Solution Manual for Advanced Accounting, 7th Edition

CHAPTER 2 Note: The letter A indicated for a question, exercise, or problem means that the question, exercise, or problem relates to a chapter appendix. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS 1(J). At the acquisition date, the fair value of the contingent consideration must be recorded on the parent‟s books regardless of whether stock or cash is used to settle the earnout. Whether contingent consideration (based on stock issuance) is classified as a liability or as equity depends on the characteristics of the earnout. Earnouts that are settled with a fixed number of shares will be classified as equity if the earnout target is based solely on the buyer‟s operations (which includes the operations of the acquired company) and cannot be based on any external index or comparisons with other companies or industries. If the earnout is settled with a variable number of shares, equity classification is possible if the earnout is based on the parent‟s stock price. However, if the number of shares offered in the earnout is inversely related to the parent‟s stock price, the earnout would be classified as a liability. Very few earnouts using stock will qualify for equity classification. Changes in the value of stock earnouts classified as a liability will be reflected in earnings, while changes in the value of the stock earnouts classified as equity are not remeasured. . 2. Pro forma financial statements (sometimes referred to as “as if” statements) are financial statements that are prepared to show the effect of planned or contemplated transactions. 3. For purposes of the goodwill impairment test, all goodwill must be assigned to a reporting unit. Goodwill impairment for each reporting unit should be tested as follows. In the first step, known as the qualitative test, the firm must evaluate relevant events or circumstances concerning the value of a reporting unit. If it is deemed more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, the company proceeds to the quantitative test. Otherwise, goodwill is not impaired. If it is deemed more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, the company must proceed to the quantitative test. In this test, the fair value of a reporting unit is compared to its carrying amount (goodwill included) at the date of the periodic review. The fair value of the unit may be based on quoted market prices, prices of comparable businesses, or a present value or other valuation technique. If the fair value at the review date is less than the carrying amount, then goodwill is considered impaired. The amount of goodwill impairment is the lesser of the carrying value of goodwill or the excess of the carrying value of the reporting unit over its fair value. 4. The expected increase was due to the elimination of goodwill amortization expense. However, the impairment loss under the new rules was potentially larger than a periodic amortization charge, and this is in fact what materialized within the first year after adoption (a large impairment loss). If there was any initial stock price impact from elimination of goodwill amortization, it was only a short-term or momentum effect. Another issue is how the stock market responds to the goodwill impairment charge. Some users claim that this charge is a non-cash charge and should be disregarded by the market. However, others argue that the charge is an admission that the price paid was too high, and might result in a stock price decline (unless the market had already adjusted for this overpayment prior to the actual writedown). 2-1 ANSWERS TO BUSINESS ETHICS CASE a and b. The board has responsibility to look into anything that might suggest malfeasance or inappropriate conduct. Such incidents might suggest broader problems with integrity, honesty, and judgment. In other words, can you trust any reports from the CEO? If the CEO is not fired, does this send a message to other employees that ethical lapses are okay? Employees might feel that top executives are treated differently. ANSWERS TO ANALYZING FINANCIAL STATEMENTS EXERCISES AFS2-1 Tesla Acquires SolarCity (2016). Questions: Part A: Assuming this were treated as an asset acquisition (business combination), prepare the journal entry on Tesla’s books to record the acquisition. Cash $213,523 Accounts Receivable 74,619 Inventory 191,878 Solar energy systems 5,781,496 Property, plant and equipment 1,056,312 Intangible assets 356,510 Prepaid expenses 199,864 Other assets 638,908 Accounts payable Accrued liabilities Debt Deferred revenues Other liabilities Noncontrolling interest on SolarCity’s books Bargain gain Common stock (11,124.497)($.001) Paid in capital 230,078 238,590 3,525,130 271,128 950,423 1,063,057 88,727 11 2,145,989 The noncontrolling interest on SolarCity’s books represents the amount of net assets on SolarCity’s books that they don’t own from prior acquisitions where they purchased less than 100% ownership. Part B: What was the reason Tesla was able to acquire SolarCity for a bargain? The primary factor contributing to the gain relates to the change in the overall price of our common stock from the time that the Merger Agreement was executed on July 31, 2016 to the acquisition date. During this time, our stock price decreased from $230.01 to $185.04, which in turn reduced the fair value of the consideration. Part C a. What is the journal entry to record the measurement period adjustment? Loss on acquisition* Other assets 57,746 11,571 2-2 Accrued liabilities * $88,727-30,981 46,175 b. How is the bargain gain reported in 2016 and 2017? In 2016, there was a bargain gain of $88,727 In 2017, there was a loss of $57,746 because of the measurement period adjustment which is recognized in the period estimates are finalized. AFS2-1 eBay acquires Skype (A) Goodwill computation Acquisition price Net tangible and intangible assets Goodwill $ 2,593 million 262 million $ 2,331 million (B) Factors used to determine in the contingent consideration is part of the exchange or not. (FASB ASC paragraphs 805-10-55-24 and 25) The acquirer should consider the following if the contingent payments are made to employees or selling shareholders. 1. Is the selling shareholder a continuing employee? If the contingent payment is canceled if the employee‟s employment is terminated, then the consideration might be post-acquisition compensation for services. 2. If the selling shareholder is a continuing employee and the period of required continuing employment is longer than the contingent payment period, the contingent payments might, in substance, be compensation. 3. If the selling shareholder is a continuing employee and the employee‟s compensation is reasonable in comparison to other key employees, the contingent payment may indicate additional consideration rather than compensation. 4. If the contingent payment for non-employees is less than the contingent payments for continuing employees, the additional contingent payments for employees may indicated compensation rather than additional consideration. (C) It is not clear why eBay would settle the earnout for $530.3 million when the conditions for having to make the additional contingent payments (up to $1.3 billion) were probably not going to be met. Under current GAAP, if the amount of the contingent payment exceeded the previously expected amount, the difference is reflected in earnings. Under the rules in effect for the Skype transaction the contingent payment was simply an adjustment of goodwill. Because eBay was settling the earnout for approximately a third of the total potential payments indicates that Skype was not performing well. Notice that eBay wrote down$1.39 billion in goodwill at the same time. One potential reason that eBay might have agreed to the payment is that the former CEO of Skype was stepping down and the contingent payment may have been incentive for him to step down. In addition, the earnout may have prevented eBay from selling Skype. 2-3 As Reported AFS2-2 eBay Sells Skype eBay’s Income Statement Net revenues Cost of net revenues Gross profit Operating expenses: Sales and marketing Product development General & administrative Provision for trans. & loan losses Amortization of acquired intangible assets Restructuring Impairment of goodwill Total operating expenses Income from operations Interest and other income Income before income taxes 2007 2008 Adjustments Adjusted 2009 2007 2008 2009 2007 2008 2009 $7,672,329 $8,541,261 $8,727,362 -364,564 -550,841 -620,403 $7,307,765 $7,990,420 $8,106,959 1,762,972 2,228,069 2,479,762 -337,338 -434,588 -462,701 1,425,634 1,793,481 2,017,061 5,909,357 6,313,192 6,247,600 (27,226) (116,253) (157,702) 5,882,131 6,196,939 6,089,898 1,882,810 1,881,551 1,885,677 1,882,810 1,881,551 1,885,677 619,727 725,600 803,070 619,727 725,600 803,070 904,681 998,871 1,418,389 904,681 998,871 1,075,189 293,917 347,453 382,825 293,917 347,453 382,825 204,104 234,916 262,686 204,104 234,916 262,686 49,119 38,187 – 49,119 38,187 – – – (343,200) 3,905,239 4,237,510 4,447,634 185,498 1,976,892 1,959,429 1,642,264 (1,400,000) 137,671 107,882 22,385 (1,214,502) 2,114,563 2,067,311 1,664,649 2007 2008 2009 80.5% 77.6% 75.1% 1,390,938 (343,200) (1,390,938) 5,296,177 4,237,510 4,790,834 (1,390,938) 613,180 2,075,682 1,456,766 1,363,712 137,671 107,882 1,422,385 750,851 2,183,564 2,879,151 Provision for income taxes Net income (402,600) (404,090) (490,054) $348,251 $1,779,474 $2,389,097 Ratios Gross Margin Percentage Operating Margin Percentage Income before taxes % 2007 2008 2009 77.0% 73.9% 71.6% 8.0% 24.3% 16.7% 27.1% 24.5% 20.3% 9.8% 25.6% 33.0% 28.9% 25.9% 20.5% 1,363,712 7.5% (116,253) (116,253) 21.1% 25.4% There are four adjustments to eliminate the effect of Skype from eBay’s books. First, we eliminate the revenues and the direct expenses 2-4 AFS2-2 solution continued: from each year. We eliminated 100% of Skype’s revenues and direct expenses disclosed in the footnotes in 2009 because it was not clear from the disclosure whether those amounts were the amounts included on eBay’s statements or whether they were for the entire year. An acceptable solution would be to eliminate 11.5/12 or 95.8%. Second, the impairment of goodwill was added back in 2007. Third, the gain on the sale of $1.4 million was subtracted from interest and other income in 2009. And finally, the charge from the legal settlement was added back (or subtracted from costs) in 2009. Performance: Including Skype, eBay’s gross margin declined from 77% to 71.6%. Without Skype, the gross margin still declined, but the decline was smaller (80.5% to 75.1%). Including Skype, income before taxes showed a rather large increase in absolute dollars increasing to $2,879,151 from $648,251 (283% increase). After Skype is eliminated we find a decreasing trend from $2,114,563 to 1,664,649 (a 21.3% decline). A similar trend exists for the income before tax as a percentage of revenues. The unadjusted percentage increased from 9.8% to 33% while the adjusted percentage decreased from 28.9% to 20.5%. The most interesting aspect of the numbers is that eBay recorded an impairment charge of $1.4 million in 2007 and then in 2009 recorded an $1.4 million gain on the sale. 2-5 AFS2-3 Measurement Period Adjustments and Contingent Consideration A. The measurement period adjustment was made at the end of the year. FASB ASC Topic 805.30.35.1 states that some changes in the fair value of contingent consideration that the acquirer recognizes after the acquisition date may be the result of additional information about facts and circumstances that existed at the acquisition date that the acquirer obtained after that date. Such changes are measurement period adjustments. However, changes resulting from events after the acquisition date, such as meeting an earnings target, reaching a specified share price, or reaching a milestone on a research and development project, are not measurement period adjustments. The company in the problem did not use a measurement adjustment correctly because they state that „the initial terms of the agreement have not been met.‟ This is clearly an event that occurred after the date of the acquisition. The company should write down the contingent consideration liability to zero and recognize a gain on revaluation. Note that the English was not corrected in the footnote. They meant to write „the initial terms of the agreement have not been met,‟ but they wrote „have not be met‟. Does this provide confidence to the user that the numbers presented are correct? B. The company is silent on the impairment of the intangible assets acquired. What the company should have recorded: Contingent consideration Gain on revaluing (IS) 367,500 Impairment loss (IS) Intellectual property 577,500 What the company actually recorded: Acquisition Intellectual property Date Common stock and PIC Contingent consideration 367,500 577,500 577,500 210,000 367,500 Measurement Period Adjustment Contingent consideration Goodwill Intellectual property 376,500 210,000 Impairment Impairment loss (IS) Goodwill 210,000 577,500 210,000 C. Although the overall impact on net income is the same (a reduction of net income of $210,000), the company is supposed to estimate the fair value of the contingent consideration each quarter and record the change in income. Using measurement period adjustments to ‘re-write’ history after events occur gives a potentially misleading impression on the performance of the acquisition. Measurement period adjustments are intended to adjust estimation made on the date of acquisition related to better information about circumstances that existed on the date of acquisition, rather than circumstances that arose subsequent to acquisition. AFS2-4 Emdeon Inc. Acquisition of FVTech (Contingent Consideration) 1. Sellers often keep the cash on the date of the acquisition. Thus, they have incentives to delay payments on debt and to attempt to collect receivables in advance. Including a working capital arrangement helps to mitigate these incentive problems. 2. Contingent consideration is often used to help the acquirer and the acquiree to agree on a selling price. The seller believes the company is worth more because of anticipated future performance and the acquirer unsure about the exact future performance. However, the acquirer is more willing to pay more 2-6 for an acquisition if the future performance exceeds some critical level or if certain milestones are met (such as regulatory approval of a drug patent). The total potential contingent consideration offered is $40,000; thus the total potential consideration offered is $60,303 ($20,005 cash, $58 working capital settlement, and $40,000 of contingent consideration). Maximum contingent consideration to total potential consideration offered is 66.3 percent. The fair value of contingent consideration on the date of acquisition is $14,910 is 37.3 percent of the maximum potential contingent consideration offered ($14,910/$40,000). The fair value of contingent consideration on the date of acquisition is 42.6 percent of the total consideration offered on the date of acquisition ($14,910/$34,973)/ 3. Schedule of changes in fair value for contingent consideration st 1 Qtr Fair value of contingent consideration Beginning of quarter (or DOA) 14,910 Fair value at the end of quarter 15,200 Total change in fair value (290) Previous years (gain) and losses Loss on change in fair value (Gain) on change in fair value Totals After Measurement Period Adjustment 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr 13,850 13,210 640 13,850 11,580 2,270 13,850 7,170 6,680 290 (930) (2,270) 290 _____ (930) (1,340) (4,410) -0- -0- -0- – 0- 4. Given that the fair value of the contingent consideration has been decreasing, it becomes less likely that any contingent consideration will be paid. If not, reducing the liability for contingent consideration will result in future gains recorded on the books (In theory, this partially offsets the expected lower earnings.) Gains on reduction in the contingent consideration liability can signal future goodwill impairments. AFS2-5 Emdeon Inc. Acquisition of FVTech (Contingent Consideration) 1. The company did reassess the fair value estimates of the identifiable net assets but did not provide an adequate description that the transaction resulted in a gain. The company merely restated the definition of a bargain gain (i.e. that the transaction resulted in an excess of the value of the net assets acquired over the purchase price). 2. A bargain purchase might happen, for example, in a business combination that is a forced sale in which the seller is acting under compulsion. Also, sometimes the seller needs quick access to funds and perhaps the number of buyers is limited (such as a bank with weak performance). The FASB has struggled over time with bargain purchases because the FASB believes that the number of bargains should be very small. 3. Current Assets 24,910 Property, Plant, and Equipment 491 Due from Securitization 108,554 Identifiable intangible assets 67,200 Current Liabilities 8,500 Deferred taxes 12,527 Cash 158,901 Gain on bargain purchase 21,227 2-7 ANSWERS TO EXERCISES Exercise 2-1 Part A Receivables Inventory Plant and Equipment Land Goodwill ($2,154,000 – $1,824,000) Liabilities Cash 228,000 396,000 540,000 660,000 330,000 Part B Receivables Inventory Plant and Equipment Land Liabilities Cash Gain on Business Combination ($1,230,000 – $990,000) 228,000 396,000 540,000 660,000 594,000 1,560,000 2-8 594,000 990,000 240,000 Exercise 2-2 Cash Receivables Inventories Plant and Equipment (net) ($3,840,000 + $720,000) Goodwill Total Assets $680,000 720,000 2,240,000 4,560,000 120,000 $8,320,000 Liabilities Common Stock, $16 par ($3,440,000 + (.50  $800,000)) Other Contributed Capital ($400,000 + $800,000) Retained Earnings Total Equities 1,520,000 3,840,000 1,200,000 1,760,000 $8,320,000 Entries on Petrello Company‟s books would be: Cash Receivables Inventory Plant and Equipment Goodwill * Liabilities Common Stock (25,000  $16) Other Contributed Capital ($48 – $16)  25,000 200,000 240,000 240,000 720,000 120,000 320,000 400,000 800,000 * ($48  25,000) – [($1,480,000 – ($800,000 – $720,000) – $320,000] = $1,200,000 – [$1,480,000 – $80,000 – $320,000] = $1,200,000 – $1,080,000 = $120,000 2-9 Exercise 2-3 Accounts Receivable Inventory Land Buildings and Equipment Goodwill Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts ($231,000 – $198,000) Current Liabilities Bonds Payable Premium on Bonds Payable ($495,000 – $450,000) Preferred Stock (15,000$100) Common Stock (30,000$10) Other Contributed Capital ($25 – $10) 30,000 Cash 231,000 330,000 550,000 1,144,000 848,000 33,000 275,000 450,000 45,000 1,500,000 300,000 450,000 50,000 Cost paid ($1,500,000 + $750,000 + $50,000) = $2,300,000 Fair value of net assets (198,000 + 330,000 + 550,000 + 1,144,000 – 275,000 – 495,000) = 1,452,000 Goodwill = $848,000 Exercise 2-4 Cash Receivables Inventory Land Plant and Equipment Goodwill* Accounts Payable Bonds Payable Premium on Bonds Payable** Cash 96,000 55,200 126,000 198,000 466,800 137,450 44,400 480,000 45,050 510,000 ** Present value of maturity value, 12 periods @ 4%: Present value of interest annuity, 12 periods @ 4%: Total present value Par value Premium on bonds payable 0.6246$480,000 = 9.38507$24,000 = *Cash paid Less: Book value of net assets acquired ($897,600 – $44,400 – $480,000) Excess of cash paid over book value Increase in inventory to fair value (15,600) Increase in land to fair value (28,800) Increase in bond to fair value 45,050 Total increase in net assets to fair value Goodwill 2 – 10 $299,808 225,242 525,050 480,000 $ 45,050 $510,000 (373,200) 136,800 650 $137,450 Exercise 2-5 Part A Part B Part C Current Assets Plant and Equipment Goodwill Liabilities Cash Liability for Contingent Consideration 960,000 1,440,000 120,000 216,000 2,160,000 144,000 Loss on change in Fair Value of Contingent Consideration Liability for Contingent Consideration 56,000 Liability for Contingent Consideration Gain on change in Fair Value of Contingent Consideration 200,000 56,000 200,000 Exercise 2-6 Part A Part B Current Assets Plant and Equipment Goodwill Liabilities Cash Paid-in-Capital – Contingent Consideration Paid-in-Capital – Contingent Consideration Common Stock ($10 × 10,000) Paid in Capital – Common Stock 960,000 1,440,000 176,000 216,000 2,160,000 200,000 200,000 100,000 100,000 Platz Company does not adjust the original amount recorded as equity. Exercise 2-7 1. (c) Cost (8,000 shares @ $30) Fair value of net assets acquired Excess of cost over fair value (goodwill) $240,000 228,800 $ 11,200 2. (c) Cost (8,000 shares @ $30) Fair value of net assets acquired ($90,000 + $242,000 – $56,000) Excess of fair value over cost (gain) $240,000 276,000 $ 36,000 2 – 11 Exercise 2-8 Current Assets Long-term Assets ($1,890,000 + $20,000) + ($98,000 + $5,000) Goodwill * Liabilities Long-term Debt Common Stock (144,000  $5) Other Contributed Capital (144,000 $15 – $5)) 362,000 2,013,000 395,000 119,000 491,000 720,000 1,440,000 * (144,000 $15) – [$362,000 + $2,013,000 – ($119,000 + $491,000)] = $395,000  $700,000 $20,000   Total shares issued   = 144,000 $5 $5   Fair value of stock issued (144,000$15) = $2,160,000 Exercise 2-9 Case A Cost (Purchase Price) Less: Fair Value of Net Assets Goodwill $130,000 120,000 $ 10,000 Case B Cost (Purchase Price) Less: Fair Value of Net Assets Goodwill $110,000 90,000 $ 20,000 Case C Cost (Purchase Price) Less: Fair Value of Net Assets Gain $15,000 20,000 ($ 5,000) Case A Case B Case C Goodwill Assets Current Assets Long-Lived Assets $10,000 20,000 0 $20,000 30,000 20,000 $130,000 80,000 40,000 2 – 12 Liabilities $30,000 20,000 40,000 Retained Earnings (Gain) 0 0 5,000 Exercise 2-10 Part A. 2019: Quantitative Test: Fair value of the reporting unit Carrying value of unit: Carrying value of identifiable net assets $330,000 Carrying value of goodwill ($450,000 – $375,000) 75,000 $400,000 405,000 $ 5,000 Excess of carrying value over fair value Goodwill impairment is the lower of: Recorded value of goodwill ($450,000 – $375,000) Excess of carrying value over fair value 75,000 5,000 2019 goodwill impairment is $5,000 2020: Step 1: Fair value of the reporting unit Carrying value of unit: Carrying value of identifiable net assets Carrying value of goodwill ($75,000 – $5,000) $400,000 $320,000 70,000 390,000 $ 10,000 Excess of fair value over carrying value Since the fair value is greater than the carrying value, there is no goodwill impairment. 2021: Step 1: Fair value of the reporting unit Carrying value of unit: Carrying value of identifiable net assets Carrying value of goodwill ($75,000 – $5,000) $350,000 $300,000 70,000 Excess of carrying value over fair value Goodwill impairment is the lower of: Recorded value of goodwill ($450,000 – $375,000-5,000) Excess of carrying value over fair value 2021 goodwill impairment is $20,000 2 – 13 370,000 $ 20,000 70,000 20,000 Part B. 2019: Impairment Loss—Goodwill Goodwill 2020: No entry 2021: Impairment Loss—Goodwill Goodwill 5,000 5,000 20,000 20,000 Part C. SFAS No. 142 specifies the presentation of goodwill in the balance sheet and income statement (if impairment occurs) as follows:  The aggregate amount of goodwill should be a separate line item in the balance sheet.  The aggregate amount of losses from goodwill impairment should be shown as a separate line item in the operating section of the income statement unless some of the impairment is associated with a discontinued operation (in which case it is shown net-of-tax in the discontinued operation section). Part D. In a period in which an impairment loss occurs, SFAS No. 142 mandates the following disclosures in the notes: (1) A description of the facts and circumstances leading to the impairment; (2) The amount of the impairment loss and the method of determining the fair value of the reporting unit; (3) The nature and amounts of any adjustments made to impairment estimates from earlier periods, if significant. Part E.(optional) 2019: Step 1: Fair value of the reporting unit $400,000 Carrying value of unit: Carrying value of identifiable net assets $330,000 Carrying value of goodwill ($450,000 – $375,000) 75,000 405,000 Excess of carrying value over fair value $ 5,000 The excess of carrying value over fair value means that step 2 is required. Step 2: Fair value of the reporting unit Fair value of identifiable net assets Implied value of goodwill Recorded value of goodwill ($450,000 – $375,000) Impairment loss 2020: Step 1: Fair value of the reporting unit Carrying value of unit: Carrying value of identifiable net assets Carrying value of goodwill ($75,000 – $15,000) Excess of fair value over carrying value $400,000 340,000 60,000 75,000 $ 15,000 $400,000 $320,000 60,000 380,000 $ 20,000 The excess of fair value over carrying value means that step 2 is not required. 2 – 14 2021: Step 1: Fair value of the reporting unit Carrying value of unit: Carrying value of identifiable net assets Carrying value of goodwill ($75,000 – $15,000) $350,000 $300,000 60,000 Excess of carrying value over fair value 360,000 $ 10,000 The excess of carrying value over fair value means that step 2 is required. Step 2: Fair value of the reporting unit Fair value of identifiable net assets Implied value of goodwill Recorded value of goodwill ($75,000 – $15,000) Impairment loss 2 – 15 $350,000 325,000 25,000 60,000 $ 35,000 Exercise 2-11 a. Fair Value of Identifiable Net Assets Book values $500,000 – $100,000 = Write up of Inventory and Equipment: ($20,000 + $30,000) = Purchase price above which goodwill would result $400,000 50,000 $450,000 b. Equipment would not be written down, regardless of the purchase price, unless it was reviewed and determined to be overvalued originally. c. A gain would be shown if the purchase price was below $450,000. d. Anything below $450,000 is technically considered a bargain. e. Goodwill would be $50,000 at a purchase price of $500,000 or ($450,000 + $50,000). Exercise 2-12A Cash Accounts Receivable Inventory Land Plant Assets Discount on Bonds Payable Goodwill* Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts Accounts Payable Bonds Payable Deferred Income Tax Liability Cash 20,000 112,000 134,000 55,000 463,000 20,000 127,200 10,000 54,000 200,000 67,200 600,000 Cost of acquisition $600,000 Book value of net assets acquired ($80,000 + $132,000 + $160,000) 372,000 Difference between cost and book value 228,000 Allocated to: Increase inventory, land, and plant assets to fair value ($52,000 + $25,000 + $71,000) (148,000) Decrease bonds payable to fair value (20,000) Establish deferred income tax liability ($168,00040%) 67,200 Balance assigned to goodwill $127,200 ANSWERS TO ASC (Accounting Standards Codification) EXERCISES ASC2-1 Presentation Does current GAAP require that the information on the income statement be reported in chronological order with the most recent year listed first, or is the reverse order acceptable as well? Alternative one: Step 1: In the search box on the home page, enter „chronological order‟. Step 2: Two results are obtained. Alternative two: Step 1: Use the drop-down menus under the „presentation‟ general topic on the homepage and choose „Presentation of financial statements‟; then under the second drop-down menu, choose ‟10-overall‟. 2 – 16 Step 2: Click on the „Expand‟ option and scroll through the topics looking for „chronological order‟. The very last line is SAB Topic 11.E Chronological Ordering of Data. FASB ASC 205-10-S99-9 under SEC guidance indicates that the SEC staff have not preference in what order the data are presented (e.g., the most current data displayed first, etc.) as long as all schedules in the report are ordered in the same chronological order. ASC2-2 General Principles In the 1990s, the pooling of interest method was a preferred method of accounting for consolidations by many managers because of the creation of instant earnings if the acquisition occurred late in the year. Can the firms that used pooling of interest in the 1990s continue to use the method for those earlier consolidations, or were they required to adopt the new standards for previous business combinations retroactively? This issue is related to whether the rules for pooling of interest have been grandfathered or not. Alternative one: Step 1: Below the search box on the home page, click on „advanced search.‟ Enter „Pooling of interests‟ in the text/keyword box and click on exact phrase. Step 2: Three results are obtained and the first alternative is the correct answer. Alternative two: Step 1: Use the drop-down menus under the „General Principles‟ general topic on the homepage and choose „Generally Accepted Accounting Principles‟; then under the second drop-down menu, choose ‟10-overall‟. Step 2: Section 70 is always the section for grandfathered guidance. FASB ASC subparagraph 105-10-70-2(a) lists pooling of interests is listed as a grandfathered method. ASC2-3 Glossary What instruments qualify as cash equivalents? On the Codification homepage, click on „Master Glossary‟ in the left-hand column. In the „glossary term quick find‟ menu type „cash equivalent‟ and hit return. Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments that have both of the following characteristics: a. Readily convertible to known amounts of cash b. So near their maturity that they present insignificant risk of changes in value because of changes in interest rates. ASC2-4 Overview If guidance for a transaction is not specifically addressed in the Codification, what is the appropriate procedure to follow in identifying the proper accounting? The topic that established the Codification as authoritative GAAP is Topic 105. Step 1: Use the drop-down menus under the „General Principles‟ general topic on the homepage and choose „Generally Accepted Accounting Principles‟; then under the second drop-down menu, choose ‟10-overall‟. Step 2: click on the red „Join all Sections‟ button. Scroll through the paragraphs. FASB ASC paragraph 105-10-05-2 states that if the guidance for a transaction or event is not specified within a source of authoritative GAAP for that entity, an entity shall first consider accounting principles for similar transactions or events within a source of authoritative GAAP for that entity and then consider nonauthoritative guidance from other sources. 2 – 17 2 – 18 ASC2-5 General List all the topics found under General Topic 200—Presentation (Hint:There are 15 topics). Presentation 205 210 215 220 225 Presentation of Financial Statements Balance Sheet Statement of Shareholder Equity Comprehensive Income Income Statement 230 235 250 255 260 Statement of Cash Flows Notes to Financial Statements Accounting Changes and Error Corrections Changing Prices Earnings Per Share 270 272 274 275 280 Interim Reporting Limited Liability Entities Personal Financial Statements Risks and Uncertainties Segment Reporting ASC2-6 Cross-Reference The rules providing accounting guidance on subsequent events were originally listed in FASB Statement No. 165. Where is this information located in the Codification? List all the topics and subtopics in the Codification where this information can be found (i.e., ASC XXXXX). Step 1: Choose the cross reference tab on the opening page of the Codification. Step 2: Use the „By Standard‟ drop down menu. Choose FAS as the standard type and 165 as the standard number. Click on „Generate Report.‟ FASB ASC subtopic 855-10 [, Subsequent Events – Overall] ASC2-7 Overview Distinguish between an asset acquisition and the acquisition of a business. This is a more difficult issue to find. Alternative one: Step 1: Below the search box on the home page, click on „advanced search.‟ Enter „asset acquisition’ in the text/keyword box and click on exact phrase. Step 2: Sixteen results are obtained. You can narrow the search by clicking on „business combinations‟ in the Narrow by related term section. Then, notice that the section on „related issues‟ seems to be where acquisition of assets rather than a business is located. FASB ASC paragraph 805-50-05-3 states that the guidance in the „acquisition of assets rather than a business‟ subsections address transactions in which the assets acquired and liabilities assumed do not constitute a business. A business is considered an integrated set of activities and assets that is capable of being conducted and managed for the purpose of providing a return in the form of dividends, lower costs, or other economic benefits directly to investors or other owners, members, or participants. Alternative two: 2 – 19 Step 1: Use the drop-down menus under the „Broad Transactions‟ general topic on the homepage and choose „Business Combinations‟; then under the second drop-down menu, choose ‟10-overall‟. Expand the sections. Since nothing is listed related to the search, go to the scope section (805-10-15). FASB ASC subparagraph 805-10-15-4(b) tells you the scope of section 10 does not cover asset acquisitions. Step 2: Go back and search for „asset acquisition. ASC2-8 Measurement GAAP requires that firms test for goodwill impairment on an annual basis. One reporting unit performs the impairment test during January while a second reporting unit performs the impairment test during July. If the firm reports annual results on a calendar basis, is this acceptable under GAAP? This can be a difficult issue to find depending on the student’s knowledge of goodwill. If a general search is used with the term ‘goodwill impairment’ the correct section can be found. The student must be aware that ‘subsequent measurement’ would be related to impairment testing of goodwill since impairment tests are subsequent measurements of goodwill. However, since the correct paragraph is paragraph 28, a lot of scrolling is needed. Alternative two Step 1: Use the drop-down menus under the „Assets‟ general topic on the homepage and choose „350 – Intangibles-Goodwill and other‟; then under the second drop-down menu, choose ‟20-Goodwill‟. Expand the sections. Since nothing is listed related to the search, go to the scope section (805 -10-15). FASB ASC subparagraph 805-10-15-4(b) tells you the scope of section 10 does not cover asset acquisitions. Step 2: click on subsequent measurement and click on „expand‟ topics. One of the topics is „when to test goodwill impairment‟. FASB ASC paragraph 350-20-35-28 states that different reporting units may be tested for impairment at different times. ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS Problem 2-1 Current Assets Plant and Equipment Goodwill* Liabilities Common Stock [(20,000 shares @ $10/share)] Other Contributed Capital [(20,000($15 – $10))] 85,000 150,000 100,000 Acquisition Costs Expense Cash 20,000 Other Contributed Capital Cash To record the direct acquisition costs and stock issue costs 6,000 35,000 200,000 100,000 20,000 2 – 20 6,000 * Goodwill = Excess of Consideration of $335,000 (stock valued at $300,000 plus debt assumed of $35,000) over Fair Value of Identifiable Assets of $235,000 (total assets of $225,000 plus PPE fair value adjustment of $10,000) Problem 2-2 Acme Company Balance Sheet October 1, 2019 (000) Part A. Assets (except goodwill) ($3,900 + $9,000 + $1,300) Goodwill (1) Total Assets $14,200 1,160 $15,360 Liabilities ($2,030 + $2,200 + $260) Common Stock (180$20) + $2,000 Other Contributed Capital (180($50 – $20)) Retained Earnings Total Liabilities and Equity $4,490 5,600 5,400 (130) $15,360 (1) Cost (180$50) Fair value of net assets acquired: $9,000 $10,300 2,460 Fair value of assets of Baltic and Colt Less liabilities assumed Goodwill 2 – 21 7,840 $1,160 Problem 2-2 (continued) Part B. (using the new simplified goodwill impairment rules) Baltic 2020: Step1: Fair value of the reporting unit $6,500,000 Carrying value of unit: Carrying value of identifiable net assets 6,340,000 Carrying value of goodwill 200,000* Total carrying value 6,540,000 Excess of carrying value over fair value 40,000 *[(140,000 x $50) – ($9,000,000 – $2,200,000)] The excess of carrying value over fair value means goodwill is impaired. The amount of goodwill impairment is the lower of: Recorded value of goodwill Excess of carrying value over fair value 200,000 $ 40,000 For 2020, Baltic would impair goodwill of $40,000 Colt 2020: Step1: Fair value of the reporting unit Carrying value of unit: Carrying value of identifiable net assets Carrying value of goodwill Total carrying value Excess of carrying value over fair value $1,900,000 $1,200,000 960,000* 2,160,000 260,000 *[(40,000 x $50) – ($1,300,000 – $260,000)] The excess of carrying value over fair value means goodwill is impaired. The amount of goodwill impairment is the lower of: Recorded value of goodwill Excess of carrying value over fair value 960,000 260,000 For 2020, Colt would impair goodwill of $260,000 Total impairment loss is $300,000. Journal entry: Impairment Loss Goodwill $300,000 $300,000 2 – 22 Problem 2-2 (continued) Part B. (using the former two-step approach to determine goodwill impairment) Baltic 2020: Step1: Fair value of the reporting unit $6,500,000 Carrying value of unit: Carrying value of identifiable net assets 6,340,000 Carrying value of goodwill 200,000* Total carrying value 6,540,000 *[(140,000 x $50) – ($9,000,000 – $2,200,000)] The excess of carrying value over fair value means that step 2 is required. Step 2: Fair value of the reporting unit Fair value of identifiable net assets Implied value of goodwill Recorded value of goodwill Impairment loss $6,500,000 6,350,000 150,000 200,000 $ 50,000 (because $150,000 < $200,000) Colt 2020: Step1: Fair value of the reporting unit $1,900,000 Carrying value of unit: Carrying value of identifiable net assets $1,200,000 Carrying value of goodwill 960,000* Total carrying value 2,160,000 *[(40,000 x $50) – ($1,300,000 – $260,000)] The excess of carrying value over fair value means that step 2 is required. Step 2: Fair value of the reporting unit Fair value of identifiable net assets Implied value of goodwill Recorded value of goodwill Impairment loss $1,900,000 1,000,000 900,000 960,000 $ 60,000 (because $900,000 < $960,000) Total impairment loss is $110,000. Journal entry: Impairment Loss Goodwill $110,000 $110,000 2 – 23 Problem 2-3 Present value of maturity value, 20 periods @ 6%: 0.3118$600,000 = Present value of interest annuity, 20 periods @ 6%: 11.46992$30,000 = Total Present value Par value Discount on bonds payable Cash Accounts Receivable Inventory Land Buildings Equipment Bond Discount ($40,000 + $68,822) Current Liabilities Bonds Payable ($300,000 + $600,000) Gain on Purchase of Business $187,080 344,098 531,178 600,000 $68,822 114,000 135,000 310,000 315,000 54,900 39,450 108,822 95,300 900,000 81,872 Computation of Excess of Net Assets Received Over Cost Cost (Purchase Price) ($531,178 plus liabilities assumed of $95,300 and $260,000) Less: Total fair value of assets received Excess of fair value of net assets over cost $886,478 $968,350 ($ 81,872) Problem 2-4 Part A January 1, 2019 Accounts Receivable Inventory Land Buildings Equipment Goodwill* Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts Accounts Payable Note Payable Cash Liability for Contingent Consideration *Computation of Goodwill Consideration paid ($720,000 + $100,000) Total fair value of net assets acquired ($1,064,000 – $263,000) Goodwill 2 – 24 72,000 99,000 162,000 450,000 288,000 19,000 7,000 83,000 180,000 720,000 100,000 $820,000 801,000 $ 19,000 Problem 2-4 (continued) Part B January 2, 2019 Loss on Change in Fair Value of Contingent Consideration Liability for Contingent Consideration 20,000 20,000 Part C January 2, 2020 Liability for Contingent Consideration Gain from Change in Fair Value of Contingent Consideration Problem 2-5 120,000 120,000 Pepper Company Pro Forma Balance Sheet Giving Effect to Proposed Issue of Common Stock and Note Payable for All of the Common Stock of Salt Company under Purchase Accounting December 31, 2018 Cash Receivables Audited Balance Sheet $180,000 230,000 Inventories Plant Assets Goodwill Total Assets 231,400 1,236,500 _________ $1,877,900 Accounts Payable $255,900 Notes Payable, 8% Mortgage Payable Common Stock, $20 par Additional Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings Total Liabilities and Equity 0 180,000 900,000 270,000 272,000 $1,877,900 2 – 25 Adjustments 405,000 (60,000) 117,000 134,000 905,000 (1) 181,500 (60,000) 180,000 300,000 152,500 600,000 510,000 (2) Pro Forma Balance Sheet $585,000 287,000 365,400 2,141,500 181,500 $3,560,400 $375,900 300,000 332,500 1,500,000 780,000 272,000 $3,560,400 Problem 2-5 (continued) Change in Cash Cash from stock issue ($3730,000) Less: Cash paid for acquisition Plus: Cash acquired in acquisition Total change in cash $1,110,000 (800,000) 95,000 $ 405,000 Goodwill: Cost of acquisition Net assets acquired ($340,000 + $179,500 + $184,000) Excess cost over net assets acquired Assigned to plant assets Goodwill (1) $690,000 + $215,000 Problem 2-6 $1,100,000 703,500 $396,500 215,000 $ 181,500 (2) ($37- $20) 30,000 Ping Company Pro Forma Income Statement for the Year 2019 Assuming a Merger of Ping Company and Spalding Company Sales (1) Cost of goods sold: Fixed Costs (2) Variable Costs (3) Gross Margin $6,345,972 $824,706 2,464,095 Selling Expenses (4) Other Expenses (5) $785,910 319,310 Net Income 3,288,801 3,057,171 1,105,220 $1,951,951 $499,411 $1,951,951 – ($952,640 + $499,900) = = $2,497,055 0.20 0.20 Since $2,497,055 is greater than $1,800,000 Ping should buy Spalding. (1) $3,510,100 + $2,365,800 = $5,875,9001.2.9 = (2) ($1,752,360.30) + ($1,423,800.30.70) = (3) $1,752,360.70 $5,875,900  1.2 $3,510,100 = $6,345,972 $824,706 $2,464,095 (4) ($632,500 + $292,100).85 = $785,910 (5) $172,6001.85 = $319,310 2 – 26 Problem 2-7A Part A Receivables Inventory Land Plant Assets Patents Deferred Tax Asset ($60,000 x 35%) Goodwill* Current Liabilities Bonds Payable Premium on Bonds Payable Deferred Tax Liability Common Stock (30,000$2) Other Contributed Capital (30,000$26) Cost of acquisition (30,000$28) Book value of net assets acquired ($120,000 + $164,000 + $267,000) Difference between cost and book value Allocated to: Increase inventory, land, plant assets, and patents to fair value Deferred income tax liability (35%$266,500) Increase bonds payable to fair value Deferred income tax asset (35%$60,000) Balance assigned to goodwill Part B Income Tax Expense (Balancing amount) Deferred Tax Liability ($51,12535%)* Deferred Tax Asset ($6,00035%) Income Tax Payable ($468,00035%) * Inventory: $100,000 10 $105,000 Patents, 8 Total Plant Assets, $28,000 10,000 13,125 $51,125 2 – 27 125,000 195,000 120,000 567,000 200,000 21,000 154,775 89,500 300,000 60,000 93,275 60,000 780,000 $840,000 551,000 289,000 (266,500) 93,275 60,000 (21,000) $154,775 148,006 17,894 2,100 163,800