Level: Easy 2. The cells for sexual reproduction are called ______. a. chromosomes b. gametes c. zygotes d. alleles Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cell Reproduction Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Which differentiates mitosis from meiosis? a. Mitosis is cell reproduction only for the sex cells. b. Meiosis is the cell reproduction for most all of the cells in the human body. c. Mitosis is the cell reproduction for most all of the cells of the human body. d. Meiosis is the reproduction for cells such as the sickle cell trait. Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Cell Reproduction Difficulty Level: Medium 4. The process in which most cells reproduce in the human body is ______. a. polygenic inheritance b. genomic imprinting Instructor Resource Kuther, Child & Adolescent Development in Context SAGE Publishing, 2020 c. meiosis d. mitosis Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cell Reproduction Difficulty Level: Easy 5. A zygote is defined as______. a. the cells for sexual reproduction b. the set of specific instructions for all physical characteristics c. the fertilized egg cell once the sperm and ovum have joined d. the rod-shaped structures Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cell Reproduction Difficulty Level: Easy 6. ______ is the process in which most cells in the human body reproduce. a. Mitosis b. Meiosis c. Polygenic inheritance d. Genomic imprinting Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cell Reproduction Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Which is classified as a gamete? a. Ovum b. Allele c. Chromosomes d. Zygote Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Sex Determination Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Twins Martin and Ian both have green eyes, brown hair, and a fair skin tone. As they grow, Ian begins to tower over Martin in height. He is also heavier in weight. Martin’s eye color changes to a hazel color while Ian’s remains green. Ian’s hair color continues to darken while Martin’s becomes a lighter brown. By age three, they look distinctly different physically. Martin and Ian are ______. Instructor Resource Kuther, Child & Adolescent Development in Context SAGE Publishing, 2020 a. dizygotic b. monozygotic c. dominant d. polygenic Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Genes Shared by Twins Difficulty Level: Hard 9. Which inference can be drawn from a set of twins who have different eye color, hair color, and nose shape? a. They are monozygotic twins. b. They are dizygotic twins. c. They have the same DNA. d. They have the same range of reaction. Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Genes Shared by Twins Difficulty Level: Medium 10. A researcher interested in studying twins who originated from one zygote would focus on ______. a. dizygotic twins b. monozygotic twins c. mitosis d. meiosis Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Genes Shared by Twins Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Jamal has blond hair but neither of his parents have blond hair. They both have brown hair. He has green eyes, which both of his parents express. In order for Jamal to have blond hair, he must have inherited ______. a. one recessive gene for hair color b. one dominant gene for hair color c. two dominant genes for hair color d. two recessive genes for hair color Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Dominant-Recessive Inheritance Difficulty Level: Hard Instructor Resource Kuther, Child & Adolescent Development in Context SAGE Publishing, 2020 12. Sophie is doing a science experiment for school. She decides to look at dominant and recessive inheritance in flowers. She grows some yellow and red daisies. She cross pollinates them to see which color would be dominant. Instead, she gets orange flowers. This illustrates ______. a. polygenic inheritance b. dominant-recessive inheritance c. incomplete dominance d. genomic imprinting Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Incomplete Dominance Difficulty Level: Hard 13. ______ is a genetic inheritance pattern in which the stronger allele does not overtake the expression of the weaker allele. a. Dominant-recessive inheritance b. Polygenic inheritance c. Genomic Imprinting d. Incomplete dominance Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Incomplete Dominance Difficulty Level: Easy 14. Researchers who are interested in weaker alleles showing up against a dominant allele would focus on ______. a. gametes b. meiosis c. sickle cell trait d. incomplete dominance Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Incomplete Dominance Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Scientists interested in personality trait inheritance would focus on ______. a. polygenic inheritance b. dominant-recessive inheritance c. meiosis d. sickle cell trait Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development. Instructor Resource Kuther, Child & Adolescent Development in Context SAGE Publishing, 2020 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Polygenic Inheritance Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Which differentiates polygenic inheritance from dominant-recessive inheritance? a. Dominant-recessive inheritance cannot be traced to just one or two genes. b. Polygenic inheritance cannot be traced to just one or two genes. c. One dominant gene will always be expressed. d. A recessive gene will only express if it is carried on multiple genes. Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Polygenic Inheritance Difficulty Level: Medium 17. Kumar is studying genetic heredity. He is using his family tree as the basis for understanding height. He is 5’9″ tall ,while his mother is considerably shorter. He looks back to his maternal grandparents and sees that they are significantly taller than his mother. As he looks at his father’s side of the family, there seems to be no patterns as to height in the family. Since he cannot see a dominant-recessive relationship, he determines that height must be ______. a. niche-picking b. polygenic c. incomplete d. genomic Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Polygenic Inheritance Difficulty Level: Hard 18. Which refers to an abnormality passed through inheritance from the mother and/or the father? a. Canalization b. Range of reaction c. Genetic disorder d. Alleles Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Chromosomal and Genetic Problems Difficulty Level: Easy 19. A common recessive disorder tested for at birth is ______. a. Phenylketonuria Instructor Resource Kuther, Child & Adolescent Development in Context SAGE Publishing, 2020 b. Fragile X c. Down Syndrome d. Huntington’s disease Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Dominant-Recessive Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy 20. How would you classify Phenylketonuria? a. Dominant b. Recessive c. Monozygotic d. Dizygotic Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Dominant-Recessive Disorders Difficulty Level: Medium 21. Which factor differentiates Huntington’s disease from other dominant genetic disorders? a. Huntington’s disease can be viewed on an ultrasound. b. Huntington’s disease is also epigenetic. c. Huntington’s disease is a third chromosome on the 21st pair. d. Huntington’s disease symptoms do not present themselves until age 35 or after. Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Dominant-Recessive Disorders Difficulty Level: Medium 22. Jamal is a hemophiliac. His blood does not clot normally. This disorder is not expressed by either of his parents. His parents have told him that his disorder is genetic and recessive. In science class, they are learning about dominant-recessive genes. Jamal has recently discovered that something recessive on the X chromosome can override the Y. This illustrates his understanding of a(n) ______. a. epigenetic disorder b. range of reaction c. allele d. X-linked disorder Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal Instructor Resource Kuther, Child & Adolescent Development in Context SAGE Publishing, 2020 abnormalities. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: X-Linked Disorders Difficulty Level: Hard 23. Ryan was recently diagnosed as being on the autistic spectrum. When he was born he had distinct facial features presenting as a long, narrow face. He also presented with large testes. Ryan was born with a dominant genetic disorder. This most likely illustrates ______. a. sickle cell trait b. Huntington’s disease c. fragile X syndrome d. down syndrome Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: X-Linked Disorders Difficulty Level: Hard 24. Scientists focused on X-Linked disorders would be interested in ______. a. sickle cell trait b. PKU c. autistic spectrum disorder d. hemophilia Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: X-Linked Disorders Difficulty Level: Medium 25. One way hemophilia and Fragile X are differentiated from one another within the Xlinked disorders is that ______. a. Hemophilia is recessive while Fragile X is a dominant disorder b. Fragile X is recessive while Hemophilia is a dominant disorder c. Hemophilia does not show up in boys until age 35 or after d. Fragile X does not allow for a protein to be broken down during digestion Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: X-Linked Disorders Difficulty Level: Medium 26. Fragile X syndrome is diagnosed often with ______. Instructor Resource Kuther, Child & Adolescent Development in Context SAGE Publishing, 2020 a. sickle cell trait b. alzheimers c. autistic spectrum disorder d. niche-picking Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: X-Linked Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy 27. Hemophilia is a(n) ______. a. dominant disorder b. chromosomal disorder c. X-linked disorder d. epigenetic disorder Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: X-Linked Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy 28. Trisomy 21 is a chromosomal disorder more commonly known as ______. a. canalization b. PKU c. Huntington’s disease d. Down syndrome Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Chromosomal Abnormalities Difficulty Level: Easy 29. Researchers focused on down syndrome would most likely also focus on ______ due to the sharing of genetic markers. a. sickle cell trait b. alzheimers c. Fragile X syndrome d. hemophilia Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Chromosomal Abnormalities Instructor Resource Kuther, Child & Adolescent Development in Context SAGE Publishing, 2020 Difficulty Level: Medium 30. Carter was born with very distinct facial features. He presents with a flat nose and almond shaped eyes. The doctor has informed his parents that he has a congenital heart defect along with poor vision. The doctors have educated his parents on his chromosomal abnormality known as ______. a. Down syndrome b. hemophilia c. Huntington’s disease d. sickle cell trait Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Chromosomal Abnormalities Difficulty Level: Hard 31. Hanna works as an X-ray tech at the local hospital. There was a problem with one of the machines, and everyone was exposed to a low dose of radiation. She has just found out that she is pregnant with her first child. She and her husband have been screened for genetic disorders and have both cleared. Hanna’s baby could still be at risk for abnormal genetic structures due to ______. a. polygenic inheritance b. mutation c. niche-picking d. canalization Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Mutation Difficulty Level: Hard 32. Scientists focused on chromosomal abnormalities due to changes from the environment would most likely be focused on ______. a. mutation b. niche-picking c. canalization d. ultrasound Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Mutation Difficulty Level: Medium Instructor Resource Kuther, Child & Adolescent Development in Context SAGE Publishing, 2020 33. Where might mutation may be beneficial to human development? a. If the mutation is not too serious. b. If the mutation is polygenic in its inheritance. c. If the mutation provides an adaptive advantage. d. If the mutation is involved in canalization. Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Mutation Difficulty Level: Medium 34. Jamal and Kate have been trying to conceive a child. They have experienced three miscarriages, all in the first trimester. They decide that they should visit a genetic counselor to be screened for genetic abnormalities. After the interview, a few medical tests are also conducted. It is revealed that the miscarriages may be influenced by ______. a. amniocentesis b. sperm chromosomal abnormalities c. canalization d. genomic imprinting Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Genetic Counseling Difficulty Level: Hard 35. Which refers to the determination of risk of a child inheriting a genetic defect or chromosomal abnormality? a. Gene–environment interactions b. Range of reaction c. Genomic imprinting d. Genetic counseling Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Genetic Counseling Difficulty Level: Easy 36. Doctors interested in reproductive technologies would focus on ______. a. fetoscopy b. fetal MRI c. in vitro fertilization d. canalization Instructor Resource Kuther, Child & Adolescent Development in Context SAGE Publishing, 2020 Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Reproductive Technology Difficulty Level: Medium 37. Which is an example of artificial insemination? a. A woman has the fertilized zygote placed in her uterus. b. A woman has sperm injected into her. c. A couple has their fertilized zygote placed into another woman to carry. d. A couple has decided to adopt a child. Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Reproductive Technology Difficulty Level: Medium 38. Which inference can be drawn from using in vitro fertilization to conceive? a. Another party will carry the fetus to term. b. An ultrasound will identify a genetic abnormality. c. There is a greater chance of multiple pregnancies. d. There is a lesser change of multiple pregnancies. Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Reproductive Technology Difficulty Level: Medium 39. Which conclusion could be drawn from a couple using a surrogate? a. An ultrasound will identify a genetic abnormality. b. There is a lesser chance of multiple pregnancies. c. Multiple pregnancies are a guarantee when using a surrogate. d. Genetic or chromosomal abnormalities may be detected through genetic counseling. Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Reproductive Technology Difficulty Level: Medium 40. The assisted reproductive technology that screens for potential genetic abnormalities is ______. a. canalization Instructor Resource Kuther, Child & Adolescent Development in Context SAGE Publishing, 2020 b. amniocentesis c. ultrasound d. in vitro fertilization Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Reproductive Technology Difficulty Level: Easy 41. The procedure in which fertilization takes place outside of the body, and once fertilized the zygote is placed into the uterus is known as ______. a. artificial insemination b. in vitro fertilization c. ultrasound d. chorionic villus sampling Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Reproductive Technology Difficulty Level: Easy 42. ______ allows for a doctor to observe the fetus and measure its growth prenatally. a. Ultrasound b. Chorionic villus sampling c. In vitro fertilization d. Amniocentesis Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Prenatal Diagnosis Difficulty Level: Easy 43. The test used to detect genetic and chromosomal anomalies using the fluid from around the fetus is ______. a. fetoscopy b. fetal MRI c. amniocentesis d. canalization Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Prenatal Diagnosis Instructor Resource Kuther, Child & Adolescent Development in Context SAGE Publishing, 2020 Difficulty Level: Easy 44. 37-year-old Priya has just come from her regular prenatal visit. Everything has been going well with her pregnancy. Priya discusses some concerns about her age as well as her partner’s family background. Priya’s doctor would most likely recommend which test? a. Amniocentesis b. Fetal MRI c. Ultrasound d. Fetoscopy Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Prenatal Diagnosis Difficulty Level: Hard 45. Clark and Louise have had difficulties conceiving a child. They have experienced multiple miscarriages. They have also tried in vitro fertilization in order to have a baby. They have gone to genetic counseling and undergone many tests to get to the bottom of their fertility issues. It has been determined that it would be very difficult and expensive for Louise to conceive a child and carry it to term. Which of these may be the best option for them? a. Artificial insemination b. Niche-picking c. Adoption d. Chorionic villus sampling Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Prenatal Diagnosis Difficulty Level: Hard 46. A doctor has seen some possible abnormalities on an ultrasound. Which would most likely be recommended next? a. Amniocentesis b. Fetoscopy c. In vitro fertilization d. Fetal MRI Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Prenatal Diagnosis Difficulty Level: Medium Instructor Resource Kuther, Child & Adolescent Development in Context SAGE Publishing, 2020 47. Carly has just found out that she is pregnant. She and her partner are very excited for this new chapter in their lives. Carly wants to begin designing the nursery, but knows she will need to wait until the doctor can tell her the sex of her child. This would be revealed most likely in which test? a. Amniocentesis b. Ultrasound c. In vitro fertilization d. Artificial insemination Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Prenatal Diagnosis Difficulty Level: Hard 48. Doctors focused on finding genetic issues between the 9th and 12th week of pregnancy through extraction of genetic material would most likely use ______. a. chorionic villus sampling b. ultrasound c. fetal MRI d. canalization Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Prenatal Diagnosis Difficulty Level: Medium 49. One way tamniocentesis is differentiated from chorionic villus sampling is that an amniocentesis ______. a. extracts genetic material through the abdomen b. extracts genetic material vaginally c. allows the doctor to view a picture of the fetus d. is a non-invasive procedure Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Prenatal Diagnosis Difficulty Level: Medium 50. ______ is the genetic makeup that is inherited from our biological parents. a. Genotype b. Phenotype c. Gametes Instructor Resource Kuther, Child & Adolescent Development in Context SAGE Publishing, 2020 d. Canalization Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.4: Summarize the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: Easy 51. The traits that we ultimately show and express is the ______. a. genotype b. phenotype c. mitosis d. meiosis Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.4: Summarize the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: Easy 52. Identical twins Olivia and Sophia are taking part in a study. Olivia has shown a distinct propensity towards math while Sophia towards language. Since they share 100% of the same DNA, these differences cannot be attributed to ______. a. environment b. genetics c. mitosis d. meiosis Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.4: Summarize the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Methods of Behavioral Genetics Difficulty Level: Hard 53. Passive gene-environment correlation differs from evocative gene-environment correlation in that it ______. a. occurs regardless of the child’s behavior b. occurs because of the child’s behavior c. is biologically preprogrammed traits that cannot change d. occurs on many different genes in the genotype Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.4: Summarize the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Gene-Environment Interaction Difficulty Level: Medium Instructor Resource Kuther, Child & Adolescent Development in Context SAGE Publishing, 2020 54. Researchers interested in understanding why children pick the activities that they do would most likely focus on ______. a. canalization b. niche-picking c. genomic imprinting d. chorionic villus sampling Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.4: Summarize the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gene-Environment Interaction Difficulty Level: Medium 55. The interplay that determines our characteristics, behavior, development, and health is ______. a. genotype b. dominant-recessive inheritance c. gene-environment interaction d. genomic imprinting Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.4: Summarize the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Gene-Environment Interaction Difficulty Level: Easy 56. Which inference can be drawn about genotype in the range of reaction of a phenotype? a. The range of reaction can be altered only by severe deprivation. b. The genotype is how most of the cells in the human body reproduce to create the range of reaction in the phenotype. c. The genotype acts as the boundary for the many different expressions of the phenotype due to the environment. d. The phenotype acts as the boundary or the many different expressions of the genotype due to the environment. Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.4: Summarize the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Range of Reaction Difficulty Level: Medium 57. Developmental scientists interested in biologically programmed traits would focus on those traits that are ______. a. incomplete Instructor Resource Kuther, Child & Adolescent Development in Context SAGE Publishing, 2020 b. correlated c. dominant d. canalized Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.4: Summarize the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Canalization Difficulty Level: Medium 58. 7-month-old Carter has not yet been able to sit up without support. He is in an orphanage where the caregivers only make sure that they are fed and clean. There is little to no interaction. Eventually, Carter will most likely learn to sit up without support as this piece of motor development is ______. a. niche-picking b. incomplete c. recessive d. canalized Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.4: Summarize the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Canalization Difficulty Level: Hard 59. 10-year-old Billy wants to join the school orchestra. He wants to learn how to play many of the different string instruments. His grandfather played cello for several years in his youth, demonstrating a particular excellence with music. This illustrates ______. a. incomplete dominance b. dominant-recessive inheritance c. niche-picking d. genomic imprinting Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.4: Summarize the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Gene-Environment Correlations Difficulty Level: Hard 60. The tendency to pick out experiences and environments that support our genetic tendencies is ______. a. niche-picking b. polygenic inheritance c. canalization d. heritability Ans: A Instructor Resource Kuther, Child & Adolescent Development in Context SAGE Publishing, 2020 Learning Objective: 2.4: Summarize the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Gene-Environment Correlations Difficulty Level: Easy 61. Two-year-old Rosa is a happy toddler. She smiles at people and initiates interactions. This organically makes adults drawn to her in positive ways, increasing her environmental interactions. It could be said that Rosa is influencing her own social world to help to support her genotype. This illustrates ______. a. evocative gene-environment correlation b. passive gene-environment correlation c. niche-picking d. canalization Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.4: Summarize the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Gene-Environment Correlations Difficulty Level: Hard 62. ______ is the understanding that our genes provide the blueprint for development while the context or situation controls the expression of the phenotypes. a. Mutation b. Gametes c. Imprinting d. Epigenetics Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.4: Summarize the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Epigenetic Influences on Development Difficulty Level: Easy 63. 7-month-old Carrie has warm and supportive parents. They make sure that she is actively engaged in her environment. They pay close attention to the nutrition that she gets as well. This environment allows her genes to switch on and off according to ______. a. niche-picking b. epigenetics c. genotype d. genomic imprinting Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.4: Summarize the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework. Cognitive Domain: Application Instructor Resource Kuther, Child & Adolescent Development in Context SAGE Publishing, 2020 Answer Location: Epigenetic Influences on Development Difficulty Level: Hard 64. Scientists interested in the blueprint for human development would focus on the ______. a. range of reaction b. canalization c. genotype d. phenotype Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.4: Summarize the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Epigenetic Influences on Development Difficulty Level: Medium 65. How would you classify epigenetic changes in human development? a. These epigenetic changes would be positive in human development. b. Epigenetics makes reversing the canalization of motor development possible. c. Epigenetic mechanisms can turn genes off, avoiding negative consequences. d. Epigenetic mechanisms can turn genes on or off influencing development positively or negatively. Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.4: Summarize the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Epigenetic Influences on Development Difficulty Level: Medium Short Answer 1. Describe how incomplete dominance works with in a heterozygous person. Give an example of how this would present. Ans: The dominant allele does not completely dominate the recessive allele. In a heterozygous person, this could present as an AB blood type. Sickle cell trait is another example of incomplete dominance. Student answers may vary. Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Incomplete Dominance Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Explain how genomic imprinting affects expression of a gene. Ans: Genomic imprinting refers to the process wherein a gene is expressed differently depending on whether or not it was inherited from the mother or the father. Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development. Instructor Resource Kuther, Child & Adolescent Development in Context SAGE Publishing, 2020 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Genomic Imprinting Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Are there more recessive or dominant abnormal genes? Why is this is the case? Ans: There are more recessive abnormal genes than dominant abnormal genes because dominant disorders are not passed down due to the low survivability of a person with a dominant genetic disorder. Huntington’s disease is a rare exception to this. Answers may vary. Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Dominant-Recessive Disorders Difficulty Level: Medium 4. What inference can be made as to why X-linked disorders express themselves more in males than in females? Ans: A female has XX chromosomes, while a male has XY. Since males have only one X, it cannot be masked the way it would in a female having XX. This leaves males more vulnerable to an X-linked disorder. Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: X-Linked Disorders Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Identify the differences between hemophilia and fragile X syndrome within the X linked disorders. Ans: Student answers should include that hemophilia is a recessive disorder while fragile X is dominant. This means that females carry hemophilia while males will express the disorder. With fragile X, both sexes are prone to expression of the disorder. Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: X Linked Disorders Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Who would benefit from genetic counseling? Why? Ans: Genetic counseling can be beneficial and may be recommended for those who have a relative with a genetic condition, women over the age of 35, couples experiencing fertility problems, and those experiencing recurrent miscarriage problems. Many of these issues can be the result of genetic or chromosomal issues. Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Genetic Counseling Instructor Resource Kuther, Child & Adolescent Development in Context SAGE Publishing, 2020 Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Identify the outcomes for children who are adopted. Ans: Answers may vary. Adopted children may experience greater stress prenatally. Research has shown that academic achievement may be lower among adopted children. Yet, parents tend to spend more time with adopted children and provide more educational resources. Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Adoption Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Identify a drawback of using an amniocentesis as a means to detect a genetic or chromosomal abnormality. Ans: Answers may vary. An amniocentesis is an invasive test which naturally poses risks. There is an increase chance of miscarriage as well. Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Prenatal Diagnosis Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Imagine you are an adopted child who has no information about your biological parents. From your phenotype, what could you determine about your biological parents? Ans: Answers will vary. Students should show an understanding of phenotypes. Students should also show an understanding of how genetic and environment influences a person’s characteristics. Learning Objective: 2.4: Summarize the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Heredity and Environment Difficulty Level: Hard 10. In determining heritability, behavioral geneticists seek to understand which processes? Ans: Behavioral geneticists examine the heritability of traits and behaviors through the contributions of the genotype and the role of experience in determining phenotypes. Learning Objective: 2.4: Summarize the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Methods of Behavioral Genetics Difficulty Level: Medium Instructor Resource Kuther, Child & Adolescent Development in Context SAGE Publishing, 2020 Essay 1. Can you infer whether or not there are more dominant or recessive abnormal genes and disorders? Explain why this is the case. Ans: Answers should include that there are more recessive abnormal genes (not disorders) than dominant as those with a dominant abnormal gene usually do not survive long enough to pass it along. Most dominant disorders are severely disabling. Recessive abnormal genes can be expressed or remain as a carrier. Learning Objective: 2.1: Discuss the genetic foundations of development. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Dominant-Recessive Inheritance Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Why is it important in a course on child development to study genetics? Discuss three specific reasons. Ans: Answers will vary. Students may include understanding the difference of dominant and recessive disorders for detection. Other reasons that could be discussed would include to treat genetic disorders such as PKU; to advance medical treatments of accompanying issues, such as with Down’s syndrome; to increase the lifespan and the quality of life for those effected; and to understand mutation of genetics due to environmental exposure. Learning Objective: 2.2: Identify examples of genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Chromosomal and Genetic Problems Difficulty Level: Medium 3. What are some of the benefits and possible problems with in vitro fertilization as an answer to infertility issues for couples? Discuss these pros and cons to reproductive technologies. Ans: Answers may vary. Students should reference some of the following: the benefits for single or lesbian women to conceive a child; couples with fertility issues to conceive; and screening for genetic defects, which takes place with in vitro fertilization. Drawbacks to these procedures are the expense and multiple births, which can lead to poorer outcomes. Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the choices available to prospective parents in having healthy children. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Reproductive Technology Difficulty Level: Medium 4. How do twin and adoption studies benefit behavioral geneticists? Discuss in detail. Ans: Twin studies are able to use monozygotic and dizygotic twins to understand the role of genetics. Adoption studies are able to look closely at environment since the children share no DNA with the parents. Students answers should expand on this understanding. Instructor Resource Kuther, Child & Adolescent Development in Context SAGE Publishing, 2020 Learning Objective: 2.4: Summarize the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Methods of Behavioral Genetics Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Identify and examine at least two different gene-environment interactions. Discuss in detail. Ans: Student answers will vary. They may choose from range of reaction, canalization, gene-environment correlations, or epigenetic frameworks. Learning Objective: 2.4: Summarize the interaction of heredity and environment, including behavioral genetics and the epigenetic framework. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Gene-Environment Interaction Difficulty Level: Medium