Test Bank for Biostatistics for the Biological and Health Sciences, 2nd Edition

Chapter 2 Exam A Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Select the choice that best answers the problem. Use the frequency distribution to answer the first four questions. A sample of 80 juvenile salmon is grouped into the resulting frequency distribution based on their weights. Weight (in grams) 100-149 150-199 200-249 250-299 Frequency 15 10 30 25 1) The distribution of the histogram for the weights of the juvenile salmon appears: A) Normal B) Skewed left C) Uniform D) Skewed right 1)____________ 2) If a relative frequency distribution were constructed for the weights of the salmon, what would be the relative frequency for the class weighing 150-199 grams? A) 12.5% B) 31.25% C) 18.75% D) 37.5% 2)____________ 3) If a cumulative frequency distribution were constructed for the weights of the salmon, what would be the cumulative frequency for the class weighing less than 200 grams? A) 15 B) 25 C) 55 D) 80 3)____________ 4) If a pie chart were constructed for the weights of the salmon, what would be the measure of the central angle for the class weighing 200-249 grams? A) 67.5° B) 112.5° C) 45° D) 135° 4)____________ Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 5) Which choice displays the best graphic display of the amount of nitrous oxide (NO) explained by the amount of carbon monoxide (CO) emissions in million metric tons over a ten year period in the United States? The data set is below: CO 5638 5708 5893 5807 5881 5939 6024 6032 5946 6022 NO 351 349 345 339 335 335 362 371 376 384 Emissions in the U.S. over Ten Years 6500 6000 5500 5000 1 3 5 7 9 Year CO CO Emission in Million Metric Tons B) Nitrous Oxide (NO) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emissions in the U.S. over Ten Years Emission in Million Metric Tons A) Nitrous Oxide (NO) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) 6100 6000 5900 5800 5700 5600 320 340 360 380 400 NO Emission in Million Metric Tons NO C) Nitrous Oxide (NO) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) D) Nitrous Oxide (NO) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emissions in the U.S. over Ten Years NO Emission in Million Metric Tons Emissions in the U.S. over Ten Years 400 380 360 340 320 5600 5800 6000 6200 CO Emission in Million Metric Tons Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 13 5)____________ 6) A nurse measured the blood pressure of each person who visited her clinic. Following is a relative-frequency histogram for the systolic blood pressure readings for those people aged between 25 and 40 years. The blood pressure readings were given to the nearest whole number. Approximately what percentage of the people aged 25-40 had a systolic blood pressure reading between 110 and 119 mm Hg inclusive? 6)____________ Systolic Blood Pressure for People Aged 25 – 40 Years A) 0.35% B) 3.5% C) 30% D) 35% 7) A nurse measured the blood pressure of each person who visited her clinic. Following is a relative-frequency histogram for the systolic blood pressure readings for those people aged between 25 and 40 years. The blood pressure readings were given to the nearest whole number. Approximately what percentage of the people aged 25-40 had a systolic blood pressure reading between 110 and 139 mm Hg inclusive? Systolic Blood Pressure for People Aged 25 – 40 Years A) 75% B) 89% C) 59% D) 39% Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 14 7)____________ 8) A researcher records the number of new loggerhead turtle nests she locates each day. The data are as follows. 8)____________ 10 11 8 14 7 10 10 11 8 7 Which of these choices displays the correct dotplot? 9) The following data show the number of patients seen by a doctor in a day for twelve days. 46 65 55 43 51 48 57 30 43 49 32 56 Which of these choices displays the correct stemplot? A) B) 3 4 5 6 02 33689 1567 5 3 4 4 6 02 3689 13567 5 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 15 9)____________ 10) The scatterplot below displays the amount of nitrous oxide (NO) explained by the amount of carbon monoxide (CO) emissions in million metric tons over a ten year period in the United States. Select the choice that best describes any relationship between the variables. 10)___________ NO Emission in Million Metric Tons Nitrous Oxide (NO) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emissions in the U.S. for Ten Years 390 380 370 360 350 340 330 5600 5650 5700 5750 5800 5850 5900 5950 6000 6050 6100 CO Emission in Million Metric Tons A) There is a negative linear association between NO and CO. B) There is a positive linear association between NO and CO. C) Overall, there is no noticeable relationship between NO and CO. D) NO can be explained by CO. 11) The following frequency distribution represents the age at which Alzheimer’s was first diagnosed. Find the class midpoint for the interval 70-79. Age 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99 Number of Diagnoses 2 4 6 15 5 A) 75.0 years B) 70.5 years C) 74.5 years D) 79.5 years Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 11)___________ 12) The histogram below represents the number of digital thermometers per household for a sample of U.S. households. What is the sample size? 12)___________ Number of Digital Thermometers Per U.S. Household A) 100 households C) 50 households B) 5 households D) 90 households 13) The weights (in pounds) of 22 members of the junior varsity football team are listed below. 13)___________ 144 152 142 151 160 152 131 164 141 153 140 144 175 156 147 133 172 159 135 159 148 171 Which of these choices displays the correct stemplot? A) B) 13 14 15 16 17 135 0124478 1223699 04 125 13 14 15 16 17 135 1223699 0124478 04 125 14) The two key parts of a regression equation involve the ____________ and the y-____________. 14)___________ A) slope; intercept B) asymptote; intercept C) slope; axis D) asymptote; axis 15) Analysis of the data from 25 mothers indicates that an infant’s birth weight (g), y, can be estimated by a mother’s weight (kg), x, using the regression equation y = 31x + 1501. For every _______ kg increase in a mother’s weight, the infant’s birth weight increases by _________ g. A) 31; 1501 B) 1; 31 C) 31; 1 D) 1501; 31 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 17 15)___________ 16) Analysis of the data from 25 mothers indicates that an infant’s birth weight (g), y, can be estimated by a mother’s weight (kg), x, using the regression equation y = 31x + 1501. If a mother’s weight is 70 kg, the infant’s birth weight can be estimated as _________ g. A) 48,701 B) 1718 C) 46 D) 3671 17) Excessive drinking and the episodes of throat cancer have a high correlation, but it does not prove _________. A) correlation B) causation C) exponentiation D) a linear relationship 18) The frequency distribution below summarizes employee years of service for a regional hospital. Determine the width of each class. Years of Service 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 A) 5 years 17)___________ 18)___________ Frequency 5 20 25 10 5 3 B) 6 years C) 4 years D) 10 years 19) The frequency distribution below summarizes employee years of service for a regional hospital. Determine the class boundary(ies) for the class 11 – 15. Years of Service 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 16)___________ 19)___________ Frequency 5 20 25 10 5 3 A) 25 years C) 10.5 and 15.5 years B) 11 and 15 years D) 10 and 16 years 20) A quality control manager wants to monitor the production of its pills to be sure that the mean amount of medication does not change over time. Which of the following graphs is most helpful for that purpose A) Time-series graph B) Pareto chart C) Pie chart D) Histogram Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 18 20)___________ Answer Key Testname: CHAPTER 2 EXAM A 1) B 2) A 3) B 4) D 5) D 6) D 7) A 8) A 9) A 10) C 11) C 12) A 13) A 14) A 15) B 16) D 17) B 18) A 19) C 20) A Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 19 Chapter 2 Exam B Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Select the choice that best answers the problem. Use the frequency distribution to answer the next eight questions. A sample of 272 log jams found in river channels in the Northwest U.S. is grouped into the resulting frequency distribution based on the width of the channel in which the log jams were found. Width of Channel 0-4m 5-9m 10-14m 15-19m 20-24m 25-29m Frequency of Log Jams 103 82 49 16 16 6 1) The distribution of the histogram for the width of the channels appears ______________. A) Normal B) Skewed left C) Uniform D) Skewed right 1)____________ 2) If a relative frequency distribution were constructed for the width of the channels, what would be the relative frequency for the class with a width of 20-24m? A) 5.9% B) 18% C) 2.2% D) 30.1% 2)____________ 3) If a cumulative frequency distribution were constructed for the width of the channels, what would be the cumulative frequency for the class width less than 10m? A) 103 B) 234 C) 185 D) 250 3)____________ 4) If a pie chart were constructed for the width of the channels, what would be the measure of the central angle for the class width 10-14m? A) 21.2° B) 136.3° C) 108.5° D) 64.9° 4)____________ 5) The histogram below represents the number of digital thermometers per household for a sample of U.S. households. What is the sample size? 5)____________ Number of Digital Thermometers Per U.S. Household A) 5 B) 50 C) 90 D) 100 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 20 6) The following data consists of the weights (in pounds) of 15 randomly selected women and the weights of 15 randomly selected men. Which of these choices displays the correct back-toback stemplot? Women: 128 122 145 150 137 126 118 110 139 166 175 111 142 152 170 Men: 153 176 190 199 162 141 186 196 166 169 155 153 140 136 173 A) B) Men Men Women 11 0 1 8 12 2 6 8 6 13 7 9 1 0 14 2 5 5 3 3 15 0 2 9 6 2 16 6 6 3 17 0 5 6 18 9 6 0 19 6 1 0 5 3 3 9 6 2 6 3 9 6 9 6 6)____________ Women 11 0 1 12 2 6 8 13 7 9 14 2 5 15 0 2 4 16 6 17 0 5 18 19 7) According to USA Today, the largest categories of sports equipment sales are as follows: fishing 7)____________ ($2.0 billion); firearms and hunting ($3.1 billion); camping ($1.7 billion); and golf ($2.5 billion). What type of graph would depict these different categories and their relative amounts the best? A) A pie chart B) A bar chart C) A column chart D) A Pareto chart 8) The frequency distribution below summarizes the home sale prices in the city of Summerhill for the month of June. Determine the width of each class. Sale Price (in thousand $) 80.0 – 110.9 111.0 – 141.9 142.0 – 172.9 173.0 – 203.9 204.0 – 234.9 235.0 – 265.9 A) 61 Frequency 2 5 7 10 3 1 B) 31 C) 28 D) 30 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 21 8)____________ 9) A nurse measured the blood pressure of each person who visited her clinic. Following is a relative-frequency histogram for the systolic blood pressure readings for those people aged between 25 and 40 years. The blood pressure readings were given to the nearest whole number. Approximately what percentage of the people aged 25 -40 had a systolic blood pressure reading between 110 and 139 mm Hg inclusive? 9)____________ Systolic Blood Pressure for People Aged 25 – 40 Years A) 59% B) 39% C) 89% D) 75% 10) The following frequency distribution d e p ic ts the scores on a math test. Find the class midpoint of scores for the interval 95-99. Scores 75-79 80-84 85-89 90-94 95-99 Number of Students 2 4 6 15 5 A) 97.5 B) 97.0 C) 96.5 D) 98.0 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 22 10)___________ 11) A nurse measured the blood pressure of each person who visited her clinic. Following is a relative-frequency histogram for the systolic blood pressure readings for those people aged between 25 and 40 years. The blood pressure readings were given to the nearest whole number. Approximately what percentage of the people aged 25 -40 had a systolic blood pressure reading between 110 and 119 mm Hg inclusive? 11)___________ Systolic Blood Pressure for People Aged 25 – 40 Years A) 35% B) 0.35% C) 3.5% D) 30% 12) The Kappa Iota Sigma Fraternity polled its members on the weekend party theme. The vote was as follows: six for toga, four for hayride, eight for luau, and two for masquerade. Which of these choices displays the correct Pareto chart? Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 23 12)___________ 13) The following data show the number of patients seen by a doctor in a day for 12 days. 13)___________ 46 65 55 43 51 48 57 30 43 49 32 56 Which of these choices displays the correct stemplot? A) B) 3 4 5 6 02 33689 1567 5 3 4 4 6 02 3689 13567 5 14) The following frequency distribution displays the scores on a math test. Find the class boundaries of scores interval 40-59. Scores 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99 14)___________ Number of students 2 4 6 15 5 A) 49.5, 59.5 B) 50.5, 59.5 C) 49.5, 58.5 D) 50.5, 58.5 15) The following data represents the age at which a sample of patients had their first dental implant. 38 39 37 37 44 38 41 38 39 35 42 39 43 37 41 Which of these choices displays the correct dotplot? Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 24 15)___________ 16) A pharmaceutical company is always trying to create new flavors of children’s cough medicine. They are market testing three kinds to find out which one has the best chance of being consumed. They give small samples of each to 20 children at a pediatrician’s office. Four tasters preferred the Strawberry Cream, 12 preferred Choco-Nuts, and four loved the Orange Mint. Construct a Pareto chart to represent these preferences. Choose the vertical scale so that the relative frequencies are represented. Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 25 16)___________ 17) The frequency distribution below summarizes the home sale prices in the city of Summerhill for the month of June. Determine the class midpoint (in thousand $) for the class 235.0 -265.9. 17)___________ Sale Price (in thousand $) Frequency 2 80.0 – 110.9 111.0 – 141.9 5 142.0 – 172.9 7 173.0 – 203.9 10 204.0 – 234.9 3 235.0 – 265.9 1 A) 250.4 B) 250.55 C) 250.45 D) 250.5 18) Identify the cumulative frequency distribution that corresponds to the given frequency distribution. Age at Death Frequency 0-29 4 30-59 16 60-89 60 90-119 20 A) 18)___________ B) Age at Death Cumulative Frequency Age at Death Cumulative Frequency Less than 30 Less than 60 Less than 90 Less than 120 0.04 0.20 0.80 1.00 Less than 30 Less than 60 Less than 90 Less than 120 4 20 80 100 D) C) Age at Death 0-29 30-59 60-89 90-119 Cumulative Frequency Age at Death Cumulative Frequency 4 20 80 100 Less than 30 Less than 60 Less than 90 Less than 120 100 80 82 4 19) The linear __________ coefficient denoted by r measures the __________ of the linear association between two variables. A) correlation; strength B) probability; likelihood C) exponential; exponent D) squares; weakness 19)___________ 20) Smoking and the episodes of lung cancer have a high correlation, but it does not prove _________. A) causation B) correlation C) exponentiation D) a linear relationship 20)___________ Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 26 Answer Key Testname: CHAPTER 2 EXAM B 1) D 2) A 3) C 4) D 5) D 6) A 7) D 8) B 9) D 10) B 11) A 12) A 13) A 14) A 15) D 16) A 17) C 18) B 19) A 20) A Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 27 Chapter 2 Exam C Name SHORT ANSWER. Using the following information, write the word, phrase, or value that best answers the problem. 1) A study of physical fitness tests for 12 randomly selected Pre-Medical students measured their exercise capacity (in minutes). The following data resulted: 34 32 19 41 33 31 30 31 43 37 1)____________ 36 18 Construct a stem and leaf plot of the students’ exercise capacity. Use the frequency distribution to answer the next six questions. A sample of 80 juvenile salmon is grouped into the resulting frequency distribution based on their weights. Weight (in grams) 100-149 150-199 200-249 250-299 Frequency 15 10 30 25 2) Identify the class width, the class midpoints, and the class boundaries for the class 150 – 199. 2)____________ 3) Construct a corresponding histogram for the weights of the juvenile salmon. 3)____________ 4) Describe the shape of the distribution of the histogram for the weights of the juvenile salmon. 4)____________ 5) If a relative frequency distribution were constructed for the weights of the salmon, what would 5)____________ be the relative frequency for the class weighing 200-249 grams? 6) If a cumulative frequency distribution were constructed for the weights of the salmon, what would be the cumulative frequency for the class weighing less than 250 grams? 6)____________ 7) If a pie chart were constructed for the weights of the salmon, what would be the measure of the central angle for the class weighing 150-199 grams? 7)____________ 8) A bar chart and a Pareto chart both use bars to show frequencies of categories of categorical data. What characteristic distinguishes a Pareto chart from a bar chart and how does that characteristic help us in understanding the data? 8)____________ 9) A medical school performed a study to find the main causes leading to its students dropping out of school. Thirty cases were analyzed, and a primary cause was assigned to each case. The causes included unexcused absences (U), illness (I), family problems (F), and other causes (O). The results for the thirty cases are listed below: 9)____________ U U U I F O O U I F F O U I I F I I O U I F F U U I I O F U Construct a table summarizing the frequency distribution of the primary causes leading to student dropout. Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 28 10) Use the high closing values of Statstar Inc. stock from the years 2005 – 2016 to construct a time-series graph. (Let x = 0 represent 2005 and so on.) Identify a trend. Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 High 48 53 47 55 58 61 Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 10)___________ High 62 60 68 42 51 78 11) Describe at least two advantages to using stemplots rather than frequency distributions. 11)___________ 12) The following data set represents the systolic blood pressure (in mm Hg) for 24 adults as measured at their annual physical. 12)___________ 105 110 125 105 110 98 102 115 110 123 118 101 95 128 122 107 118 107 117 125 116 110 101 107 Construct a frequency distribution with 4 classes, a class width of 2 hours, and a lower limit of 100 for class 1. 13) The graph below shows the number of car accidents occurring in one city in each of the years 2011 through 2016. The number of accidents dropped in 2013 after a new speed limit was imposed. Does the graph distort the data? How would you redesign the graph to be less misleading? 13)___________ Number of Car Accidents for 2011 – 2016 14) Upon entering a medical exam, 26 patients were asked their ages. The results are shown below. Construct a histogram to represent the data (with 5 classes beginning with a lower class limit of 19.5 and a class width of 10). What is the approximate age at the center? 14)___________ 43 56 28 63 67 66 52 48 37 51 40 60 62 66 45 21 35 49 32 53 61 53 69 31 48 59 15) Suppose that a data set has a minimum value of 24 and a maximum of 79 and that you want 5 classes. Explain how to find the class width for this frequency table. What happens if you mistakenly use a class width of 11 instead of 12? Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 29 15)___________ 16) Describe the differences between a histogram and a stemplot and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each. 16)___________ 17) The frequency table below shows the amount of weight loss during the first month of a diet program for a group of men. Construct a frequency polygon. Applying a loose interpretation of the requirements for a normal distribution, do the pounds of weight loss appear to be normally distributed? Why or why not? 17)___________ Weight (lb) 5-7 8-10 11-13 14-16 17-19 20-22 Frequency 2 9 18 13 4 1 18) Define the difference between a relative frequency distribution and a cumulative frequency distribution. 18)___________ 19) Graphs should be constructed in a way that is fair and objective. A common deceptive graph alters the axes of the graph in what way? 19)___________ 20) Describe how a data point labeled as an outlier can affect the analysis of a data set in a frequency distribution or histogram. 20)___________ Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 30 Answer Key Testname: CHAPTER 2 EXAM C 1) 1 2 3 4 8 9 0 1 1 3 1 2 3 4 6 7 2) class width = 50; midpoints = 124.5,174.5, 224.5, 274.5 class boundaries = 99.5,149.5,199.5, 249.5, 299.5 3) Notes: midpoints of classes were used; there should not be gaps between the bars. 4) Slightly skewed left. 5) 0.375 6) 55 7) 45 8) In a Pareto chart, the bars are arranged in descending order according to frequencies. The Pareto chart helps us understand data by drawing attention to the categories which have the highest frequencies. 9) Cause Frequency U 9 I 9 F 7 O 5 10) Trend: Answers will vary. Possible answer: Except for a drop in high closing value in 2007, there was a steady rise through 2013, after which there was a sharp drop in 2014 followed by increases through 2016. High Closing Values of Statstar Inc. Years Since 2005 Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 31 11) Answers will vary. Possible answer: The shape of a distribution can readily be seen. The plot can be drawn quicker, since class width need not be calculated. 12) Charges $ Frequency 100 2 110 12 120 5 130 5 13) The graph distorts the data because the vertical scale starts at 60 rather than 0, giving the impression of a large difference in the number of accidents, when actually the number of accidents only varies from 90 to 120. To make the graph less misleading, change the vertical scale so that it begins at 0 and increases in increments of 20. 14) The approximate age at the center is 50 years. 15) Since the range is 79 − 24 = 55 , and 55 divided by 5 equals 11, a whole number, the class width has to be widened from 11 to 12. If the class width was 11 data values equal to 79 would not be included in the frequency distribution. 16) Answers will vary. A histogram organizes the data into classes that have widths determined by the designer. Once a histogram has been created, the original data values can no longer be determined. An advantage is that large amounts of data can be organized into a relatively small space. For stemplots, the groups are determined by place value. The original data values are still accessible from stemplots. Stemplots can be prohibitively large for large sets of data. 17) Amount of Weight Loss Among Males During First Month 18) A relative frequency distribution displays the proportion or percentage of the total. The sum of the percentages is 100%. Another variation of a frequency distribution is a cumulative frequency distribution in which the frequency for each class is the sum of the frequencies for that class and all previous classes 19) A common deceptive graph involves using a vertical scale that starts at some value greater than zero to exaggerate differences between groups. 20) An outlier is defined as a data point far away from the other data points. An outlier affects the calculation of the mean of a data set and will pull the mean towards the outlier. In addition, an outlier will extend the range of the data set, causing most of the bin intervals to be bunched together along with a large range of bins with no data until the outlier bin is reached. This makes the analysis more difficult if the outlier is included making it more difficult to see the behavior of the rest of the data points. Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 32