Test Bank for An Introduction to Theories of Personality, 9th Edition

Instructor’s Resource Manual and Test Bank Rachel C. Willis An Introduction to Theories of Personality Ninth Edition Matthew H. Olson Domenica Favero B. R. Hergenhahn Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sale of any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web) will destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work and materials from it should never be made available to students except by instructors using the accompanying text in their classes. All recipients of this work are expected to abide by these restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and the needs of other instructors who rely on these materials. Sponsoring Editor: Tanimaa Mehra Content Producer: Sugandh Juneja Editorial Assistant: Anna Austin Supplement Project Manager: Seetha Perumal, SPi Global Copyright © 2020 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise. For information regarding permissions, request forms, and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights and Permissions department, please visit www.pearsoned.com/permissions/. PEARSON and ALWAYS LEARNING are exclusive trademarks owned by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates, in the United States, and/or other countries. Unless otherwise indicated herein, any third-party trademarks, logos, or icons that may appear in this work are the property of their respective owners, and any references to third-party trademarks, logos, icons, or other trade dress are for demonstrative or descriptive purposes only. Such references are not intended to imply any sponsorship, endorsement, authorization, or promotion of Pearson’s products by the owners of such marks, or any relationship between the owner and Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates, authors, licensees, or distributors. ISBN-10: 0-13-479293-9 ISBN-13: 978-0-13-479293-4 Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Table of Contents Chapter 1: What Is Personality? Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud Chapter 3: Carl Jung Chapter 4: Alfred Adler Chapter 5: Karen Horney Chapter 6: Erik H. Erikson Chapter 7: Gordon Allport Chapter 8: Raymond B. Cattell and Hans J. Eysenck Chapter 9: B. F. Skinner Chapter 10: John Dollard and Neal Miller Chapter 11: Albert Bandura and Walter Mischel Chapter 12: David M. Buss Chapter 13: George Kelly Chapter 14: Carl Rogers Chapter 15: Abraham Maslow Chapter 16: Rollo Reese May Chapter 17: A Final Word Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1 13 35 54 70 86 104 119 136 152 167 183 199 215 230 245 260 CHAPTER 1:WHAT IS PERSONALITY? Chapter Outline I. Three Concerns of Personality Theory II. Proposed Determinants of Personality A. Genetics B. Traits C. Sociocultural determinants D. Learning E. Existential-humanistic considerations F. Unconscious mechanisms G. Cognitive processes H. Personality as a composite of the above factors III. Questions Confronting the Personality Theorist A. What is the relative importance of the past, present, and future? B. What motivates human behavior? C. How important is the concept of self? D. How important are unconscious mechanisms? E. Is human behavior freely chosen or is it determined? F. What can be learned by asking people about themselves? G. Uniqueness versus commonality H. Are people controlled internally or externally? I. How are the mind and the body related? J. What is the nature of human nature? K. How consistent is human behavior? IV. How Do We Find the Answers? A. Epistemology B. Science C. Scientific Theory D. Synthetic function versus heuristic function E. Principle of verification V. Science and Personality Theory A. Kuhn’s view of science B. Popper’s view of science 1 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1: What Is Personality? 1.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) The term personality is derived from the Latin word persona, which means A) mask. B) mind. C) brain. D) the person. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 1 Skill: Factual LO: 1.1: Outline the issues in providing a comprehensive explanation of personality 2) According to Kluckhohn and Murray, every human being is A) like every other human being B) like apes C) like animals D) like machines Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 1, 2 Skill: Applied LO: 1.1: Outline the issues in providing a comprehensive explanation of personality 3) According to the authors of your text, probably the most common lay explanation of personality is based on A) learning. B) cultural norms. C) genetics. D) existential-humanistic considerations. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 2 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 4) The statement “He has an Irish temper” implies which of the following explanations of personality? A) cultural expectations B) learning C) inherited characteristics D) unconscious mechanisms Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 2 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 5) Findings by Bouchard and others suggest that the role of genetics in personality development is A) substantial. B) minimal. C) nonexistent. D) substantial in other animals but minimal in humans. Answer: A Diff: 2 2 Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1: What Is Personality? Page Ref: 3 Skill: Applied LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 6) The question “How much of an attribute is accounted for by heredity and how much of it is accounted for by experience?” defines the A) mind-body problem. B) nativism-empiricism controversy. C) existential-humanistic controversy. D) uniqueness-lawfulness controversy. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 3 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 7) A person who believes that a person’s IQ level is determined mainly by experience can be considered a(n) A) empiricist. B) existentialist. C) humanist. D) nativist. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 3, 4 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 8) The researcher who is interested in knowing what organizations you belong to and the economic level of your family is stressing __________ determinants of personality. A) genetic B) sociocultural C) existential-humanistic D) unconscious Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 9) Those emphasizing the learning process in their explanation of personality are A) nativists. B) existentialists. C) humanists. D) empiricists. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 10) Those theorists who say, “We are what we have been rewarded for being,” emphasize __________ in their explanation of personality. A) learning B) genetics 3 Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1: What Is Personality? C) early experience D) unconscious mechanisms Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 11) According to the theorist emphasizing the learning process in the explanation of personality, the difference between a successful person and an unsuccessful person is found in A) cultural norms. B) early experience. C) the genes. D) patterns of reward and punishment. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 12) According to the theorist emphasizing the learning process in the explanation of personality, control __________ and you can control personality development. A) inheritance B) cultural expectations C) patterns of reward and punishment D) early experience Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 13) Theorists who emphasize the importance of either sociocultural determinants or learning in their explanations of personality are said to accept A) nativism. B) unconscious thought processes. C) free will. D) environmentalism. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 14) Which of these questions is the existential-humanistic theorist likely to ask? A) Why are you the way you are? B) What have you been rewarded for being? C) What does it mean to be you? D) Why doesn’t anyone like you? Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 4 Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1: What Is Personality? 15) Who is most likely to ask the question, “What is the significance of your awareness that you ultimately must die?” A) a learning theorist B) a psychoanalytic theorist C) an existential theorist D) a geneticist Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.2: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 16) The __________ theorist assumes that a person knows a great deal about the determinants of his or her own personality. A) learning B) trait C) existential-humanistic D) psychoanalytic Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 17) The so-called __________ theorist is most interested in studying lapses of memory. A) learning B) trait C) existential-humanistic D) depth Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 18) The theorist emphasizing the unconscious assumes the person knows ______ determinants of his or her own personality. A) the unconscious B) only the conscious C) the existential-humanistic D) few if any Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 19) According to Freud’s or Jung’s theories, the ultimate causes of behavior are A) unconscious. B) learned. C) traits. D) cultural norms. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 5 5 Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1: What Is Personality? Skill: Applied LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 20) Which theory posits that your present experience and future goals are important determinants of personality? A) Learning Theory B) Existential-Humanistic Theory C) Trait Theory D) Cognitive Theory Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.2: Describe the factors that influence personality 21) Behavior that is pulled by the future rather than pushed by the past is called ________ behavior. A) teleological B) hedonistic C) humanistic D) existential Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 6 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature 22) Hedonism refers to A) the search for meaning. B) the tendency to seek pleasure and avoid pain. C) goal-directed behavior. D) attraction to men named Don. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 6 Skill: Factual LO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature 23) The __________ believes that knowing all the influences on a person at any given time makes it possible to predict that person’s behavior with complete accuracy. A) determinist B) existentialist C) free-willist D) introspective Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature 24) The intense study of the individual case is called __________ research. A) idiographic B) nomothetic C) introspective D) humanistic 6 Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1: What Is Personality? Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Factual LO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature 25) The study of the average performance of groups of individuals is called ______ research. A) idiographic B) nomothetic C) introspective D) humanistic Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Factual LO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature 26) Variables controlling a person’s behavior internally are called A) person variables. B) situation variables. C) introspective variables. D) unconscious variables. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Factual LO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature 27) Variables controlling a person’s behavior externally are called A) person variables. B) situation variables. C) introspective variables. D) unconscious variables. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Factual LO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature 28) The mind-body problem consists of determining how A) our behavior can be both freely chosen and determined at the same time. B) mental events and bodily events are related to each other. C) bodily experiences are similar to mental experiences. D) the mind can inhibit undesirable behavior. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature 29) Which of the following positions on the mind-body problem states that there is really no problem because the mind does not exist? A) physical monism B) epiphenomenalism C) parallelism 7 Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1: What Is Personality? D) interactionism Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Factual LO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature 30) Which of the following positions on the mind-body problem claims that mental events are merely irrelevant byproducts of bodily events? A) physical monism B) epiphenomenalism C) parallelism D) interactionism Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Factual LO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature 31) Which of the following positions on the mind-body problem claims that external events trigger mental and bodily events at the same time? A) physical monism B) epiphenomenalism C) parallelism D) interactionism Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Factual LO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature 32) The __________ theory of human nature states that people become what they experience. A) rationalistic B) empirical C) existential D) animalistic Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature 33) The __________ conception of human nature claims that we inherit behavioral predispositions from our evolutionary past, but these predispositions can be modified by rational thought or by cultural influence. A) empirical B) evolutionary C) existential D) mechanistic Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Factual LO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature 8 Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1: What Is Personality? 34) The __________ theory of human nature assumes that we are born basically good. A) rationalistic B) existential C) animalistic D) humanistic Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Factual LO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature 35) Traditionally, most personality theorists have assumed that A) people are basically selfish and animalistic. B) people are consistent. C) people have the tendency to lie and deceive. D) people are basically good. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Factual LO: 1.3: Summarize the personality theories on human nature 36) _________ is the study of knowledge. A) Introspection B) Empiricism C) Epistemology D) Rationalism Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Factual LO: 1.4: Describe the scientific method in studying personality 37) __________ is the belief that sensory experience is the basis of all knowledge. A) Determinism B) Rationalism C) Empiricism D) Hedonism Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Factual LO: 1.4: Describe the scientific method in studying personality 38) Scientific theory combines __________ and __________. A) introspection; nativism B) hedonism; epistemology C) determinism; free will D) rationalism; empiricism Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Factual LO: 1.4: Describe the scientific method in studying personality 9 Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1: What Is Personality? 39) A theory’s ability to explain several different observations is its ______ function. A) synthetic B) heuristic C) empirical D) deterministic Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Factual LO: 1.4: Describe the scientific method in studying personality 40) A theory’s ability to generate new research is referred to as its __________ function. A) synthetic B) heuristic C) empirical D) deterministic Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Factual LO: 1.4: Describe the scientific method in studying personality 41) According to Hall and Lindzey, the most important question to ask when evaluating a personality theory is: A) Does it generate empirical research? B) Would it be approved by physical scientists? C) Does it seem reasonable? D) Does it explain everything that is known about personality? Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Applied LO: 1.4: Describe the scientific method in studying personality 42) In order to be useful, a scientific theory must A) explain all phenomena in a research area. B) generate new research. C) be incapable of being proven incorrect. D) refute current research Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.4: Describe the scientific method in studying personality 43) According to “the principle of verification,” a theory is only useful if it A) is correct. B) is understood by scientists. C) has interesting premises and conclusions. D) can be tested. Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.4: Describe the scientific method in studying personality 10 Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1: What Is Personality? 44) Thomas Kuhn called a point of view shared by a large number of scientists a A) paradigm. B) theory. C) beam of light. D) heuristic approach. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 12 Skill: Applied LO: 1.5: Summarize the various paradigms that guide research on personality 45) According to the authors of your text, the most important thing about paradigms is that A) logically, only one can be correct. B) they all generate different research methodologies. C) both A and B D) neither A nor B Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 13 Skill: Conceptual LO: 1.5: Summarize the various paradigms that guide research on personality 46) According to Popper, before a theory can be considered scientific it must A) make zero predictions. B) be falsifiable. C) make nothing but correct predictions. D) be irrefutable. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 14 Skill: Applied LO: 1.5: Summarize the various paradigms that guide research on personality 47) Popper’s principle of falsifiability is quite similar to A) the principle of verification. B) the Kuhn dictum. C) the rationality debate. D) the existential paradigm. Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 14 Skill: Applied LO: 1.5: Summarize the various paradigms that guide research on personality 48) According to Marx and Goodson, progress in science occurs when A) theories are wrong. B) good people work together to solve problems. C) technology makes the impossible possible. D) theories are right. Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 14 Skill: Applied LO: 1.5: Summarize the various paradigms that guide research on personality 11 Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1: What Is Personality? 49) Which of the following would Popper consider to be nonscientific? A) astrology B) Freud’s theory of personality C) Einstein’s theory of relativity D) both A and B Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 14, 15 Skill: Applied LO: 1.5: Summarize the various paradigms that guide research on personality 50) According to Popper’s criteria, many theories of personality A) are as scientifically sound as Einstein’s theory. B) are based on pre-paradigmatic science. C) are not scientific. D) are philosophical. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 15 Skill: Applied LO: 1.5: Summarize the various paradigms that guide research on personality 1.2 Questions for Essay or Discussion 1. In your opinion, what are the most important questions about human personality? In other words, what questions about human nature should be contained in a theory of personality? 2. In your opinion, can human personality be studied scientifically? Why or why not? 3. How important is it for a theory of personality to make risky, testable statements? Explain your answer. 12 Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 2: SIGMUND FREUD Chapter Outline I. Biographical Sketch A. Born May 6, 1856, in Freiberg, Austria (now Pribor, Czech Republic) B. Entered medical school at University of Vienna at 17 years of age C. Entered private practice as a clinical neurologist in 1886 D. Married in 1886 E. Died September 23, 1939 F. The Cocaine Incident 1. Published six articles on the positive uses of cocaine 2. Association with cocaine contributed to community scepticism regarding his theories II. Three Early Influences on Freud’s Theory A. Freud’s visit with Charcot (1885): Experiments with hypnotism B. Freud’s visit with Bernheim (1889): Further experiments with hypnotism C. Josef Breuer and the case of Anna O. D. The fate of Bertha Pappenheim III. The Development of Free Association A. Freud abandoned hypnosis B. “The fundamental rule of psychoanalysis” C. Published Studies in Hysteria with Breuer D. The Interpretation of Dreams, 1900 IV. Instincts and Their Characteristics A. All aspects of human personality are derived from biological instincts B. Characteristics of instinct 1. Source (bodily deficiency) 2. Aim (correct the deficiency/restore balance) 3. Object (reduces or removes deficiency) 4. Impetus (determined by magnitude of deficiency) C. Life and death instincts 1. Libido or Eros/the Life Instincts 2. Thanatos/the Death Instinct V. Divisions of the Mind A. The id 1. Governed by the pleasure principle 2. Acts through reflexes and wish fulfilment (primary processes) B. The ego 1. Identification (matching id images with real objects) 2. Governed by the reality principle 3. Reality testing (secondary processes) C. The superego 1. Conscience (from past punishments) 2. Ego ideal (from past rewards) VI. Cathexis and Anticathexis A. Influenced by Helmholtz’s principle of conservation of energy 1. Applied the principle to psychic energy B. Cathexis 1. Investment of psychic energy in wish-images as ideas or fantasies 2. Persists until the wish is satisfied C. Anticathexis 1. Investment of psychic energy to prevent undesirable cathexes D. Displacement 13 Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud 1. Superego and ego divert undesirable cathexes to alternative objects VII. Anxiety A. Birth trauma and feeling of helplessness after birth B. Functions to warn us if actions or thoughts are dangerous C. Reality anxiety—related to real-world dangers D. Neurotic anxiety—fear that id will overpower the ego E. Moral anxiety—fear of actions or thoughts contrary to superego VII. Ego-Defense Mechanisms A. Irrational attempts to protect against anxiety 1. All ego defense mechanisms are unconscious 2. All ego defense mechanisms falsify or distort reality B. Repression 1. The basic defense mechanism—must occur before any of the others 2. Prevention of ego-threatening thoughts from entering consciousness a) Primal repression: Protects against id impulses b) Repression proper: Protects against painful memories C. Displacement 1. Substitution of one need for another that provokes anxiety 2. Sublimation: Displacement that is advantageous for society D. Identification 1. Ego attempts to match objects and events in the environment subjective to the wishes of the id 2. Self-protection through affiliation with powerful persons or groups E. Denial of reality 1. Denial of facts despite evidence to the contrary F. Projection 1. Repression of anxiety-provoking truths about oneself and projecting them on others G. Undoing 1. Use ritualistic acts to atone for past anxiety provoking actions H. Reaction formation 1. Objectionable thoughts are repressed and opposite thoughts expressed I. Rationalization 1. Logically explains anxiety-provoking actions or thoughts J. Intellectualization (isolation of affect) 1. Ideas that cause distress are stripped of emotional content through logical analysis K. Regression 1. Person returns to an earlier developmental stage when experiencing stress L. Altruistic surrender 1. Lives in accordance with the values of a person perceived as superior M. Identification with the aggressor 1. Internalizes the values and mannerisms of a feared person VIII. Psychosexual Stages of Development A. Each stage has an erogenous zone as its greatest source of pleasure B. Too much or too little gratification causes fixation (substantial cathexes) C. Oral stage 1. Pleasure from stimulation of mouth, lips, and tongue 2. Early fixations result in oral-incorporative character 3. Later fixations result in oral-sadistic character D. Anal stage 1. Pleasure from stimulation of anus/buttocks 2. Early fixations result in anal-expulsive character 3. Later fixations result in anal-retentive character E. Phallic stage 1. Pleasure from stimulation of penis 14 Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud 2. Oedipus complex occurs during this stage for both male and female children 3. For boys, fear of father as dominant rival for mother’s affection becomes castration anxiety 4. Girls attraction to mother reduced upon discovering a lack of penis; rejection of mother, coupled with attraction to father is known as penis envy 5. Both male and female children are bisexual F. Latency stage 1. Sexual interests are repressed and displaced G. Genital stage 1. Final stage of development 2. Characterized by adult, heterosexual interests IX. Summary of Freud’s Views on Feminine Psychology A. Viewed women as failed or inferior men B. Believed women to be morally inferior due to weak superego development C. Admitted failure to understand women X. Tapping the Unconscious Mind A. Free association B. Dream analysis C. Parapraxes in everyday life: Unconscious revealed in action D. Humor XI. Modifications of the Freudian Legend A. Freud’s revision of his seduction theory B. Problems with repression of memories C. Problems with distortion of the “Freudian History” XII. Evaluation A. Empirical research 1. Attempts to replicate research produced mixed results B. Criticisms 1. Internally inconsistent 2. Demonstrate male chauvinism 3. Overemphasize sexual motivation and unconscious motivation 4. Too pessimistic about human nature 5. Equating happiness with tension-free state occurring when all biological needs satisfied C. Contributions 1. Overall value is positive 2. Importance of childhood sexuality in personality development 3. Ways people defend against anxiety 4. “Normal” and “abnormal” behavior determined by same processes 5. Many subsequent theories reactions to Freud 15 Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud 2.1 Multiple Choice 1) Charcot observed that while a patient was hypnotized, he could create and remove paralyses in the patient at will. This demonstrated that A) patients were malingerers. B) physical symptoms could have a psychological origin. C) physical symptoms had a physical origin. D) physicians had supernatural powers. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 20 Skill: Applied LO: 2.2: Summarize the early influences on Freud’s theory of personality 2) Hysteria is a term used to describe A) psychosis. B) a variety of symptoms such as paralysis and disturbances of sight and speech. C) a general release of emotional tension. D) children. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 21 Skill: Factual LO: 2.2: Summarize the early influences on Freud’s theory of personality 3) Hystera is the Greek word for A) uterus. B) hysteria. C) neurosis. D) psychosis. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 21 Skill: Factual LO: 2.2: Summarize the early influences on Freud’s theory of personality 4) The inability or difficulty in remembering what one did under hypnosis is referred to as A) posthypnotic suggestion. B) posthypnotic amnesia. C) the Hippolyte effect. D) hysteria Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 21 Skill: Factual LO: 2.2: Summarize the early influences on Freud’s theory of personality 5) From Bernheim’s demonstration of posthypnotic suggestion, Freud learned that A) behavior could be caused by unconscious ideas. B) some patients could be hypnotized while others could not be. C) previously unconscious thoughts could be made conscious. D) hysteria was a “real” disorder and, therefore, had to be taken seriously by the medical community. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 22 16 Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud Skill: Applied LO: 2.2: Summarize the early influences on Freud’s theory of personality 6) Breuer found that Anna O.’s condition improved when she openly expressed her feelings. He referred to this phenomenon as A) hysteria. B) transference. C) catharsis. D) transference. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 22 Skill: Applied LO: 2.2: Summarize the early influences on Freud’s theory of personality 7) The phenomenon whereby an analyst forms an emotional attachment to a patient is called A) catharsis. B) transference. C) countertransference. D) cathexis. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 22 Skill: Factual LO: 2.2: Summarize the early influences on Freud’s theory of personality 8) Which of the following did Freud call the fundamental rule of psychoanalysis? A) hypnosis B) free association C) hand pressure D) chimney sweeping Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Applied LO: 2.3: Understand the significance and development of Free Association 9) The major tool that Freud used in his self-analysis was A) the interpretation of his own dreams. B) looking at pictures of Anna O. C) self-hypnosis. D) free association. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 24 Skill: Applied LO: 2.3: Understand the significance and development of Free Association 10) Freud’s theory is __________ because it assumes that humans continually seek pleasure and avoid pain. A) deterministic B) hedonistic C) humanistic D) rationalistic Answer: B 17 Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud Diff: 1 Page Ref: 24 Skill: Applied LO: 2.4: Outline the characteristics of instincts that drive personality 11) A bodily deficiency of some type is the __________ of an instinct. A) source B) aim C) object D) impetus Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 24 Skill: Factual LO: 2.4: Outline the characteristics of instincts that drive personality 12) Those experiences or objects that reduce or remove a bodily deficiency are the ______ of an instinct. A) source B) aim C) object D) impetus Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 24 Skill: Factual LO: 2.4: Outline the characteristics of instincts that drive personality 13) The removal of a bodily deficiency constitutes the __________ of an instinct. A) source B) aim C) object D) impetus Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 24 Skill: Factual LO: 2.4: Outline the characteristics of instincts that drive personality 14) The magnitude of a bodily deficiency represents the __________ of an instinct. A) source B) aim C) object D) impetus Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 24 Skill: Factual LO: 2.4: Outline the characteristics of instincts that drive personality 15) The psychic energy associated with the life instincts is called A) libido. B) impetus. C) eros. D) thanatos. 18 Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 25 Skill: Conceptual LO: 2.4: Outline the characteristics of instincts that drive personality 16) Freud referred to the life instincts collectively as A) thanatos. B) eros. C) impetus. D) id. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 25 Skill: Applied LO: 2.4: Outline the characteristics of instincts that drive personality 17) Freud referred to the death instinct as A) eros. B) libido. C) thanatos. D) superego. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 25 Skill: Applied LO: 2.4: Outline the characteristics of instincts that drive personality 18) Freud claimed that the aim of all life is A) sexual enjoyment. B) self-actualization. C) to benefit others. D) death. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 25 Skill: Applied LO: 2.4: Outline the characteristics of instincts that drive personality 19) According to Freud, the most important derivative of the death instinct is A) sexual enjoyment. B) eros. C) aggression. D) death. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 25 Skill: Applied LO: 2.4: Outline the characteristics of instincts that drive personality 20) The __________ consists of pure, unadulterated, instinctual energy. A) superego B) ego C) id D) ego-ideal 19 Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 25 Skill: Conceptual LO: 2.5: Describe the three divisions of the mind 21) The __________ demands immediate gratification of bodily needs. A) id B) superego C) ego D) ego-ideal Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 25 Skill: Conceptual LO: 2.5: Describe the three divisions of the mind 22) The __________ is governed by the pleasure principle. A) superego B) ego C) ego-ideal D) id Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 25 Skill: Conceptual LO: 2.5: Describe the three divisions of the mind 23) Freud suggested that the images conjured up by the id in order to temporarily reduce the tension associated with a need were A) innate. B) products of an individual’s experiences. C) learned from one’s parents. D) always sexual in nature. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 25 Skill: Applied LO: 2.5: Describe the three divisions of the mind 24) When a bodily need arises, the id conjures an image of an object that will satisfy the need. This exemplifies A) reflex action. B) wish fulfillment C) substitution. D) identification. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 25 Skill: Conceptual LO: 2.5: Describe the three divisions of the mind 25) Which of the following exemplifies a primary process? A) eating when hungry B) drinking when thirsty 20 Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud C) thinking of food when hungry D) Both A and B Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 26 Skill: Conceptual LO: 2.5: Describe the three divisions of the mind 26) The ego attempts to match the images of the id with objects and events in the real world. This process is called A) the primary process. B) sublimation. C) identification. D) primary gratification. Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 26 Skill: Factual LO: 2.5: Describe the three divisions of the mind 27) The ego is governed by the A) reality principle. B) pleasure principle. C) ego-ideal. D) primary process. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 26 Skill: Conceptual LO: 2.5: Describe the three divisions of the mind 28) Which of the following is associated with the secondary processes? A) superego B) ego C) id D) ego-ideal Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 26 Skill: Conceptual LO: 2.5: Describe the three divisions of the mind 29) Which of the following exemplifies a secondary process? A) eating when hungry B) drinking when thirsty C) thinking of food when hungry D) both A and B Answer: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 26 Skill: Conceptual LO: 2.5: Describe the three divisions of the mind 21 Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud 30) The __________ reflects the internalized experiences for which the child had been consistently punished. A) conscience B) ego C) ego-ideal D) id Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27 Skill: Conceptual LO: 2.5: Describe the three divisions of the mind 31) The __________ is the internalized experiences for which the child has been consistently rewarded. A) conscience B) ego C) ego-ideal D) id Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27 Skill: Conceptual LO: 2.5: Describe the three divisions of the mind 32) The __________ constantly strives for perfection. A) id B) ego C) superego D) libido Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27 Skill: Conceptual LO: 2.5: Describe the three divisions of the mind 33) The ego must find objects or events that A) satisfy the needs of the id. B) satisfy the needs of the superego. C) recall repressed memories. D) satisfy wish fulfilment. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 27 Skill: Conceptual LO: 2.5: Describe the three divisions of the mind 34) _______ refers to the investment of energy in an image of an object that will satisfy a need. A) Catharsis B) Cathexis C) Anticathexis D) Displacement Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 28 Skill: Factual 22 Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud LO: 2.6: Describe Freud’s concept of investment of psychic energy 35) According to Freud, the most overwhelming experience of anxiety humans have occurs when they are A) sexually aroused. B) out of money. C) separated from their mother at birth. D) in danger. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 28 Skill: Applied LO: 2.7: Distinguish among the types of anxiety 36) The function of anxiety, according to Freud, is to A) make civilization possible. B) assure ethical behavior. C) warn a person that if he or she continues thinking or behaving in a certain way, he or she will be in danger. D) aIlow parents to control their children. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 28 Skill: Applied LO: 2.7: Distinguish among the types of anxiety 37) The fear of real sources of danger in the environment is called __________ anxiety. A) moral B) neurotic C) reality D) environmental Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 28 Skill: Factual LO: 2.7: Distinguish among the types of anxiety 38) __________ anxiety is the fear that the impulses of the id will overwhelm the ego and cause the individual to do something for which he or she could be punished. A) Moral B) Neurotic C) Reality D) Environmental Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 28 Skill: Factual LO: 2.7: Distinguish among the types of anxiety 39) __________ is experienced when one feels that he or she is about to do something contrary to the values of his or her superego, and thus will experience guilt. A) Moral anxiety B) Neurotic anxiety C) Reality anxiety 23 Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud D) Signal anxiety Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 28 Skill: Conceptual LO: 2.7: Distinguish among the types of anxiety 40) Moral anxiety is A) caused by real environmental dangers. B) the fear of being punished by others for impulsive actions. C) the internal punishment (guilt) experienced when the dictates of one’s superego are violated. D) the same as objective anxiety. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 28, 29 Skill: Conceptual LO: 2.7: Distinguish among the types of anxiety 41) ___________ is the most basic ego-defense mechanism because, for any of the other ego-defense mechanisms to occur, it must occur first. A) Displacement B) Rationalization C) Projection D) Repression Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29 Skill: Factual LO: 2.8: Determine different expressions of ego-defense mechanisms 42) ___________ is the basic mechanism by which the ego prevents anxiety, provoking thoughts from being entertained in consciousness. A) Displacement B) Identification C) Repression D) Rationalization Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 29 Skill: Factual LO: 2.8: Determine different expressions of ego-defense mechanisms 43) According to Freud, anxiety-provoking id images can come from A) repressed experiences occurring in one’s lifetime. B) the anxiety-provoking experiences of our ancestors. C) both A and B D) neither A nor B Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 29 Skill: Applied LO: 2.8: Determine different expressions of ego-defense mechanisms 24 Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud 44) Because Freud believed that the recurring anxiety-provoking experiences of our ancestors are inherited as part of our psyche, he can be considered a A) Darwinian. B) Lamarckian. C) creationist. D) behaviorist. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 29 Skill: Applied LO: 2.8: Determine different expressions of ego-defense mechanisms 45) You decide to call a friend and then conjure up his or her telephone number. According to Freud, in what part of the mind was the number before it was conjured up? A) preconscious B) unconscious C) conscious D) repressed Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 30 Skill: Applied LO: 2.8: Determine different expressions of ego-defense mechanisms 46) When a cathexis that first involved one object now involves another object, _____ is said to have occurred. A) development B) displacement C) need reduction D) a primary process Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 30 Skill: Conceptual LO: 2.8: Determine different expressions of ego-defense mechanisms 47) When displacement results in something advantageous to civilization, it is called A) identification. B) sublimation. C) projection. D) reaction formation. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 30 Skill: Factual LO: 2.8: Determine different expressions of ego-defense mechanisms 48) The term __________ is used to describe the tendency to increase personal feelings of worth by taking on characteristics of someone who is viewed as successful. A) displaced affection B) projection C) sublimation D) identification Answer: D Diff: 1 25 Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud Page Ref: 30 Skill: Factual LO: 2.8: Determine different expressions of ego-defense mechanisms 49) Refusal to believe that a loved one has died exemplifies the ego defense of A) denial of reality. B) projection. C) undoing. D) reaction formation. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 31 Skill: Conceptual LO: 2.8: Determine different expressions of ego-defense mechanisms 50) The criminal who says, “The world is filled with crooks,” is probably exemplifying A) identification. B) sublimation. C) projection. D) reaction formation. Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 31 Skill: Conceptual LO: 2.8: Determine different expressions of ego-defense mechanisms 51) Apologizing after committing an unacceptable act exemplifies which of the following defense mechanisms? A) intellectualization B) denial of reality C) undoing D) reaction formation Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 31 Skill: Conceptual LO: 2.8: Determine different expressions of ego-defense mechanisms 52) ___________ involves repressing objectionable thoughts and expressing their opposites. A) Reaction formation B) Rationalization C) Identification D) Projection Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 31 Skill: Conceptual LO: 2.8: Determine different expressions of ego-defense mechanisms 53) If a young woman is too extravagant in describing the love she has for her boyfriend, Freud would conclude that the A) two should get married. B) two are probably deeply in love. C) relationship is probably in trouble. D) woman is a nymphomaniac. 26 Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 32 Skill: Applied LO: 2.8: Determine different expressions of ego-defense mechanisms 54) Which of the following defense mechanisms did Anna Freud add to those developed by her father and his colleagues? A) undoing B) intellectualization C) denial of reality D) altruistic surrender Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32 Skill: Applied LO: 2.8: Determine different expressions of ego-defense mechanisms 55) Which of the following defense mechanisms explains why some hostages develop affection toward their captors? A) altruistic surrender B) identification with the aggressor C) reaction formation D) undoing Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 32 Skill: Conceptual LO: 2.8 Determine different expressions of ego-defense mechanisms 56) Freud believed that adult personality was formulated by A) 62 years of age. B) the end of the fifth year of life. C) the end of the first year of life. D) 40 years of age. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 33 Skill: Applied LO: 2.9: Summarize the effects of psychosexual development on personality 57) Each psychosexual stage has a(n) __________ associated with it, which is the greatest source of stimulation and pleasure during that stage of development. A) anxiety point B) inferiority C) erroneous zone D) erogenous zone Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 33 Skill: Conceptual LO: 2.9: Summarize the effects of psychosexual development on personality 27 Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud 58) In order to make a smooth transition from one psychosexual stage to the next, the child must not be A) repressed. B) fixated. C) breastfed. D) gullible. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 33 Skill: Conceptual LO: 2.9: Summarize the effects of psychosexual development on personality 59) Undergratification or overgratification at a certain psychosexual stage results in A) normal development. B) sexual perversions. C) fixation. D) psychosis. Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 33 Skill: Conceptual LO: 2.9: Summarize the effects of psychosexual development on personality 60) The __________ character places great importance on such activities as eating, drinking, smoking, and kissing. A) oral-sadistic B) oral-incorporative C) anal-expulsive D) anal-retentive Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34 Skill: Conceptual LO: 2.9: Summarize the effects of psychosexual development on personality 61) Sarcasm, cynicism, and ridicule typify the __________ character. A) oral-sadistic B) oral-incorporative C) anal-expulsive D) anal-retentive Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34 Skill: Conceptual LO: 2.9: Summarize the effects of psychosexual development on personality 62) The __________ character possesses the traits of stinginess, parsimony, orderliness, and perfectionism. A) oral-incorporative B) oral-sadistic C) anal-expulsive D) anal-retentive Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34 28 Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud Skill: Conceptual LO: 2.9: Summarize the effects of psychosexual development on personality 63) Freud believed that the phallic stage of development applied to both male and female children because A) genital stimulation was not a factor in the development of either gender before the age of five. B) he believed the clitoris to be a small penis and therefore both genders possessed a phallus. C) both genders were sexually attracted to their mothers. D) he completely ignored the development of female children. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 34 Skill: Applied LO: 2.9: Summarize the effects of psychosexual development on personality 64) According to Freud, adult sexual preferences are determined during the A) oral stage. B) anal stage. C) phallic stage. D) genital stage. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34 Skill: Applied LO: 2.9: Summarize the effects of psychosexual development on personality 65) During which psychosexual stage does the Oedipus complex emerge? A) oral stage B) anal stage C) phallic stage D) genital stage Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 34 Skill: Factual LO: 2.9: Summarize the effects of psychosexual development on personality 66) Which of the following, according to Freud, describes the healthy resolution of the Oedipus conflict for the male child? A) He identifies with his father. B) He identifies with his mother. C) He becomes hostile toward his father. D) He becomes hostile toward his mother. Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 34, 35 Skill: Applied LO: 2.9: Summarize the effects of psychosexual development on personality 67) According to Freud, the female Oedipal complex is partially resolved when A) her desire for her father generalizes to other men. B) she identifies with her mother. C) she begins to play with dolls. D) she represses all sexual desires. Answer: A 29 Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud Diff: 3 Page Ref: 35 Skill: Applied LO: 2.9: Summarize the effects of psychosexual development on personality 68) During the __________ stage, sexual interests are displaced to substitute activities such as learning, athletics, and peer group activities. A) latency B) phallic C) anal D) oral Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 36 Skill: Conceptual LO: 2.9: Summarize the effects of psychosexual development on personality 69) The cornerstone of Freud’s explanation of feminine psychology was A) penis envy. B) electra complex. C) mother envy. D) identification with the mother. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 35 Skill: Applied LO: 2.9: Summarize the effects of psychosexual development on personality 70) Concerning his efforts to understand feminine psychology, Freud A) essentially admitted defeat. B) was very pleased. C) concluded that he had never really tried. D) was disappointed that his explanation portrayed women more positively than men. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 37 Skill: Applied LO: 2.10: Summarize Freud’s views on feminine psychology 71) The statement “Say whatever comes to your mind” describes the method of A) hypnosis. B) free association. C) condensation. D) dream analysis. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 38 Skill: Conceptual LO: 2.11: Describe how Freud investigated the unconscious mind 72) During the course of free association, Freud believed that signs of __________ were especially informative. A) tranquility B) friendship 30 Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud C) resistance D) hysteria Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 38 Skill: Applied LO: 2.11: Describe how Freud investigated the unconscious mind 73) In a dream, one dream element can represent several things at the same time. This exemplifies A) synthesis. B) dislocation. C) condensation. D) manifest content. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 38 Skill: Conceptual LO: 2.11: Describe how Freud investigated the unconscious mind 74) The fact that sexual intercourse may be symbolized in a dream as dancing exemplifies A) displacement. B) synthesis. C) condensation. D) extreme frustration. Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 38, 39 Skill: Conceptual LO: 2.11: Describe how Freud investigated the unconscious mind 75) When we recall a dream, we describe its __________ or what it appears to be. A) synthesis B) latent content C) manifest content D) dream work Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 39 Skill: Conceptual LO: 2.11: Describe how Freud investigated the unconscious mind 76) For Freud, the most important thing about a dream was its A) manifest content. B) latent content. C) dream work. D) synthesis. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 39 Skill: Applied LO: 2.11: Describe how Freud investigated the unconscious mind 77) Parapraxes refer to A) the ability to see into the future. B) the manifestation of repressed thoughts in a variety of “mistakes” in everyday life. 31 Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 2: Sigmund Freud C) the translation of mental conflicts into bodily disorders. D) praxes that are not quite real. Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 39 Skill: Factual LO: 2.11: Describe how Freud investigated the unconscious mind 78) Which of the following, according to Freud, can provide information about the contents of the unconscious mind? A) displacement B) condensation C) lapses of memory D) dream work Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 39, 40 Skill: Applied LO: 2.11: Describe how Freud investigated the unconscious mind 79) According to Freud, in order for a joke to be funny it must A) provoke anxiety. B) involve a sexual theme. C) contain aggressive statements. D) involve death, sex, or politics. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 40 Skill: Applied LO: 2.11: Describe how Freud investigated the unconscious mind 80) In Freud’s 1896 paper “The Aetiology of Hysteria,” in which he presented his seduction theory of hysteria, all of the following were reported among the seducers of his female patients when they were children except A) adult strangers. B) nursemaids. C) parents. D) slightly older brothers. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 41 Skill: Applied LO: 2.12 Summarize the modifications to Freudian theories 81) Freud’s seduction theory concerning the origin of hysteria claimed that it A) resulted from a real sexual attack during childhood. B) resulted from an imagined sexual attack during childhood. C) did not have a sexual origin. D) resulted from the guilt one experiences after having sex. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 41 Skill: Applied LO: 2.12 Summarize the modifications to Freudian theories 32 Copyright ©2020 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.