Test Bank For American Government: Power and Purpose, 15th Edition

CHAPTER 2: Constructing a Government: The Founding and the Constitution TRUE/FALSE 1. The income tax represented the single most important source of government revenue for the British regime prior to the American Revolution. ANS: F DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 2. During the lead-up to the American Revolution, the New England merchants who cried “no taxation without representation” cared more about expanded representation in the British Parliament than about lower taxes. ANS: F DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 3. During the 1750s, the British Crown’s North American colonies on the whole paid remarkably little in taxes to the mother country. ANS: T DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 4. The British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre were defended by future president John Adams. ANS: T DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 5. Radicals seeking independence were primarily disgruntled members of the colonial merchant elite. ANS: F DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 6. Collective action among colonists was sparked by the British government’s harsh response to the Boston Tea Party. ANS: T DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 7. The First Continental Congress called for a total boycott of British goods. ANS: T DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 8. Under the Articles of Confederation, the central government was based entirely in Congress. ANS: T DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 9. Under the Articles of Confederation, each state was represented in the Continental Congress in proportion to its population. ANS: F DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 10. Under the Articles of Confederation, the presiding officer of the executive branch was appointed through a nomination and voting process of the assembled delegates in the Electoral College. ANS: F DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 11. Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress was given power to declare war and make peace. ANS: T DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 12. Under the Articles of Confederation, the nation’s armed forces were financed by federal income taxes. ANS: F DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 13. The principal advantage of the Articles of Confederation was that the central government could prevent one state from discriminating against other states in the quest for foreign commerce. ANS: F DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 14. Delegates from all 13 colonies attended the Annapolis Convention. ANS: F DIF: Easy TOP: CH02 – The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution MSC: Remembering 15. Shays’s Rebellion was forcefully ended by the quick and decisive actions by federal troops sent by Congress under the Confederation. ANS: F DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution MSC: Remembering 16. The Constitutional Convention passed the New Jersey Plan with little compromise. ANS: F DIF: Easy TOP: CH02 – The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution MSC: Remembering 17. Delegates from large states, such as Pennsylvania, were able to manipulate the procedures at the Constitutional Convention in order to achieve final adoption of the Virginia Plan with negligible amendment. ANS: F DIF: Easy TOP: CH02 – The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution MSC: Remembering 18. The Three-Fifths Compromise established the principle, new in republican theory, that a man who lives among slaves had a greater share in the election of representatives than the man who did not. ANS: T DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution MSC: Remembering 19. Members of the U.S. Supreme Court serve staggered six-year terms. ANS: F DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution MSC: Remembering 20. In the United States, no set of institutional procedures is more important than the Declaration of Independence. ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The Constitution 21. Under the Constitution as originally passed, the members of the Senate were to be appointed by the state legislatures. ANS: T DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: The Constitution 22. Staggered terms of service in the Senate were intended to make that body even more politically responsive to popular opinion. ANS: F DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: The Constitution 23. The Constitution implies that any power not explicitly granted to the federal government is not granted at all. ANS: F DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering TOP: The Constitution 24. In the absence of an amendment, any power not specifically enumerated in the Constitution is conceived to be reserved to the national government. ANS: F DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: The Constitution 25. The Constitution grants the president the unconditional power to accept ambassadors from other countries. ANS: T DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The Constitution 26. The Constitution grants the Supreme Court the unconditional right to grant reprieves and pardons. ANS: F DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: The Constitution 27. Federal judges are given lifetime appointments. ANS: T DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering TOP: The Constitution 28. The Constitution makes no direct mention of judicial review. ANS: T DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: The Constitution 29. In Section 8 of Article III, the U.S. Constitution discusses the important principle of judicial review. ANS: F DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: The Constitution 30. There were no checks and balances in the Constitution until passage of the Bill of Rights. ANS: F DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: The Constitution 31. The Constitution does not explicitly mention the principle of the separation of powers. ANS: T DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: The Constitution 32. Each branch of the government of the United States is responsible to a different constituency. ANS: T DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: The Constitution 33. Throughout the Constitution, the principle of majority rule prevails. ANS: F DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – The Fight for Ratification: Federalists versus Antifederalists MSC: Remembering 34. The most recent amendment added to the American Constitution is the balanced budget amendment. ANS: F DIF: Difficult TOP: CH02 – Changing the Institutional Framework: Constitutional Amendment MSC: Remembering MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Prior to the Revolutionary War, British policies harmed the economic interests of which two large sectors of colonial society that previously supported British rule? a. royalists and small farmers b. southern planters and New England merchants c. New England merchants and shopkeepers d. southern planters and royalists ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 2. Among the sectors of society that were important in colonial politics prior to the American Revolution, the more radical forces were represented by a. New England merchants. b. holders of lands, offices, and patents. c. southern planters and shipbuilders. d. shopkeepers, laborers, and small farmers. ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 3. Which of the following was NOT one of the sectors of society that was particularly influential in colonial politics? a. New England merchants c. small farmers b. suffragettes d. shopkeepers ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 4. According to the rationality principle, all political actions have a purpose. When the British government attempted to raise taxes on American colonists, what services were they trying to force the colonists to pay for? a. moving new colonists to Quebec b. pensions and disability for retired sailors c. an invasion of Russia d. defense of the colonies and its shipping ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 5. In the chain of events leading up to the American Revolution, the radical forces were permitted to expand their political influence because the colonial elites were split by a. disagreement over slavery. b. western boundary disputes. c. a lack of common currency. d. British tax and trade policies, especially the Tea Act of 1773. ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 6. Prior to the Revolutionary War, the British government suffered from high debt and a variety of financial problems. How does its solution to raise revenue through increasing taxes on the colonies illustrate the policy principle? a. Members of the British Parliament were running for reelection, and it was popular in Britain to campaign on raising taxes in the colonies instead of at home. b. The British were interested in raising revenue to cover the costs of defending the colonies, while Parliament and the colonial government made it possible to tax colonial commerce. c. Colonial administrators were weary of the economic and political power of the merchants and southern planters and therefore sought to punish them by raising taxes on their commodities. d. Colonial administrators wanted more independence from the British Parliament. In exchange for raising taxes, colonial administrators were granted more leeway in local matters. ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 7. Why did the British government impose taxes such as the Stamp Act specifically on the American colonies instead of in England only? a. Influential interest groups supported the colonial taxes. b. Increased taxes were politically unpopular in England, so the government chose to raise taxes on the colonists instead. c. The British government had spent large sums of money on defending the colonies and sought to recapture that revenue from the colonists. d. Money raised from the taxes was intended to be used to pacify revolutionary citizens in the colonies. ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 8. In the mid-eighteenth century, the revenues that governments relied on came mostly from a. a flat tax. b. an income tax. c. tariffs and duties. d. seizing the property of wealthy traitors. ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 9. After years of relatively little interference in the local affairs of its American colonies, the English government passed a tax on all printed and legal documents, including newspapers, pamphlets, advertisements, notes and bonds, leases, deeds, and licenses. Mass protests declaring “no taxation without representation” erupted throughout the colonies against the a. Tea Act. c. Colonial Tariff. b. Stamp Act. d. Document Tax. ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 10. The radicals led by Samuel Adams hoped that the Boston Tea Party would goad the British into strong reprisals. Which principle does this strategy illustrate? a. rationality principle c. policy principle b. institution principle d. collective action principle ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 11. To show their displeasure with the Stamp Act of 1765, colonists in Boston a. stormed Bunker Hill and took over its fort. b. organized demonstrations, parades, and mass meetings. c. killed 12 British soldiers in what became known as the Boston Massacre. d. marched to Lexington and seized a cache of British weapons. ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 12. The Stamp Act of 1765 and the Sugar Act of 1764 created incentives for which two groups to engage in collective action? a. small farmers and recent immigrants b. holders of royal land offices and patents and shopkeepers c. New England merchants and southern planters d. southern planters and royalists ANS: C DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 13. On March 5, 1770, nervous British soldiers opened fire on the mob surrounding them, killing five colonists and wounding eight others. News of this event spread quickly throughout the colonies and was used to fan anti-British sentiment by radicals who called the incident the a. Boston Massacre. c. Boston Tea Party. b. Tuesday butchery. d. Guy Fawkes event. ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 14. The British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre were defended by __________, a pillar of Boston society and future president of the United States. a. John Adams c. George Washington b. Thomas Jefferson d. Ben Franklin ANS: A DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 15. Colonial society was made up of conflicting economic and political interests that made British rule possible. The Stamp Act and the Tea Act altered the interests of certain key sectors of colonial society, creating incentives to a. engage in collective action based on common goals. b. delegate authority to the radicals. c. resolve jurisdictional conflicts in the Continental Congress committee system. d. form a coalition with the royalists. ANS: A MSC: Applying DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 16. Dramatic events like the Boston Massacre provide an issue for individuals to organize around when putting together revolutionary activities. This provides a way to overcome the a. collective action problem. b. institution principle. c. history principle. d. revolutionary organization conundrum. ANS: A MSC: Applying DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 17. Colonists organized and participated in the Boston Tea Party of 1773 as a direct response to a. military seizure of tea and other agricultural goods in Boston Harbor. b. atrocities by British garrison troops. c. the withdrawal of military protection from commercial ships sailing to the Americas. d. the British granting the East India Company a monopoly on the export of tea from Britain. ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 18. In 1773, the British government granted a monopoly on the export of tea from Britain to the politically powerful East India Company, which sought to bypass the colonial merchants and sell the tea directly to the colonies. The merchants called on their radical adversaries for support, and the most dramatic result was a. b. c. d. the Boston Tea Party. an attack on Fort Sill. the Philadelphia Midnight Murders. the ceremonial burning of the Union Jack flag in the Philadelphia town square. ANS: A MSC: Applying DIF: Easy 19. The Boston Tea Party was led by a. Patrick Henry. b. Thomas Payne. ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts c. Alexander Hamilton. d. Samuel Adams. TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 20. What was the ultimate goal of the radical participants in the Boston Tea Party? a. rescind the Tea Act b. rescind the Stamp Act c. close Boston Harbor to British commerce d. alienate the British government from its colonial supporters ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 21. By dumping the East India Company’s tea into Boston Harbor, Samuel Adams and his followers pressured the British into enacting a number of harsh reprisals that a. radicalized Americans to resist British rule. b. effectively ended the slave trade in the Northern states. c. temporarily softened public support for revolutionary forces. d. benefited southern planters at the expense of New England merchants. ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 22. The Boston Tea Party set into motion a cycle of provocation and retaliation that, in 1774, resulted in the convening of an assembly of delegates from all parts of the colonies called the a. First Colonial Convention. b. Boston Confederated Congress. c. Philadelphia Constitutional Convention. d. First Continental Congress. ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 23. The Declaration of Independence was almost entirely written by a. James Madison. c. Alexander Hamilton. b. Thomas Jefferson. d. George Washington. ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 24. The Declaration of Independence was remarkable for its assertion that there are certain unalienable rights including a. life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. b. due process and equal protection under the law. c. freedom of religion, freedom of the press, and freedom of speech. d. liberty, equality, and fraternity. ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 25. In November of 1777, the Continental Congress adopted the United States’ first written constitution. It was known as the a. Virginia Plan. b. Declaration of Independence. c. Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. d. Seneca Falls Declaration. ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 26. The result of the 1777 Continental Congress was a constitution concerned primarily with a. preventing domestic insurrection. b. limiting the powers of the central government. c. generating new tax revenues to help pay for armed resistance. d. regulating trade among the colonies as well as imports and exports. ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 27. Under the Articles of Confederation, what power was Congress given? a. the power to levy taxes c. the power to regulate titles of nobility b. the power to restrict slavery d. the power to declare war ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 28. An extension of the policy principle is that rational actors design institutions that help them bring about the outcomes they desire. How did the Three-Fifths Compromise bias outcomes, compared to the Northerners’ preference on the issue of slavery and representation? a. Southern states were able to ensure that no more than three-fifths of all federal revenue came from trade tariffs. b. It ensured that three-fifths of all new territory acquired by the United States would allow slavery. c. States with relatively more slaves gained representation in Congress and thus were better able to protect the interests of slave owners. d. It guaranteed that enslaved persons would be able to cast votes that counted for 60 percent of a free person’s vote in federal elections. ANS: C MSC: Applying DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 29. The Articles of Confederation provided a set of rules and procedures that provided incentives for states to compete with each other for foreign commerce. This effect of the Articles best reflects which principle of politics? a. the institution principle c. the history principle b. the policy principle d. the collective action principle ANS: A MSC: Applying DIF: Difficult TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 30. During the winter of 1786–1787, John Adams of Massachusetts was sent to negotiate a new treaty with the British to cover disputes left over from the war. The British government responded that it would a. set a blockade around Boston Harbor. b. relinquish control over the lands to the west. c. negotiate with each of the 13 states separately. d. require war reparations before signing any new treaty. ANS: C DIF: Difficult TOP: CH02 – The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution MSC: Remembering 31. Early states had broad latitude to pursue their own policies, and the national government, under the Articles of Confederation, had little recourse if it disliked those policies. For example, the Rhode Island legislature—dominated by representatives of small farmers, artisans, and shopkeepers—frightened businessmen and property owners throughout the country by instituting a. free trade policies. b. economic policies including drastic currency inflation. c. generous agricultural subsidies and severely protective tariffs. d. eminent domain activities for an extensive statewide park system. ANS: B DIF: Difficult TOP: CH02 – The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution MSC: Remembering 32. In hindsight, the decision of New England merchants and southern planters to ally with small farmers, shopkeepers, and other pro-independence radicals to defeat the British seems puzzling as the balance of power in post-Revolutionary America shifted in favor of the radicals and threatened the interests of the pre-Revolutionary elite. However, the decision of the merchants and planters to join forces with the radicals may be considered __________ if each group considered the costs and benefits of the decision and speculated about future effects. a. rational c. intelligent b. irrational d. insane ANS: A DIF: Moderate TOP: Intern CH02 – The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution MSC: Applying 33. The one positive result of the Annapolis Convention was a resolution calling for a. a declaration of independence from England. b. a boycott of tea, linens, and other goods from England. c. ratification of the new Constitution of the United States. d. a later meeting in Philadelphia to reform the Articles of Confederation. ANS: D DIF: Easy TOP: CH02 – The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution MSC: Remembering 34. It is possible that the Constitutional Convention of 1787 in Philadelphia would never have taken place at all if not for a single event that occurred soon after the Annapolis Convention. This event was a. Shays’s Rebellion. b. the Boston Massacre. c. the Boston Tea Party. d. the Whiskey Rebellion. ANS: A DIF: Easy TOP: CH02 – The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution MSC: Remembering 35. Daniel Shays, a former army captain, led a mob in a rebellion against the Massachusetts government in order to a. open up western territories for expansion. b. prevent foreclosures on debt-ridden farm lands. c. release certain British loyalists from captivity as prisoners of war. d. resist taxes on whiskey. ANS: B DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution MSC: Remembering 36. Why did Shays’s Rebellion enable collective action among those who wanted to revise the Articles of Confederation? a. Shays was a charismatic political entrepreneur who was able to bring together several key opponents of the Articles. b. The rebellion showed that the federal government was already strong enough to quell an uprising, which demonstrated that taking further steps toward a stronger central government was an attainable goal. c. Shays introduced key figures in western Massachusetts to the concept of civil disobedience, which in turn caught on with opponents of the Articles across the country. d. The rebellion provided politicians who were already convinced of the inadequacy of the Articles with the ammunition they needed to convince a broader public of their inadequacy. ANS: D DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution MSC: Understanding 37. Which state did NOT send delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia? a. Rhode Island c. Massachusetts b. Delaware d. Georgia ANS: A DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution MSC: Remembering 38. According to historian Charles Beard, the framers of the Constitution were motivated primarily by a. the quest for justice. c. personal enrichment. b. moral principles. d. religious fervor. ANS: C DIF: Easy TOP: CH02 – The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution MSC: Remembering 39. Charles Beard’s interpretation of the framing of the Constitution was primarily a. legal. c. ontological. b. ethical. d. economic. ANS: D DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution MSC: Remembering 40. In contrast to Charles Beard’s approach, some view the framers of the Constitution as being motivated by a. a desire to redistribute economic benefits to the working class. b. economic self-interest. c. the dominant philosophical and moral values of the day. d. political party identification. ANS: C DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution MSC: Remembering 41. In 2016, the five smallest states held roughly 0.5 percent of the seats in the U.S. House of Representatives and 10 percent of the seats in the U.S. Senate. These differing levels of representation of the five small states were the result of which decision during the Constitutional Convention? a. the New Jersey Plan c. the Great Compromise b. the Virginia Plan d. the Three-Fifths Compromise ANS: C DIF: Difficult TOP: CH02 – The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution MSC: Applying 42. The founder who probably had the most influence on the Virginia Plan (which served as the framework for the eventual Constitution) was a. John Adams. c. Alexander Hamilton. b. James Madison. d. Thomas Jefferson. ANS: B DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution MSC: Remembering 43. The proposal to alter the Articles of Confederation by providing for a system of representation in the national legislature based on the population of each state or the proportion of each state’s revenue contribution, or both, was known as the a. Virginia Plan. c. Massachusetts Plan. b. New Jersey Plan. d. Connecticut Plan. ANS: A DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution MSC: Remembering 44. Why did the smaller states object to the Virginia Plan? a. In accordance with the institution principle, small states wanted to maintain the existing institutions (the Articles of Confederation), but the institution principle does not apply to large states. b. In accordance with the rationality principle, the Virginia Plan provided greater representation in the national legislature for larger and/or wealthier states, which disadvantaged the small states. c. The small states tended to be from the North and objected to the strong proslavery content in the Virginia Plan. d. The smaller states feared that the national government would force them to pay equal shares of the national budget. ANS: B DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution MSC: Understanding 45. The proposal offered by the smaller states during the Constitutional Convention that argued each state should be equally represented in the new regime regardless of its population was known as the a. Virginia Plan. c. Massachusetts Plan. b. Connecticut Plan. d. New Jersey Plan. ANS: D DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution MSC: Remembering 46. The agreement reached during the Constitutional Convention to give each state an equal number of senators regardless of population but link representation in the House of Representatives to population became known as the a. Boston Plan. c. Three-Fifths Compromise. b. Philadelphia Plan. d. Great Compromise. ANS: D DIF: Easy TOP: CH02 – The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution MSC: Remembering 47. What was the most difficult issue faced by the framers of the Constitution? a. taxes c. foreign trade b. slavery d. religion ANS: B DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution MSC: Remembering 48. The question of counting slaves for purposes of representation was ultimately resolved by counting a. slaves as nonslaves just for purposes of representation. b. every five slaves as three people for purposes of representation. c. every four slaves as three people for purposes of representation. d. every two slaves as one person for purposes of representation. ANS: B DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution MSC: Remembering 49. The issue of counting slaves for purposes of representation was settled by the a. Great Compromise. c. Seventh Amendment. b. Virginia Plan. d. Three-Fifths Compromise. ANS: D DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution MSC: Remembering 50. The framers of the American Constitution sought to prevent the perceived threat of excessive democracy through a number of institutional innovations. Which of these constitutional provisions MOST prevents the threat of excessive democracy? a. requiring each state to have a “republican form of government” b. requiring all tax and spending bills to originate in the U.S. House of Representatives c. tying citizens’ eligibility to vote with that of state legislative bodies d. providing for a judicial branch selected indirectly, with judges serving life terms ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding TOP: CH02 – The Constitution 51. Article I of the U.S. Constitution provides for the a. judicial branch. b. executive branch. c. legislative branch. d. freedom of speech, religion, and press. ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The Constitution 52. Under the unamended Constitution of 1787, how were U.S. senators selected? a. direct elections b. state legislatures c. the Electoral College d. the state delegation to the House of Representatives ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The Constitution 53. The terms of appointments for senators are staggered so that the terms of one-third of the senators expire every a. year. c. six years. b. two years. d. four years. ANS: B DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The Constitution 54. Under the American Constitution, the part of elected government designed to be directly responsible to the people was the a. Senate. c. House of Representatives. b. judiciary. d. bureaucracy. ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The Constitution 55. A legislative assembly such as the Congress that is divided into two chambers (or houses) is best described as a. bipolar. c. bicameral. b. dual-bodied. d. bipartisan. ANS: C DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The Constitution 56. The Georgia General Assembly, with its upper chamber (the Georgia Senate) and lower chamber (the Georgia House of Representatives), is an institution that exemplifies the principle of a. bicameralism. c. bifurcated representation. b. bilateralism. d. institutional dualism. ANS: A MSC: Applying DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – The Constitution 57. The Constitution grants the power to ratify treaties to the a. State Department. c. House of Representatives. b. president. d. Senate. ANS: D DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – The Constitution MSC: Remembering 58. Under the American Constitution, the sole power to originate revenue bills is vested in the a. Senate. c. House of Representatives. b. state legislatures. d. Treasury Department. ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The Constitution 59. Which branch of government has the power to create inferior (lower) courts, change the jurisdiction of federal courts, add or subtract federal judges, and even change the size of the Supreme Court? a. judiciary c. bureaucracy b. Congress d. executive ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The Constitution 60. The idea that the federal government can exercise only the powers specifically articulated in the Constitution is known as the doctrine of a. implied powers. c. necessary and proper powers. b. expressed powers. d. separation of powers. ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The Constitution 61. The framers intended an active and powerful government, so they included language to ensure that Congress could take any step to achieve its enumerated responsibilities. This elastic clause is most commonly known as the a. necessary and proper clause. c. privileges and immunities clause. b. separation of powers clause. d. national supremacy clause. ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The Constitution 62. The framers of the Constitution sought to insulate the president from excessively democratic pressures through a. a lifetime appointment. b. direct oversight by independent departments. c. an indirect election through the Electoral College. d. a limitation of only two consecutive terms in office. ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The Constitution 63. Why did the framers decide against a plural executive (two or more presidents) or executive council (presidency-by-committee)? a. They were familiar with the instability caused by ancient Rome’s dual-consul system and how it led to overrepresentation of the poor plebian castes. b. They feared that a plural executive would increase regional conflicts and lead to civil war. c. They preferred a single executive who could act quickly without waiting to consult with co-executives. d. They thought it would be easier for Congress to impeach and remove a single executive. ANS: C DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The Constitution 64. Which branch of government was designed to make the federal government capable of timely and decisive action to deal with public issues and problems? a. executive c. state governments b. legislative d. judicial ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The Constitution 65. In order to protect federal judges from political influence from citizens and other branches, the framers a. prohibited the selection of federal judges that share the sitting president’s party identification. b. ruled that judges cannot run for reelection at the end of their terms. c. prohibited Congress from impeaching federal judges. d. granted federal judges lifetime appointments to their offices. ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The Constitution 66. In 1996, the Defense of Marriage Act was enacted after passing both houses of Congress and being signed into law by President Bill Clinton. The Defense of Marriage Act defines marriage as a union between a man and a woman and bans recognition of same-sex marriages. The decision of the Supreme Court to take a case that challenged the constitutionality of the Act is a reflection of which power? a. reserved power c. judicial review b. expressed power d. veto power ANS: C MSC: Applying DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – The Constitution 67. The power of the courts to render the final decision in cases involving a conflict of interpretation of the Constitution or of laws between the courts and Congress, the courts and the executive branch, or the courts and the states is referred to as a. judicial review. c. contra bonos mores. b. ceteris paribus. d. judicial oversight. ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The Constitution 68. For decades, the United States has maintained trade sanctions against North Korea to prevent individuals or businesses from engaging in economic activities with this nation. If the state of New York decided to sign a free trade agreement with North Korea, New York would be violating which part of the Constitution? a. the commerce clause c. the necessary and proper clause b. the Bill of Rights d. the supremacy clause ANS: D MSC: Applying DIF: Difficult TOP: CH02 – The Constitution 69. Article VI of the Constitution states that all laws passed by the national government and all treaties are superior to laws adopted by any state. This has come to be known as the a. supremacy clause. c. necessary and proper clause. b. judicial review clause. d. full faith and credit clause. ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The Constitution 70. In the United States, no set of institutional procedures is more important than the a. b. c. d. Constitution. Bill of Rights Articles of Confederation. Declaration of Independence. ANS: A DIF: Easy MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The Constitution 71. In 2010, the Republican Party was able to retake majority control of the U.S. House of Representatives due to anger toward President Barack Obama and the recent passage of the Affordable Care Act. With majority control of the House, Republicans were able to pass a repeal of the Affordable Care Act through the House chamber, yet the Act remains law due to continued support in the Senate and the Executive branch. The failure to overturn the Affordable Care Act reflects which component of the Constitution? a. separation of powers c. necessary and proper clause b. federalism d. judicial review ANS: A MSC: Applying DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – The Constitution 72. No principle was more widely shared among the framers of the American Constitution than the principle espoused by Baron de Montesquieu that a. the citizen must serve the state. b. power must be divided among different actors. c. the accused are innocent until proven guilty. d. national powers must be delegated to the states. ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The Constitution 73. The presidential veto power over legislation, the power of the Senate to approve presidential appointments, and judicial review over acts of Congress and presidential actions are examples of the principle in the American political system of a. federalism. c. communal powers. b. checks and balances. d. gridlock intervals. ANS: B MSC: Applying DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – The Constitution 74. James Madison wrote in Federalist, no. 51, “The power surrendered by the people is first divided between two distinct governments, and then the portion allotted to each subdivided among distinct and separate departments. Hence a double security arises to the rights of the people. The different governments will control each other, at the same time that each will be controlled by itself.” Which constitutional principle is best reflected by this statement? a. republicanism c. judicial review b. enumerated powers d. checks and balances ANS: D DIF: Difficult MSC: Understanding TOP: CH02 – The Constitution 75. The framers of the Constitution crafted a system in which each branch of government had a distinctly different constituency to ensure different perspectives on public interests. Montesquieu and others called it a a. democracy. c. confederation. b. mixed regime. d. segregated system. ANS: B DIF: Difficult TOP: CH02 – The Constitution MSC: Remembering 76. Compared to the confederation principle of the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution’s balance of federal and state power represented a. greater centralization of power. b. eliminating the power of state governments. c. weakening the power of the national government. d. increasing the separation of federal and state duties. ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The Constitution 77. Why is the process for amending the Constitution a source of path dependency? a. After the Constitution was amended once, adding new amendments became easier and easier. b. Once the Constitution was adopted, the amending process requires supermajority support from multiple institutions and levels of government. c. Politicians learned how to amend the Constitution over time, so it became easier. d. Congress often prefers to incorporate its policies into the Constitution instead of enacting public laws. ANS: B DIF: Difficult MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The Constitution 78. Why did the delegates to the Constitutional Convention reject a motion to include a bill of rights in the Constitution? a. The delegates thought rights should be guaranteed to the states, not to individual citizens. b. The delegates felt a bill of rights was unnecessary because they thought that the federal government was already limited to its expressed powers. c. The rights of citizens were a secondary concern to the delegates’ personal self-interest. d. A bill of rights would have required granting equal rights to women, which the delegates found to be politically unsavory. ANS: B DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding TOP: CH02 – The Constitution 79. During the Constitutional Convention, the motion to include a bill of rights was a. approved almost unanimously. b. incorporated as part of the full faith and credit clause after lengthy debate. c. included in the section enumerating the powers of the national government with little floor debate. d. overwhelmingly rejected. ANS: D DIF: Moderate MSC: Remembering TOP: CH02 – The Constitution 80. The best-known arguments supporting ratification of the Constitution were the 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay under the name of Publius. These essays are collectively known today as a. Common Sense. c. the Federalist Papers. b. A Modest Proposal. d. The New Yorker. ANS: C DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – The Fight for Ratification: Federalists versus Antifederalists MSC: Remembering 81. Which of the following statements describes the attitudes of Federalists and Antifederalists toward representation as it would likely be observed under the proposed Constitution? a. Neither the Federalists nor the Antifederalists cared a great deal about representative democracy. b. Antifederalists thought that representation was critical and could best be achieved in small republics, while Federalists thought representatives did not need to perfectly represent the views of their constituents. c. Federalists thought that representation was critical and could best be achieved in small republics, while Antifederalists thought representatives did not need to perfectly represent the views of their constituents. d. Both the Federalists and Antifederalists thought that representation in the form of catering to public sentiment was vitally important. ANS: B DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – The Fight for Ratification: Federalists versus Antifederalists MSC: Applying 82. Imagine a scenario in which a large majority of people in your town want to eliminate all taxes, even if that means the local government can no longer fund road repairs or the local police force. A representative of this town would be acting as a __________ if he or she decided to eliminate all taxes. In contrast, this representative would be acting as a(n) __________ if he or she refused to eliminate all taxes, arguing that cutting all taxes was not in the best interest of the town. a. Federalist; Antifederalist c. delegate; trustee b. trustee; delegate d. Republican; Democrat ANS: C DIF: Difficult TOP: CH02 – The Fight for Ratification: Federalists versus Antifederalists MSC: Analyzing 83. Unjust rule by the group in power is called a. tyranny. b. supremacy. c. enforcement. d. teleology. ANS: A DIF: Easy TOP: CH02 – The Fight for Ratification: Federalists versus Antifederalists MSC: Remembering 84. The Federalists understood that temporary majorities could abuse their power in a democracy, but Madison argued that such an outcome is less likely if the nation is a. large with diverse interests. c. small with common interests. b. small with diverse interests. d. large with common interests. ANS: A DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – The Fight for Ratification: Federalists versus Antifederalists MSC: Remembering 85. The Antifederalists perceived the danger of tyranny to be posed most severely by a. small numbers of individuals in positions of authority. b. majorities who wished to impose their will on minorities. c. the House of Representatives. d. direct democracy provisions like the initiative or referendum. ANS: A DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – The Fight for Ratification: Federalists versus Antifederalists MSC: Remembering 86. In order for Congress to send a small amendment to the Constitution to state legislatures or ratifying conventions for approval, it must pass a. in either the House or Senate with a simple majority. b. in both the House and Senate with a simple majority. c. in either the House or Senate with a two-thirds majority. d. in both the House and Senate with a two-thirds majority. ANS: D DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – Changing the Institutional Framework: Constitutional Amendment MSC: Remembering 87. Except for one, all of the amendments that have been added to the Constitution have passed in a. the House and Senate by two-thirds vote and then been ratified by a majority vote of the legislatures of three-fourths of the states. b. the House and Senate by two-thirds vote and then been ratified by conventions called for the purpose in three-fourths of the states. c. a national convention called by Congress in response to petitions by two-thirds of the states and ratified by a majority vote of the legislatures of three-fourths of the states. d. a national convention called by Congress in response to petitions by two-thirds of the states and ratified by conventions called for the purpose in three-fourths of the states. ANS: A DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – Changing the Institutional Framework: Constitutional Amendment MSC: Remembering 88. The First Amendment to the Constitution was specifically concerned with limits on the a. courts. c. president. b. Congress. d. citizens. ANS: B DIF: Difficult TOP: CH02 – Changing the Institutional Framework: Constitutional Amendment MSC: Remembering 89. The purpose of the ten amendments in the Bill of Rights was basically to give each of the three branches of government a. increased flexibility. b. broader and more explicit powers. c. clearer and more restricted boundaries. d. fewer opportunities to come into conflict with each other. ANS: C DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – Changing the Institutional Framework: Constitutional Amendment MSC: Remembering 90. Which of these amendments guarantees the right to vote to a significant portion of the U.S. population? a. Nineteenth c. Third b. Seventeenth d. Twelfth ANS: A DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – Changing the Institutional Framework: Constitutional Amendment MSC: Remembering 91. Which amendment or set of amendments provides important safeguards against the arbitrary exercise of governmental power, especially within the judicial branch? a. First c. Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth b. Ninth and Tenth d. Second, Third, and Fourth ANS: C DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – Changing the Institutional Framework: Constitutional Amendment MSC: Remembering 92. The Eighteenth Amendment, having the dubious distinction of being the only constitutional amendment designed to deal directly with some substantive social problem and the only amendment to have been repealed, addressed the issue of a. slavery. c. prohibition of alcohol. b. the income tax. d. poll taxes. ANS: C DIF: Moderate TOP: CH02 – Changing the Institutional Framework: Constitutional Amendment MSC: Remembering 93. Why did the British eventually agree to independence for the American colonies, ending the Revolutionary War? a. The British government could not afford to keep fighting a ground war in a faraway continent. b. The British troops could not match the better-trained, better-armed American troops. c. An uprising among the primarily Catholic German mercenary troops led to the surrender of British troops in New England. d. The French government made a substantial payment to the British Crown to compensate for the economic losses it suffered by losing its colonies. ANS: A DIF: Moderate MSC: Understanding TOP: CH02 – The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts ESSAY 1. The U.S. Constitution has been amended 27 times, and just 17 times since 1791. What institutional factors help explain the (arguably) low number of amendments to the U.S. Constitution? ANS: The process for amending the Constitution is complex and difficult to satisfy. There are four pathways to amending the Constitution. (1) Proposal by a two-thirds vote of both chambers of Congress, approval by three-fourths of state legislatures (the most common path) (2) Proposal by a two-thirds vote of both chambers of Congress, approval by conventions in three-fourths of states (used once) (3) Proposal by a constitutional convention called by two-thirds of state legislatures, approval by three-fourths of state legislatures (never used) (4) Proposal by a constitutional convention called by two-thirds of state legislatures, approval by conventions in three-fourths of states (never used) Each pathway requires multiple supermajority thresholds. In practice, each constitutional amendment has required both federal and state support, and the support of both major political parties. (Note: the text for Chapter 2 does not mention political parties on this point.) This makes it difficult for most structural changes to gain approval. And, for most policy and legal issues, advocates are more likely to pursue their goals by using the ordinary lawmaking process or to seek favorable Supreme Court interpretations of existing constitutional provisions rather than to add new provisions to the Constitution. MSC: Analyzing 2. Were the British wrong to expect the American colonies to begin paying more in taxes during the years leading up to the American Revolution? Why or why not? ANS: YES: The increase in taxation violated preexisting expectations of the colonists, who did not want to be used to pay for the king’s military adventures. One of the primary restraints on the British monarchy was the king’s reliance on Parliament for funding, so there was a strong link between representation in Parliament and freedom from tyranny. American colonists were denied parliamentary representation and thus exposed to unlimited abuse by the monarchy. NO: Fundamentally, the American colonists expected the British government to provide military security on the frontier and the high seas without contributing to the costs of these public goods. That is, they preferred to free ride. It was fair for the British government to expect American colonists to pay their fair share. MSC: Evaluating 3. List and describe the various sectors of colonial society, and explain the role of each during the events leading up to the American Revolution and the writing of the Constitution. ANS: (1) New England merchants (2) southern planters (3) royalists—persons directly or indirectly supported by the Crown or otherwise intensely loyal (4) shopkeepers, artisans, and laborers (5) small farmers Timeline • • • • • Before 1765, New England merchants, southern planters, and royalists supported the British government. Beginning with the Stamp Act of 1765, the imposition of taxes drove New England merchants and southern planters out of the pro-Crown coalition and into the anti-Crown coalition. The harsh British response to the 1773 Boston Tea Party promoted the development of this anti-Crown coalition. After the outbreak of Revolutionary War hostilities, royalists either left the colonies, converted to pro-independence, or dropped out of politics. After the war was officially over, the New England merchants and southern planters became nervous about the excesses of state-level democracy and the weakness of the central government. They supported the development and adoption of the new U.S. Constitution. MSC: Analyzing 4. Why did the framers feel a need to replace the Articles of Confederation? ANS: The Articles of Confederation established a weak central government with no executive branch or independent judiciary. The Continental Congress lacked the ability to actually enforce its mandates. As a result, the Continental Congress could not enforce the treaties it made with other countries or defend American merchant trade. State governments were often dominated by radical elements that interfered with the economic status quo, including diluting the value of currency to aid debtors. Shays’s Rebellion in Massachusetts in 1787 highlighted the fragility of internal security in the new country. The state of Massachusetts struggled to put down the revolt by desperate farmers, and the central government had little power to aid the state authorities or induce other states to assist. MSC: Analyzing 5. Were the Founders motivated primarily by economic interests or moral principles? ANS: The economic interests argument was made first and most boldly by Charles Beard in 1913. Beard argues that the Founders wrote the Constitution to protect and expand their fortunes. This is consistent with some facts: Northern merchants did fear debtor riots, while southern states feared slave revolts; both preferred a strong central government to address these potential problems. The new federal government also helped protect against currency inflation, limited credit markets, and high public debts. The moral principles argument holds that the Founders were primarily acting on the political ideas current in their era. For example, they sought to protect commerce against state legislators seizing property and to ensure the ability of all citizens to participate in government. MSC: Evaluating 6. In what ways did the new Constitution represent an improvement over the Articles of Confederation? ANS: (1) The new Constitution delegated real power to the national government. Thus, the federal government was much better able to provide collective goods to states and citizens, such as the following: a) military security against potential invasions or internal revolt b) defense of U.S. merchant ships at sea c) effective and coordinated diplomacy with other countries d) a national postal service e) better-coordinated domestic trade with uniform rules and weights and measures (2) This new national government included independent executive and judicial branches. This provided a new source of quick action (the president) and oversight over the legislative branch. (3) More broadly, the new national government effectively paired a larger grant of power to itself with multiple checks to prevent tyrannical use of this power. As a result, citizens were more secure from the abuses of government; they had previously been subject to potential abuse by state governments acting with little national oversight. MSC: Evaluating 7. Why did the framers fear excessive democracy? Through what means were they able to limit its influence on the structure of government? ANS: The text mentions that the framers feared excessive democracy at the state level and wanted to rein it in. This includes state policies like diluting the value of currency, seizing property, canceling or delaying debts, and refusing to pay off government debts. Such policies demonstrated the potential for democratic tyranny. More broadly, the framers were familiar with democracies and republics throughout history and assumed that humans are ambitious and are prone to abuse power if they can. They worried, for example, that the new independent president included in the Constitution might become a popular demagogue and tyrant. The limits they imposed include the following: (1) Direct limits on the use of power in the Constitution, especially the Bill of Rights and Article I, Section 9 (2) Checks and balances a. bicameralism b. separation of powers, with three branches able to block and influence each other c. federalism, with independent state governments able to block federal actions (3) Regular elections for politicians serving fixed terms MSC: Analyzing 8. How did the Founders ultimately balance the need for an effective national government with the need to protect the rights of states and individuals? ANS: (1) The new Constitution delegated real power to the national government. Thus, the federal government was much better able to provide collective goods to states and citizens, such as the following: a) military security against potential invasions or internal revolt b) defense of U.S. merchant ships at sea c) effective and coordinated diplomacy with other countries d) a national postal service e) better-coordinated domestic trade with uniform rules and weights and measures. (2) This new national government included independent executive and judicial branches. This separation provided a new source of quick action (the president) and oversight over the legislative branch. (3) More broadly, the new national government effectively paired a larger grant of power to itself with multiple checks to prevent tyrannical use of this power. These include the following: a. Direct limits on the use of power in the Constitution, especially the Bill of Rights and Article I, Section 9 b. Checks and balances i. bicameralism ii. separation of powers, with three branches able to block and influence each other iii. federalism, with independent state governments able to block federal actions c. Regular elections for politicians serving fixed terms MSC: Analyzing 9. What compromises were made during the Constitutional Convention, and why? ANS: The text highlights two compromises: The Great Compromise (also known as the Connecticut Compromise) between large and small states and the Three-Fifths Compromise between slave and nonslave states. The first pact established a bicameral legislature, with one chamber based on representation and the other allowing states to have equal representation. The second settled the question of whether slaves would go toward Congressional representation by allowing three-fifths of a state’s population of slaves to count. In addition to these central compromises, student essays may mention any of several other provisions as the result of a compromise based on other course materials or students’ own prior knowledge of the Constitution. MSC: Analyzing 10. What strategies are built into the Constitution to prevent the abuse of power? ANS: (1) The new national government included independent executive and judicial branches. This provided a new source of quick action (the president) and oversight over the legislative branch. (2) More broadly, the new government effectively paired a larger grant of power to government with multiple checks to prevent tyrannical use of this power. These include the following: a. Direct limits on the use of power in the Constitution, especially the Bill of Rights and Article I, Section 9. b. Checks and balances i. bicameralism ii. separation of powers, with three branches able to block and influence each other iii. federalism, with independent state governments able to block federal actions c. Regular elections for politicians serving fixed terms MSC: Analyzing 11. During the fight for ratification, what major criticisms did the Antifederalists deliver against the proposed Constitution, and how did the Federalists respond? ANS: (1) The Antifederalists argued that citizens could not be truly and fairly represented in a large republic. Genuine representation requires sympathy and similarity that can only be found in small republics—that is, states. Absent a close representational bond, citizens will ignore and violate federal laws. Federalists replied that the Constitution would allow representatives to have some discretion—some independence from the opinions of their constituents—which would allow them to govern well. Good governance, in turn, would promote obedience. (2) The Antifederalists were fearful of tyranny by a small group of elites who gained control of government and then gradually increased their hold on power. Federalists were concerned by the threat of majority tyranny by state legislatures. Larger republics are more diverse and hence less prone to abusive majorities, and the complex structure of the federal government, including staggered elections, would help limit the threat of tyranny by the new federal authorities. (3) The Antifederalists sought to limit the grant of power to the federal government by strictly enumerating what it could (a list of enumerated powers) and could not (a Bill of Rights) do. Federalists believed the new government needed a broad mandate and some flexibility to adapt to new situations. MSC: Analyzing 12. Explain the process for amending the Constitution, and use specific examples to discuss the types of amendments that have actually been ratified. ANS: There are four pathways to amending the Constitution. (1) Proposal by a two-thirds vote of both chambers of Congress, approval by three-fourths of state legislatures (used for all amendments except the Twenty-First) (2) Proposal by a two-thirds vote of both chambers of Congress, approval by conventions in three-fourths of states (used once, to pass the Twenty-First Amendment repealing Prohibition) (3) Proposal by a constitutional convention called by two-thirds of state legislatures, approval by three-fourths of state legislatures (never used) (4) Proposal by a constitutional convention called by two-thirds of state legislatures, approval by conventions in three-fourths of states (never used) Each pathway requires multiple supermajority thresholds. In practice, each constitutional amendment has required both federal and state support and the support of both major political parties. (Note: The text for Chapter 2 does not mention political parties on this point.) MSC: Analyzing 13. In what ways do we see the rationality principle manifest in the creation of the Constitution? ANS: (1) The actions of individuals and groups of people were based on their perceived self-interest. Merchants and planters sought a stronger federal government to ensure security, domestic and foreign trade, and some protection from state legislatures. State legislators resisted the Constitution as a reduction in their power, while many delegates to the Constitutional Convention advocated for the interests of their states based on size, industry, and dependence on slavery. (2) The decision to cooperate at the Constitutional Convention by using negotiation and compromise reflected a rational calculus that the new nation would make them all better off if they could resolve their differences. (3) The Constitution is designed to accommodate and exploit the behavior of rational self-interest. Self-interested politicians’ desire for power would motivate them to monitor and check the other branches of government, while elected representatives would seek to do the best possible job so they could be reelected. (4) The process for ratification of the Constitution reflected a strategic decision to avoid the process for amendment laid out in the Articles of Confederation: unanimous consent of state legislatures. This would never work because state legislatures would lose authority in general and Rhode Island in particular was opposed to the new Constitution. Note: There may be several other legitimate points. MSC: Understanding 14. Compare and contrast the powers of Congress under the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution. Was Congress more or less powerful under the Articles of Confederation? ANS: Congress was much less powerful under the Articles of Confederation. Structurally, Congress was the only real branch under the Articles of Confederation, with no independent executive or judicial branch. Nominally, the Articles of Confederation Congress had the power to declare war and make peace, to make treaties and alliances, to coin or borrow money, and to regulate trade with Native Americans. It did not have the power to regulate commerce between states, levy taxes, or form a national army. In practice, however, the Articles of Confederation Congress had little real power to execute its own laws or compel states to conform to its mandates. MSC: Analyzing 15. What types of collective dilemmas did the United States face under the Articles of Confederation? ANS: The Articles of Confederation established a weak central government with no executive branch or independent judiciary. The Continental Congress lacked the ability to actually enforce its mandates. As a result, the Continental Congress could not enforce the treaties it made with other countries or defend American merchant trade. State governments were often dominated by radical elements that interfered with the economic status quo, including diluting the value of currency to aid debtors. Shays’s Rebellion in Massachusetts in 1787 highlighted the fragility of internal security in the new country. The state of Massachusetts struggled to put down the revolt by desperate farmers, and the central government had little power to aid the state authorities or induce other states to assist. MSC: Analyzing 16. Institutions shape politics. Why did the institutions designed by the Articles of Confederation lead to pressures to draft a new Constitution? ANS: The Articles of Confederation established a weak central government with no executive branch or independent judiciary. The Continental Congress lacked the ability to actually enforce its mandates. As a result, the Continental Congress could not enforce the treaties it made with other countries or defend American merchant trade. State governments were often dominated by radical elements that interfered with the economic status quo, including diluting the value of currency to aid debtors. Shays’s Rebellion in Massachusetts in 1787 highlighted the fragility of internal security in the new country. The state of Massachusetts struggled to put down the revolt by desperate farmers, and the central government had little power to aid the state authorities or induce other states to assist. MSC: Analyzing 17. The framers developed four constitutional principles that prevent the threat of excessive democracy: bicameralism, checks and balances, staggered terms of office, and indirect election. Describe these principles and how they prevent the federal government from directly reflecting the will of the people. ANS: (1) Bicameralism: The use of a legislature with two chambers. The framers adopted the structure of the U.S. Congress, with two independently elected bodies, as the result of the Connecticut Compromise or Great Compromise. (2) Checks and balances: The mechanisms through which each branch of government is able to participate in and influence the activities of the other branches. Students may provide specific examples, such as the executive veto. (3) Staggered terms: The Senate, House of Representatives, and president serve terms of different lengths and thus their electoral terms are not synchronized. The Senate, in addition, is elected on a staggered cycle, so one-third of its members are elected each time. This approach helps diversify the electoral incentives of elected officials; they have differing time horizons and were elected under different circumstances. (4) Indirect elections: The original Constitution provided for indirect election of senators. They were selected by state legislatures as a way to limit popular influence on senators and to ensure that the Senate was composed of more elite members. This changed with the Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution. Additionally, the president is elected indirectly. Each state chooses an allotted number of presidential electors, who vote to choose the president. In practice, however, these electors are elected by popular vote and have nearly zero discretion. MSC: Analyzing 18. How did the cleavages between small states and large states and between slave states and nonslave states shape the institutional design of the Constitution? ANS: The text highlights two compromises (see pages 41–46): The Great Compromise (also known as the Connecticut Compromise) between large and small states and the Three-Fifths Compromise between slave and nonslave states. The first pact established a bicameral legislature, with one chamber based on representation and the other allowing states to have equal representation. The second settled the question of whether slaves would go toward Congressional representation by allowing three-fifths of a state’s population of slaves to count. MSC: Analyzing