Solution Manual for Pathophysiology: Concepts of Human Disease, 2019 Edition

Chapter 2 Theoretical Foundations of Security 2.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Theories are designed to explain a A) Periodic relationship B) Significant association C) Tacit connections D) All of the above E) None of the above Answer: B Page Ref: 27 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Intermediate 2) Theories of crime are explanations of causation that apply to A) The general public B) Lower class citizens C) Street gang members D) All people and all crimes Answer: D Page Ref: 27 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Basic 3) The standard decision-making process involves A) Identifying qualified experts to provide insight B) Preparing in-depth analysis of a number of critical variables C) Calculating the odds of favorable events and choosing the most likely D) Examining the perceived alternatives before deciding on what is the best option Answer: D Page Ref: 29 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Basic 4) According to ________, criminal tendencies are a function of disturbances in early development that lead to mental instability and mood disorders. A) Psychodynamic theory B) Rational choice theory C) Biological theory D) Self-control theory Answer: A Page Ref: 29 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Basic 5) A condition that is formed when there is a disjunction between social goals and the legitimate means people have to attain those goals. A) Illogicality B) Affect C) Anomie D) Impulsivity Answer: C Page Ref: 30 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Intermediate 6) According to the ________, criminal action is the result of a decision or action carried out by impulsive people. A) Psychodynamic theory B) Rational choice theory C) Biological theory D) Self-control theory Answer: D Page Ref: 30 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Basic 7) The theory that states that crime occurs when an individual believes they will benefit from an illegal act and do not fear apprehension and punishment is A) Psychodynamic theory B) Rational choice theory C) Biological theory D) Self-control theory Answer: B Page Ref: 32 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Basic 8) According to ________, an individual’s biochemical, hormonal, and genetic makeup control their behaviors. A) Psychodynamic theory B) Rational choice theory C) Biological theory D) Self-control theory Answer: C Page Ref: 32 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Basic 9) The Crime triangle is a way of ________ routine activities. A) Controlling B) Changing C) Confusing D) Conceptualizing Answer: D Page Ref: 33 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Basic 10) Eliminating the shame of committing a crime is referred to as A) Neutralization technique B) Natural law C) Socialization D) Laws of upbringing Answer: A Page Ref: 31 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Basic 11) The idea that crimes are events that people engage in for a variety of reasons is a part of A) Psychodynamic theory B) Rational choice theory C) Routine activity theory D) Self-control theory Answer: C Page Ref: 32 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Basic 12) The concept of Hot Spots has its foundation in A) Routine activity B) Rational choice C) Law and order D) General deterrence Answer: A Page Ref: 33 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Intermediate 13) The probability that punishment will effectively deter crime is based on perceptions of A) Necessity B) Reality C) Certainty D) Effectiveness Answer: C Page Ref: 34 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Basic 14) Situational Crime Prevention attempts to control crime by A) Altering circumstances B) Redefining variables C) Increasing police deployment D) General deterrence Answer: A Page Ref: 34 Objective: Examine and differentiate between general and specific deterrence. Level: Basic 15) Crime prevention through environmental design includes concepts that are applicable for A) Planned developments B) Private residences C) Organizations of all types and sizes D) All of the above E) None of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 36 Objective: Examine and differentiate between general and specific deterrence. Level: Basic 16) A person’s demonstrated claim to a defined and shared residential territory diminishes with an increase in the number of people who share that claim is referred to as A) Defensible space B) Physical security C) Environmental design D) Defined territory Answer: A Page Ref: 36 Objective: Examine and differentiate between general and specific deterrence. Level: Basic 17) A theory that should be considered when applying physical security strategies in an industrial area is A) Psychodynamic theory B) Social disorganization theory C) Displacement theory D) Diffusion theory Answer: D Page Ref: 37 Objective: Distinguish diffusion of benefits and displacement. Level: Intermediate 18) The practice of CPTED related to security can be seen by all of these except A) Natural Surveillance B) Territorial Reinforcement C) Defensible Space D) Access Control Answer: C Page Ref: 36 Objective: Examine and differentiate between general and specific deterrence. Level: Basic 19) Diffusion of benefits refers to A) The spread of beneficial crime reduction strategies B) Applying physical security strategies C) General deterrence strategies D) Diversion strategies Answer: A Page Ref: 37 Objective: Distinguish diffusion of benefits and displacement. Level: Basic 20) A principle of crime prevention that maintains that, if crime is stopped in one area, law violators may simply move to other areas with less-protected targets. A) Displacement B) Diffusion C) Deflection D) Both A and C Answer: D Page Ref: 37 Objective: Distinguish diffusion of benefits and displacement. Level: Basic 21) Property that is not maintained becomes fair game for people to steal, damage, or destroy just for fun or pleasure. A) Game theory B) Broken windows theory C) Diffusion theory D) Displacement theory Answer: B Page Ref: 38 Objective: Distinguish diffusion of benefits and displacement. Level: Basic 22) The study of strategic decision making in the context of conflict and cooperation, and provides a trusted mathematical approach to consider when deploying limited security resources for maximum effectiveness. A) Game theory B) Broken windows theory C) Diffusion theory D) Displacement theory Answer: A Page Ref: 38 Objective: Distinguish diffusion of benefits and displacement. Level: Basic 23) What security organization uses the PROTECT system? A) Transportation Security Administration B) Homeland Security C) U.S. Coast Guard D) Private Security organizations Answer: C Page Ref: 39 Objective: Distinguish diffusion of benefits and displacement. Level: Intermediate 2.2 True/False Questions 1) Theories do not have to be absolute or significant. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 27 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Intermediate 2) According to the rational choice view of crime, law violators are reasoning people who make decisions by weighing the costs and benefits before they decide whether to violate the law. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 28 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Basic 3) Those who lack self-control are shortsighted risk takers. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 30 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Basic 4) A person’s perception of risk depends on his or her frame of reference is associated with the Psychodynamic theory. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 29 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Basic 5) A condition that is formed when there is a disjunction between social goals and the legitimate means people have to attain those goals is called anomie. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 30 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Intermediate 6) Eliminating the shame of committing a crime is referred to as neutralization technique. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 31 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Basic 7) According to the control view, it is not possible to teach children to control their behavior. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 32 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Basic 8) The Crime triangle is a way of conceptualizing routine activities. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 33 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Basic 9) Situational Crime Prevention is a technique that attempts to control crime by altering the circumstances in which people interact with one another and with the environment. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 34 Objective: Examine and differentiate between general and specific deterrence. Level: Basic 10) General deterrence may be achieved by the swift and effective capture, prosecution, conviction and punishment of offenses. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 34 Objective: Examine and differentiate between general and specific deterrence. Level: Basic 11) Specific Deterrence assumes that once a person is severely punished they will make a rational choice before chancing future criminal involvement. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 34 Objective: Examine and differentiate between general and specific deterrence. Level: Basic 12) Target reduction strategies can be designed to reduce the value of crime to the potential criminal by making goods less attractive. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 35 Objective: Examine and differentiate between general and specific deterrence. Level: Basic 13) Defensible Space includes 4 crucial factors: territoriality, natural surveillance, image, and surroundings. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 36 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Intermediate 14) One of the key concepts of CPTED, diffusion maintains that, if we stop crime in one area, the criminals may simply move to areas with less-protected targets. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 37 Objective: Distinguish diffusion of benefits and displacement. Level: Basic 15) Property that is not maintained becomes fair game for people to steal, damage, or destroy strictly due to need. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 38 Objective: Distinguish diffusion of benefits and displacement. Level: Basic 16) Game theory is the study of strategic decision-making in the context of conflict and cooperation, and provides a trusted mathematical approach to consider when deploying limited security resources for maximum effectiveness. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 38 Objective: Distinguish diffusion of benefits and displacement. Level: Basic 2.3 Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 1) Theories are designed to explain a significant ________ between an underlying cause and a predicted effect. Answer: Association Page Ref: 27 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Basic 2) Theories do not have to be absolute, but they must be ________. Answer: Significant Page Ref: 27 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Basic 3) According to ________ choice law violators are reasoning people who make decisions by weighing the costs and the benefits of crime before they decide whether to violate the law. Answer: Rational Page Ref: 28 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Basic 4) One suspected biological trait connected to crime is a person’s ________ makeup, ranging from food allergies to hormonal imbalance. Answer: Biochemical Page Ref: 28 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Basic 5) People who are most likely to engage in the most serious forms of violence are ________. Answer: Psychotic Page Ref: 30 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Intermediate 6) According to the ________ approach, some people have problems with learning, perception, and maturity. Answer: Cognitive Page Ref: 30 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Intermediate 7) There are actually two versions of socialization theory: ________ view and control view. Answer: Learning Page Ref: 31 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Intermediate 8) Once a person is severely punished, he or she will not chance future criminal involvement is assumed by ________ deterrence. Answer: Specific Page Ref: 34 Objective: Examine and differentiate between general and specific deterrence. Level: Basic 9) The acronym for the design or redesign of a building or area to reduce the opportunities for crime and the fear of crime through natural, mechanical, and procedural means is ________. Answer: CPTED Page Ref: 36 Objective: Examine and differentiate between general and specific deterrence. Level: Basic 10) While displacement means that crime has not been effectively controlled but merely deflected, it may not always be a(n) ________ failure. Answer: Security Page Ref: 37 Objective: Distinguish diffusion of benefits and displacement. Level: Intermediate 11) Researchers of ________ theory have developed algorithms for efficiently providing randomized patrolling and inspection strategies. Answer: Game Page Ref: 38 Objective: Distinguish diffusion of benefits and displacement. Level: Basic 2.4 Matching Questions Match the following. A) Designed to explain a significant association between an underlying cause and a predicted effect B) Law violators are reasoning people who make decisions by weighing the costs and benefits before deciding to commit a crime C) Explanations of causation that apply to all people and all crimes D) A person’s perception of risk depends on their frame of reference 1) Theories Page Ref: 27-29 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Basic 2) Theories of crime Page Ref: 27-29 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Basic 3) Rational choice Page Ref: 27-29 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Basic 4) Cumulative prospect theory Page Ref: 27-29 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Basic Answers: 1) A 2) C 3) B 4) D Match the following. A) People copy behavior that is rewarded and avoid that which is punished B) A condition that is formed when there is a disjunction between social goals and the legitimate means to attain those goals C) Criminal tendencies are a function of disturbances in early human development that lead to mental instability and mood disorders D) Impulsivity—short sighted risk takers, selfish in regard to other people’s feelings 5) Psychodynamic theory Page Ref: 29-30 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Intermediate 6) Self-control approach Page Ref: 29-30 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Intermediate 7) Anomie Page Ref: 29-30 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Intermediate 8) Behaviorism Page Ref: 29-30 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Intermediate Answers: 5) C 6) D 7) B 8) A Match the following. A) An individual’s biochemical, hormonal, and genetic makeup control their behaviors B) Children who are not controlled by their ties to society are free to commit crime C) Children learn to commit crime and hold deviant values in interaction with parents and peers D) Social control efforts break down in lower class, disorganized areas 9) Social disorganization theory Page Ref: 32 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Intermediate 10) Biological theory Page Ref: 32 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Intermediate 11) Social leaning theory Page Ref: 32 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Intermediate 12) Social control theory Page Ref: 32 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Intermediate Answers: 9) D 10) A 11) C 12) B Match the following. A) Once a person is severely punished, they will not chance future criminal involvement B) It is possible to create an environment in which criminal acts are absent because of the fear of punishment C) A technique that attempts to control crime by altering the circumstances in which people interact with one another and with the environment D) The presence of a likely offender, makes no distinction between a human victim and an inanimate target, and defines a capable guardian as either a human actor or a security device 13) General deterrence theory Page Ref: 34 Objective: Examine and differentiate between general and specific deterrence. Level: Intermediate 14) Specific deterrence theory Page Ref: 34 Objective: Examine and differentiate between general and specific deterrence. Level: Intermediate 15) The crime triangle Page Ref: 34 Objective: Examine and differentiate between general and specific deterrence. Level: Intermediate 16) Situational crime prevention Page Ref: 34 Objective: Examine and differentiate between general and specific deterrence. Level: Intermediate Answers: 13) B 14) A 15) D 16) C Match the following. A) The physical attributes of a residential development that make it defendable B) Exemplifies the notion that a person’s home is his or her castle C) The ability of residents to be able to see what’s going on in their neighborhood D) Making the most of a development’s location relative to places that will help to prevent crime 17) Territoriality Page Ref: 36 Objective: Examine and differentiate between general and specific deterrence. Level: Basic 18) Natural surveillance Page Ref: 36 Objective: Examine and differentiate between general and specific deterrence. Level: Basic 19) Image Page Ref: 36 Objective: Examine and differentiate between general and specific deterrence. Level: Basic 20) Surroundings Page Ref: 36 Objective: Examine and differentiate between general and specific deterrence. Level: Basic Answers: 17) B 18) C 19) A 20) D Match the following. A) Security technique under evaluation by the U.S. Transportation Security Administration B) Used by LAX to randomize checkpoints on the roadways entering the airport and canine patrol routes within the airport terminals C) Randomized deployment of the U.S. Federal Air Marshals D) Randomized patrolling in the ports of Boston and New York by the U.S. Coast Guard 25) ARMOR Page Ref: 39 Objective: Distinguish diffusion of benefits and displacement. Level: Intermediate 26) IRIS Page Ref: 39 Objective: Distinguish diffusion of benefits and displacement. Level: Intermediate 27) PROTECT Page Ref: 39 Objective: Distinguish diffusion of benefits and displacement. Level: Intermediate 28) GUARDS Page Ref: 39 Objective: Distinguish diffusion of benefits and displacement. Level: Intermediate Answers: 25) B 26) C 27) D 28) A 2.5 Essay Questions 1) Examine the reasons why people commit crime. Which fits most with your thoughts on crime? Which is furthest from your understanding? Explain your answer. Answer: Answers will vary. Page Ref: 28-32 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Basic 2) Do most average citizens understand the basics of controlling crime in places? Which of the place-related concepts is the easiest to explain? Give a reason for your answer. Answer: Answers will vary. Page Ref: 34 Objective: Examine and differentiate between general and specific deterrence. Level: Basic 3) How would you explain game theory as it is applied to security to someone outside of the discipline or profession? Answer: Answers will vary. Page Ref: 38-39 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Intermediate 2.6 Discussion Questions 1) You just landed a job as the security manager at the company of your choice. If your company’s president walked in to your office and asked what can be accomplished in the security profession by using theories, how would you respond? Answer: Answers will vary, focused on conceptualizing theory. Page Ref: 27-39 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Difficult 2) You’ve examined the crime triangle—design a crime rectangle. You may use some of the material from the triangle, but feel free to reorganize it. Answer: Answers will vary. Page Ref: 33 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Intermediate 3) How would the use of game theory enhance the security operation of a medium or largesized company with which you are acquainted? Answer: Answers will vary — mentioning key points algorithm, strategy, randomization. Page Ref: 38-39 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Basic 4) Choose two theories that were covered and combine them. Describe what the new theory accomplishes, and name it. Explain it as if you were talking to your company’s executives. Answer: Answers will vary. Page Ref: 27-39 Objective: Define theories of crime for the purposes used by security professionals. Level: Intermediate