Society: The Basics, 13th Edition Test Bank

Macionis, Society: The Basics, 13/e In this revision of the test bank, I have updated all of the questions to reflect changes in Society: The Basics, 13th edition. In this revision, the questions are tagged according to six levels of learning that move from lower-level to higher-level cognitive reasoning. The six levels are: REMEMBER: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material UNDERSTAND: a question testing comprehension of more complex ideas APPLY: a question applying sociological knowledge to some new situation ANALYZE: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship EVALUATE: a question requiring critical assessment CREATE: a question requiring the generation of new ideas The 168 questions in this test bank are divided into four types of questions. True/False questions are the least demanding. As the table below shows, almost all of these questions fall within the two lowest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Remember” and “Understand”). Multiplechoice questions, which still involve the lowest three levels, are also relatively less demanding. Short answer questions also span a broad range of skills (from “Understand” to “Evaluate”). Finally, essay questions are the most demanding because they include 80% of the questions at the three highest levels of cognitive reasoning (“Analyze,” “Evaluate,” and “Create”). Types of Questions Easy to Difficult Level of Difficulty True/False Mult Choice Remember 43 (73%) 51 (62%) Understand 14 (24%) 19 (23%) Apply 2 (3%) 12 (15%) Analyze 0 0 Evaluate 0 0 Create 0 0 59 82 Short Answer 0 8 (50%) 2 (12.5%) 2 (12.5%) 4 (25%) 0 16 Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essay 0 0 1 (9%) 6 (55%) 2 (18%) 2 (18%) 11 Total Qs 94 41 17 8 6 2 168 1 Macionis, Society: The Basics, 13/e CHAPTER 2: CULTURE TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 1. Businesses in this country can profit from recognizing the cultural diversity of the U.S. population. (REMEMBER; answer: T; L.O. 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival; Topic: Chapter Overview; Difficulty: 1) 2. People around the world have much the same outward appearance and wear the same clothing and bodily decoration. (REMEMBER; answer: F; L.O. 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival; Topic: Chapter Overview; Difficulty: 1) 3. Culture refers to the values, beliefs, behavior, and material things that form a way of life. (REMEMBER; answer: T; L.O. 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival; Topic: What is Culture?; Difficulty: 1) 4. An example of nonmaterial culture would be the types of vehicles people use to get around. (UNDERSTAND; answer: F; L.O. 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival; Topic: What is Culture?; Difficulty: 2) 5. Experiencing an unfamiliar culture can generate culture shock. (UNDERSTAND; answer: T; L.O. 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival; Topic: What is Culture?; Difficulty: 1) 6. The same way of life is biologically “natural” to humans everywhere. (REMEMBER; answer: F; L.O. 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival; Topic: What is Culture?; Difficulty: 1) 7. For at least 12,000 years, humans have used culture as a strategy for survival. REMEMBER; answer: T; L.O. 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival; Topic: What is Culture?; Difficulty: 1) 8. The Census Bureau reports that only ten different languages are spoken in the United States. (REMEMBER; answer: F; L.O. 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival; Topic: What is Culture?; Difficulty: 1) 9. Symbols refer to anything that carries meaning that is recognized by people who share a culture. (REMEMBER; answer: T; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 1) Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Macionis, Society: The Basics, 13/e 10. The emergence of computer-based instant messaging shows how new symbols are being created all the time. (APPLY; answer: T; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 2) 11. The story of Helen Keller, who became blind and deaf, shows how the development of our humanity depends on the ability to understand and use symbols. (APPLY; answer: T; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 2) 12. Symbols allow people to make sense of their surroundings. (UNDERSTAND; answer: T; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 1) The gesture we commonly call “thumbs up” is used in most of the world’s societies to signify that something is very good. (REMEMBER; answer: F; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 1) 13. 14. Cultural transmission cannot take place unless people have a written language. (UNDERSTAND; answer: F; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 1) 15. In high-income countries such as the United States, everyone has the ability to read and write. (REMEMBER; answer: F; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 1) 16. English is the first language of only 5 percent of humanity, but it has become the preferred second language throughout most of the world. (REMEMBER; answer: T; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 1) 17. The Sapir-Whorf thesis states that the language we use shapes the reality we perceive. (REMEMBER; answer: T; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 1) 18. Values are standards that serve as broad guidelines for living. (REMEMBER; answer: T; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 1) 19. Most people in the United States share the value that everyone should not only have equality of opportunity, but also equality in all aspects of social standing. (UNDERSTAND; answer: F; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 2) Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Macionis, Society: The Basics, 13/e 20. Compared to cultures around the world, the way of life in the United States emphasizes individualism. (UNDERSTAND; answer: T; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 2) 21. People in the United States tend to view the past as being better than the present. (REMEMBER; answer: F; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 1) 22. Cultural values in the United States always go together—they are all consistent with one another. (UNDERSTAND; answer: F; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 1) 23. One emerging value in the United States is the importance of personal growth, including spiritual activity. (REMEMBER; answer: T; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 1) 24. Cultural values in high-income nations tend to be secular-rational, giving greater importance to personal self-expression. (UNDERSTAND; answer: T; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 1) 25. In general, low-income nations have cultures that value individualism and personal selfexpression. (UNDERSTAND; answer: F; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 2) 26. Mores are norms that have great moral significance. (REMEMBER; answer: T; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 1) 27. Across the United States, mores vary more than folkways. (REMEMBER; answer: F; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 1) 28. Values and norms help to define a society’s “ideal culture.” (REMEMBER; answer: T; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 1) 29. Technology refers to knowledge people use to make a way of life in their surroundings. (REMEMBER; answer: T; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 1) Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Macionis, Society: The Basics, 13/e Gerhard Lenski used the concept “sociocultural evolution” to refer to how technological innovation changes the shape of societies. (REMEMBER; answer: T; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 1) 30. 31. Hunting and gathering societies generate a material surplus. (REMEMBER; answer: F; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 1) 32. Hunting and gathering societies are nomadic. (REMEMBER; answer: T; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 1) 33. Forces of nature have the greatest effect on societies with the simplest technology. (REMEMBER; answer: T; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 1) 34. The subordination of women by men is clearly evident in hunting and gathering societies. (REMEMBER; answer: F; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 1) 35. Horticultural societies typically form permanent settlements. (REMEMBER; answer: T; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 1) 36. Pastoral and horticultural societies are not capable of a material surplus. (REMEMBER; answer: F; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 1) 37. Agrarian societies typically have dramatic social inequality. (REMEMBER; answer: T; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 1) 38. Agriculture differs from horticulture because it makes use of animal-drawn plows that can cultivate much more land. (REMEMBER; answer: T; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 1 39. Industrial societies use powerful sources of energy to drive large machinery. (REMEMBER; answer: T; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 1) 40. The industrial era was underway in parts of Europe by the time the explorer Christopher Columbus reached the Americas in 1492. (REMEMBER; answer: F; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 1) Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Macionis, Society: The Basics, 13/e 41. The use of industrial technology typically raises economic living standards. (REMEMBER; answer: T; L.O 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 1) 42. In general, industrialization results in more schooling and a sharp increase in the share of the population that is illiterate. (REMEMBER; answer: F; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 1) 43. A postindustrial society uses computers and other information technology to operate much of the economy. (REMEMBER; answer: T; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 1) 44. Japan is more multicultural than the United States. (REMEMBER; answer: F; L.O. 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 1) 45. The U.S. has a popular culture, but not a high culture. (REMEMBER; answer: F; L.O. 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 1) 46. Most people participate in numerous subcultures without necessarily becoming very committed to any of them. (REMEMBER; answer: T; L.O. 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 1) 47. The fact that hip-hop music and the DJ scene were invented in the low-income, African American neighborhoods of New York show that people of all social positions help create U.S. cultural patterns. (UNDERSTAND; answer T; L.O. 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 2) 48. Multiculturalists claim that, over the course of U.S. history, most non-English immigrants were advised to adopt the cultural patterns of the English—their “betters”—rather than “melt in.” (UNDERSTAND; answer: T; L.O. 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 2) 49. Afrocentrism refers to the dominance of European cultural patterns. (REMEMBER; answer: F; L.O. 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 1) 50. Subculture is more at odds with dominant culture than counterculture. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Macionis, Society: The Basics, 13/e (UNDERSTAND; answer: F; L.O. 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 2) 51. Cultural lag refers to the fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others. (REMEMBER; answer: T; L.O. 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 1) 52. Cultural change results from invention, discovery, and diffusion. (REMEMBER; answer: T; L.O. 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 1) 53. Cultural relativism means using your own cultural standards to evaluate another culture. (REMEMBER; answer: F; L.O. 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 1) 54. Rock -and-roll music in the United States is one cultural trait that has nothing in common with music that was popular a short time before it emerged. (REMEMBER; answer: F; L.O. 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 1) 55. The structural-functional approach sees culture as a relatively stable system of integrated patterns people use to meet their needs. (UNDERSTAND; answer: T; L.O. 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture; Topic: Theories of Culture; Difficulty: 2) 56. Cultural universals refer to patterns that are held by everyone in a society. (REMEMBER; answer: F; L.O. 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture; Topic: Theories of Culture; Difficulty: 2) 57. Karl Marx argued that a society’s economic system was shaped by its value system. (REMEMBER; answer: F; L.O. 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture; Topic: Theories of Culture; Difficulty: 1) 58. Sociobiology explores how human biology has shaped today’s culture. (REMEMBER; answer: T; L.O. 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture; Topic: Theories of Culture; Difficulty: 1) 59. It is fair to say that humans are prisoners of their existing culture. (UNDERSTAND; answer: F; L.O. 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture; Topic: Theories of Culture; Difficulty: 2) MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Macionis, Society: The Basics, 13/e 60. The chapter opening story of the diversity initiative at Charles Schwab & Co. shows us that a. various minorities respond to the same advertising in exactly the same way. b. Asian American immigrants prefer English to their native language when they are doing business. c. learning more about cultural diversity can help a company boost sales. d. All of these are correct. (REMEMBER; answer: c; L.O. 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival; Topic: Chapter Overview; Difficulty: 1) 61. The United States is the most _______ of all countries. a. multicultural b. culturally uniform c. slowly changing d. nonmaterial (REMEMBER; answer: a; L.O. 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival; Topic: Chapter Overview; Difficulty: 1) 62. What is the term for the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that together make up the way of life for a group of people? a. social structure b. social system c. culture d. society (REMEMBER; answer: c; L.O. 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival; Topic: What is Culture?; Difficulty: 1) 63. As a part of human culture, religion is an example of a. material culture. b. nonmaterial culture. c. culture shock. d. human nature. (APPLY; answer: b; L.O. 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival; Topic: What is Culture?; Difficulty: 2) 64. The intangible world of ideas created by members of a society is referred to as a. high culture. b. material culture. c. norms. d. nonmaterial culture. (REMEMBER; answer: d; L.O. 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival; Topic: What is Culture?; Difficulty: 1) 65. Cars, computers, and iPhones are all examples of which of the following? a. high culture b. material culture Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Macionis, Society: The Basics, 13/e c. norms d. nonmaterial culture (REMEMBER; answer: b; L.O. 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival; Topic: What is Culture?; Difficulty: 1) 66. Looking all around the world, what we find everywhere is a. the same ideas about what is right. b. people enjoying the same sports. c. people creating diverse cultural systems. d. the same standards that define what is beautiful and ugly. (UNDERSTAND; answer: c; L.O. 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival; Topic: What is Culture?; Difficulty: 2) 67. Among all forms of life, humans stand out as the only species that a. relies on culture to ensure survival. b. has patterned ways of living. c. has biological instincts. d. makes use of tools. (UNDERSTAND; answer: a; L.O. 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival; Topic: What is Culture?; Difficulty: 1) 68. The term Homo sapiens, the name of our species, comes from Latin meaning a. “person of culture.” b. “intelligent person.” c. “one who walks upright.” d. “person who evolves.” (REMEMBER; answer: b; L.O. 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival; Topic: What is Culture?; Difficulty: 1) 69. According to scientists, Homo sapiens first appeared on Earth about how long ago? a. 2,500 years b. 25,000 years c. 250,000 years d. 250 million years (REMEMBER; answer: c; L.O. 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival; Topic: What is Culture?; Difficulty: 1) 70. The term _____ refers to a shared way of life, and the term ____ refers to a political entity. a. culture; society b. country; nation c. nation; culture d. culture; nation (REMEMBER; answer: d; L.O. 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival; Topic: What is Culture?; Difficulty: 1) Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 Macionis, Society: The Basics, 13/e 71. The United States is multicultural because a. everyone holds the same values and beliefs. b. each individual holds many different and conflicting values and beliefs. c. there are many widely shared values and beliefs. d. in this country we find many different languages and ways of life. (REMEMBER; answer: d; L.O. 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival; Topic: What is Culture?; Difficulty: 1) 72. Sociologists define a symbol as a. anything that carries meaning to people who share a culture. b. any material cultural trait. c. any gesture that conveys insult to others. d. social patterns that cause culture shock. (REMEMBER; answer: a; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 1) 73. The fact that instant messaging is based on a new set of symbols shows us that a. today’s young people are smarter than their parents. b. symbols are static elements. c. culture changes over time. d. we are not dependent on our culture’s symbols. (APPLY; answer: c; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 1) 74. The language widely spoken by people in more nations of the world than any other is a. Spanish. b. Chinese. c. English. d. Hindi. (REMEMBER; answer: c; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 1) 75. Cultural transmission refers to the process of a. cultural patterns moving from one society to another. b. using the oral tradition. c. passing cultural patterns from one generation to another. d. using writing to enshrine cultural patterns. (REMEMBER; answer: c; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 1) 76. The Sapir-Whorf thesis states that a. language involves attaching labels to the real world. b. people see the world through the cultural lens of their language. c. most words have the same meaning if spoken in different languages. d. every word exists in all known languages. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Macionis, Society: The Basics, 13/e (UNDERSTAND; answer: b; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 2) 77. Standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good, and beautiful are called a. folkways. b. norms. c. mores. d. values. (REMEMBER; answer: d; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 1) 78. The dominant values of U.S. culture include a. a deep respect for the traditions of the past. b. a belief in equality of condition for all. c. a belief in individuality. d. a belief in intuition over science. (REMEMBER; answer: c; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 1) 79. While one dominant value of U.S. culture is the right to equal opportunity and freedom, another is a. equality of condition. b. material comfort. c. racism and group superiority. d. belief in tradition. (UNDERSTAND; answer: c; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 2) 80. Key values of U.S. culture a. always fit together easily. b. change quickly, even from year to year. c. are shared by absolutely everyone in a society. d. are sometimes in conflict with one another. (UNDERSTAND; answer: d; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 2) 81. An emerging value in our society is a. “What was good enough for my parents is good enough for me.” b. “The present is better than the past.” c. “Work is important, but I want more time for leisure and personal growth.” d. “It’s good to be free.” (APPLY; answer: c; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 3) 82. Low-income countries have cultures that value Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Macionis, Society: The Basics, 13/e a. economic survival. b. equal standing for women and men. c. self-expression. d. individualism. (UNDERSTAND; answer: a; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 2) 83. __________ are rules about everyday, casual living; __________ are rules with great moral significance. a. Mores; folkways b. Folkways; mores c. Proscriptive norms; prescriptive norms d. Prescriptive norms; proscriptive norms (REMEMBER; answer: b; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 1) 84. Wrong-doing, such as an adult forcing a child to engage in sexual activity, is an example of violating cultural a. mores. b. symbols. c. folkways. d. control. (APPLY; answer: a; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 3) 85. The early U.S. sociologist who described the difference between folkways and mores was a. Emile Durkheim. b. William Graham Sumner. c. Harriett Martineau. d. George Herbert Mead. (REMEMBER; answer: b; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 1) 86. _____ distinguish between right and wrong; _____ distinguish between right and rude. a. Mores; folkways b. Taboos; mores c. Folkways; mores d. Prescriptive norms; proscriptive norms (UNDERSTAND; answer: a; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 2) 87. An act of kindness, such as opening the door for an elderly man, illustrates conforming to a. mores. b. taboos. c. folkways. d. proscriptive norms. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Macionis, Society: The Basics, 13/e (APPLY; answer: c; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 3) 88. Elements of social control in everyday life include shame, guilt, and a. ideal culture. b. real culture. c. sanctions. d. material culture. (UNDERSTAND; answer: c; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 2) 89. The fact that some married men and married women are sexually unfaithful to their spouses is an example of _____ culture, while the fact that most adults say they support the idea of sexual fidelity is an example of _____ culture. a. high; low b. low; high c. ideal; real d. real; ideal (APPLY; answer: d; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 3) 90. Sociologists refer to tangible or physical human creations as a. nonmaterial culture. b. artifacts. c. technology. d. values. (REMEMBER; answer: b; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 1) 91. What is the term for the application of cultural knowledge to the task of living in an environment? a. real culture b. ideal culture c. cultural transmission d. technology (REMEMBER; answer: d; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 1) 92. According to Gerhard Lenski, which of the following has the greatest power to shape a society? a. technology b. social conflict c. human ideas d. human desire for change (REMEMBER; answer: a; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 1) Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Macionis, Society: The Basics, 13/e According to Lenski, the term “sociocultural evolution” refers to a. changes brought about by new ways of thinking. b. changes created by ideas coming from other societies. c. change that results from social conflict. d. changes that occur as a society acquires new technology. (REMEMBER; answer: d; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 1) 93. 94. Today, hunting and gathering societies a. are quickly spreading around the world. b. represent about half the world’s population. c. are few in number, but are found on every continent. d. are close to disappearing from the world. (REMEMBER; answer: d; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 1) 95. In hunting and gathering societies the a. population is small and nomadic. b. population is large and live in villages. c. population is small and they raise crops and animals. d. population is large and most people are farmers. (UNDERSTAND; answer: a; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 2) 96. In hunting and gathering societies a. men and women do almost entirely the same tasks. b. men hunt animals while women gather vegetation. c. women hunt animals while men gather vegetation. d. men and women work together as hunters. (REMEMBER; answer: b; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 1) 97. The social standing of women and men in hunting and gathering societies is a. unequal, with men controlling farming. b. fairly equal, with men and women each making a vital contribution to survival. c. unequal, with women raising the young while men secure food. d. equal, because both men and women perform the same tasks. (REMEMBER; answer: b; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 1) 98. A great danger to hunting and gathering societies is a. global warfare. b. growing more food than people can carry. c. the forces of nature, including storms and droughts. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Macionis, Society: The Basics, 13/e d. the forces of social inequality. (REMEMBER; answer: c; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 1) 99. Horticultural societies are those in which people a. are nomadic. b. hunt animals and gather vegetation. c. have learned to raise animals. d. use simple hand tools to raise crops. (REMEMBER; answer: d; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 1) 100. The first type of society to generate a material surplus was a. hunting and gathering. b. horticultural and pastoral. c. agrarian. d. industrial. (REMEMBER; answer: b; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 1) 101. What type of society engages in large-scale farming based on the use of plows drawn by animals or more powerful energy sources? a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural c. pastoral d. agrarian (REMEMBER; answer: d; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 1) 102. Agrarian technology developed based on the use of a. the plow, animal power, and the development of metals. b. the ability to travel, the rise of industry, and elevated living standards. c. cultural diffusion, the use of hand tools to grow crops, and social diversity. d. computers, the Information Revolution, and a global culture. (REMEMBER; answer: a; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 1) 103. In terms of social inequality, agrarian societies generally a. have much more inequality than less productive societal types. b. have about the same amount of social inequality as less productive societal types. c. have less social inequality than less productive societal types. d. come very close to being egalitarian societies. (REMEMBER; answer: a; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 1) 104. Which of the following types of society has the most productive specialization? Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Macionis, Society: The Basics, 13/e a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural and pastoral c. agrarian d. industrial (REMEMBER; answer: d; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 1) 105. Which type of human society has existed only since about the year 1750? a. industrial societies b. agrarian societies c. horticultural and pastoral societies d. hunting and gathering societies (REMEMBER; answer: a; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 1) 106. More than ______ people have immigrated to the U.S. between the years 1820 and 2012. a. 1 million b. 10 million. c. 50 million d. 80 million (REMEMBER; answer: d; L.O. 2.4: Discuss Dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 1) 107. The distinction between high culture and popular culture is based mostly on a. how advanced the cultural pattern is. b. how long the cultural pattern has existed. c. the social standing of the people who display the cultural pattern. d. how interesting the cultural pattern is. (REMEMBER; answer: c; L.O. 2.4: Discuss Dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 1) 108. Sometimes the distinction between high culture and popular culture is not so clear, as shown by the television show Here Comes Honey Boo-Boo, because a. the family in this show was always very rich. b. reality shows have made families that were low-income nationally-known media stars who are now earning a lot more money. c. Honey Boo Boo’s mother is a previous Miss America pageant winner. d. reality television never shows people who appear to be of low social position. (REMEMBER; answer: b; L.O. 2.4: Discuss Dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 1) 109. Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society’s population are referred to as a. high culture. b. popular culture. c. elite culture. d. established culture. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Macionis, Society: The Basics, 13/e (REMEMBER; answer: b; L.O. 2.4: Discuss Dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 1) 110. If you were to attend a New York Ballet performance, you would be experiencing a. high culture. b. popular culture. c. cultural transmission. d. virtual culture. (APPLY; answer: a; L.O. 2.4: Discuss Dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 3) 111. Hip-hop music and the DJ scene first emerged a. on college campuses in the 1980s. b. in the South Bronx during the 1970s. c. among rich people in the 1990s as part of elite culture. d. in the South as part of that region’s tradition culture. (REMEMBER; answer: b; L.O. 2.4: Discuss Dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 1) 112. Subculture refers to a. a part of the population lacking culture. b. people who embrace popular culture. c. cultural patterns that set off a part of a society’s population. d. people who embrace high culture. (REMEMBER; answer: c; L.O. 2.4: Discuss Dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 1) 113. Harley Davidson motorcycle riders, computer programmers, and jazz musicians all display _____ patterns. a. high cultural b. popular cultural c. virtual cultural d. subcultural (APPLY; answer: d; L.O. 2.4: Discuss Dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 3) 114. Multiculturalism is defined as a. efforts to encourage immigration to the United States. b. efforts to establish English as the official language of the United States. c. a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equality of all cultural traditions. d. the idea that the United States should have a single, dominant culture. (REMEMBER; answer: c; L.O. 2.4: Discuss Dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 1) Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 Macionis, Society: The Basics, 13/e 115. About how many adults in the United States speak a language other than English at home? a. 7 million b. 17 million c. 27 million d. 61 million (REMEMBER; answer: d; L.O. 2.4: Discuss Dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 1) 116. Other than English, which is the most widely-spoken language in the United States? a. French b. Spanish c. German d. Chinese (REMEMBER; answer: b; L.O. 2.4: Discuss Dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 1) 117. The claim that U.S. culture is wrongly dominated by European, and especially English, way of life characterizes our culture as a. ethnocentric. b. Afrocentric. c. Eurocentric. d. culturally relative. (REMEMBER; answer: c; L.O. 2.4: Discuss Dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 1) 118. Counterculture refers to a. people who differ in some small way. b. popular culture. c. high culture. d. cultural patterns that oppose those that are widely held. (REMEMBER; answer: d; L.O. 2.4: Discuss Dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 1) 119. The region of the United States where the largest percentage of people speak a language other than English at home is the a. Southwest. b. South. c. Northeast. d. Northwest. (REMEMBER; answer: a; L.O. 2.4: Discuss Dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 1) 120. Cultural integration refers to the fact that a. U.S. society contains many cultural patterns. b. European cultural patterns dominate U.S. society. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Macionis, Society: The Basics, 13/e c. change in one cultural pattern is usually linked to changes in others. d. everyone in the United States shares most cultural values. (REMEMBER; answer: c; L.O. 2.4: Discuss Dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 1) Compared to college students of the late 1960s, more of today’s college students are concerned with a. developing a philosophy of life. b. making money. c. seeking justice in the world. d. being involved in political affairs. (UNDERSTAND; answer: b; L.O. 2.4: Discuss Dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 2) 121. The term “cultural lag” refers to the fact that a. the rate of cultural change has been slowing. b. some societies advance faster than others do. c. some people are more cultured than others. d. some cultural elements change more quickly than others. (REMEMBER; answer: d; L.O. 2.4: Discuss Dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 1) 122. 123. A good example of cultural lag is a. gaining the ability to modify genetic patterns in humans before understanding the possible social consequences of doing so. b. a slowing in the rate of invention in the computer industry. c. older people trying to make younger people respect tradition. d. virtual culture replacing traditional culture. (APPLY; answer: a; L.O. 2.4: Discuss Dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 3) 124. Cultural change is set in motion in three general ways. What are they? a. invention, discovery, and diffusion b. invasion, invention, and experiment c. immigration, imagination, and innovation d. adaptation, integration, and immigration (UNDERSTAND; answer: a; L.O. 2.4: Discuss Dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 2) 125. The spread of cultural traits from one society to another is called a. immigration. b. cultural transmission. c. popular culture. d. diffusion. (REMEMBER; answer: d; L.O. 2.4: Discuss Dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 1) Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Macionis, Society: The Basics, 13/e 126. Ethnocentrism refers to a. people taking pride in their ethnicity. b. claiming that another culture is better than your own. c. judging another culture using the standards of your own culture. d. understanding another culture using its own standards and values. (REMEMBER; answer: c; L.O. 2.4: Discuss Dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 1) A person who criticizes the Amish farmer as being “backward” for tilling his fields with horses and a plow instead of using a tractor is displaying a. ethnocentrism. b. cultural relativism. c. cultural diffusion. d. cultural integration. (APPLY; answer: a; L.O. 2.4: Discuss Dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 3) 127. 128. The practice of understanding another culture on its own terms and using its own standards is called a. ethnocentrism. b. cultural relativism. c. cultural diffusion. d. cultural integration. (REMEMBER; answer: b; L.O. 2.4: Discuss Dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 1) 129. The emergence of rock-and-roll in the United States demonstrates a. the lack of a youth culture. b. that musical tastes are not linked to people’s social standing. c. that cultural patterns are subject to change. d. that cultural patterns rarely change. (UNDERSTAND; answer: c; L.O. 2.4: Discuss Dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 1) 130. The flow of _______ from country to country adds to the creation of a global culture. a. goods b. animals c. violent acts d. humanitarian acts (UNDERSTAND; answer: a; L.O. 2.4: Discuss Dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 1 131. Which theoretical approach states that the stability of U.S. society rests on core values shared by most people? a. the structural-functional approach Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 Macionis, Society: The Basics, 13/e b. the social-conflict approach c. the symbolic-interaction approach d. the sociobiology approach (APPLY; answer: a; L.O. 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture; Topic: Theories of Culture; Difficulty: 2) 132. Cultural universals are elements of culture that a. have always been part of U.S. culture. b. have diffused from the United States to other countries. c. have come to the United States from elsewhere. d. are part of every known culture. (REMEMBER; answer: d; L.O. 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture; Topic: Theories of Culture; Difficulty: 1) 133. Telling jokes is an example of a. a cultural universal. b. material culture. c. cultural relativism. d. cultural lag. (UNDERSTAND; answer: a; L.O. 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture; Topic: Theories of Culture; Difficulty: 2) 134. Which theoretical approach is linked to the philosophical doctrine of materialism? a. the structural-functional approach b. the social-conflict approach c. the symbolic-interaction approach d. the sociobiology approach (UNDERSTAND; answer: b; L.O. 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture; Topic: Theories of Culture; Difficulty: 2) 135. A theory that explains how schooling helps prepare young people for the work they will do as adults represents the a. structural-functional approach. b. social-conflict approach. c. symbolic-interaction approach. d. sociobiology approach. (APPLY; answer: a; L.O. 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture; Topic: Theories of Culture; Difficulty: 2) 136. A Marxist analysis of U.S. culture suggests that our competitive and individualistic values reflect a. the values of the “founding fathers.” b. trends in Western European history. c. this nation’s capitalist economy. d. this nation’s family system. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 21 Macionis, Society: The Basics, 13/e (UNDERSTAND; answer: c; L.O. 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture; Topic: Theories of Culture; Difficulty: 2) 137. The theoretical approach that highlights the link between culture and social inequality is the a. structural-functional approach. b. social-conflict approach. c. symbolic-interaction approach. d. sociobiology approach. (REMEMBER; answer: b; L.O. 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture; Topic: Theories of Culture; Difficulty: 1) 138. A feminist theoretical analysis of language in the U.S. suggests that cultural patterns support a. gender inequality. b. gender equality. c. a capitalist economy. d. the family system. (UNDERSTAND; answer: a; L.O. 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture; Topic: Theories of Culture; Difficulty: 2) Which theoretical approach gives an evolutionary explanation of why the sexual “double standard” is found around the world? a. the structural-functional approach b. the social-conflict approach c. the symbolic-interaction approach d. the sociobiology approach (REMEMBER; answer: d; L.O. 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture; Topic: Theories of Culture; Difficulty: 1) 139. 140. Culture acts as a constraint, limiting human freedom because a. much culture is habit, which members of a society repeat again and again. b. humans cannot create new culture for themselves. c. culture always discourages change. d. culture forces us to make choices. (UNDERSTAND; answer: a; L.O. 2.6: Critique culture as limiting or expanding human freedom; Topic: Culture and Human Freedom; Difficulty: 2) 141. Culture is a source of human freedom because a. culture does not guide behavior. b. all culture changes very quickly. c. as cultural creatures, humans make and remake the world for themselves. d. culture is habitual. (UNDERSTAND; answer: c; L.O. 2.6: Critique culture as limiting or expanding human freedom; Topic: Culture and Human Freedom; Difficulty: 2) Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 22 Macionis, Society: The Basics, 13/e SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 142. What is the difference between material and nonmaterial culture? (UNDERSTAND; L.O. 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival; Topic: What is Culture?; Difficulty: 2) 143. What causes culture shock? Provide an example of culture shock in everyday life. (APPLY; L.O. 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival; Topic: What is Culture?; Difficulty: 3) 144. Define and explain the importance of each of the five common components of all human culture: symbols, language, values, beliefs, and norms. (UNDERSTAND; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 2) 145. What are five of the key values in U.S. culture? What quality do these values seem to have in common? (ANALYZE; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 3) 146. What difference is found in cultural values when comparing low-income nations and high-income nations? Explain this pattern. (ANALYZE; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 2) 147. Give an example of each of the following: (a) folkways, (b) mores, (c) a prescriptive norm, and (d) a proscriptive norm. (APPLY; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 3) 148. What is the difference between “ideal” and “real” culture? (UNDERSTAND; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 2) What does Gerhard Lenski mean by “sociocultural evolution”? Why does he argue that technology shapes every aspect of society? (UNDERSTAND; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 2) 149. 150. Briefly describe societies based on hunting and gathering, pastoralism, horticulture, agriculture, and industry. (UNDERSTAND; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 2) Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 23 Macionis, Society: The Basics, 13/e 151. What is the difference between high culture and popular culture? (UNDERSTAND; L.O. 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 2) 152. Explain how the development of hip-hop music demonstrates the fact that even people of low social position play a part in creating culture. (UNDERSTAND; L.O. 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 2)) 153. What is the difference between subculture and counterculture? Define your terms carefully. (UNDERSTAND; L.O. 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 2) 154. What is ethnocentrism? What is cultural relativism? Identify a problem with each. (EVALUATE; L.O. 2.4: Discuss dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 2) 155. What basic view of culture underlies the structural-functional approach? What is one weakness or limitation of this approach? (EVALUATE; L.O. 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture; Topic: Theories of Culture; Difficulty: 2) 156. What basic view of culture underlies the social-conflict approach? What is one weakness or limitation of this approach? (EVALUATE; L.O. 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture; Topic: Theories of Culture; Difficulty: 2) 157. What does the sociobiology approach tell us about human culture? What is one weakness or limitation of this approach? (EVALUATE; L.O. 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture; Topic: Theories of Culture; Difficulty: 2) ESSAY QUESTIONS/TOPICS FOR SHORT PAPERS 158. Write a short essay in which you assess the idea that there is no single way of life that is “natural” for humanity. What comes naturally to our species is the creation of diverse patterns of human culture. (CREATE; L.O. 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival; Topic: What is Culture?; Difficulty: 3) 159. “Human nature is the development of culture.” Explain how human beings came to be the only creatures to make use of culture as a strategy for survival. Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 24 Macionis, Society: The Basics, 13/e (ANALYZE; L.O. 2.1: Explain the development of culture as a human strategy for survival; Topic: What is Culture?; Difficulty: 3) 160. How does ideal culture differ from real culture? Illustrate your essay using three examples of how ideal and real culture differ in U.S. society. (APPLY; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 3) 161. How do cultural values differ in low-income nations and in high-income nations? What reasons can you provide for this difference? (ANALYZE; L.O. 2.2: Identify common elements of culture; Topic: The Elements of Culture; Difficulty: 3) Describe Gerhard Lenski’s model of sociocultural evolution, summarizing several key traits of each stage. What major technological revolutions have reshaped human societies in the past? (ANALYZE; L.O. 2.3: Analyze how a society’s level of technology shapes its culture; Topic: Technology and Culture; Difficulty: 3) 162. 163. Use the emergence of rock and roll music in the 1950s to illustrate how this musical form was built from music that came before it, but also explain how it was different. How does the story of rock and roll show the link between culture and social class? What about race? What about age? (ANALYZE; L.O. 2.4: Discuss Dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 3) 164. Identify at least one positive and one negative consequence of declaring English as the “official” language of the United States. Why do some people strongly support this goal? Why do others strongly oppose it? (EVALUATE; L.O. 2.4: Discuss Dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 3) 165. How does the history of rock-and-roll music illustrate the changing and socially diverse character of our nation’s way of life? Consider race, class, gender, and age in your essay. (ANALYZE; L.O. 2.4: Discuss Dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 3) 166. After carefully examining National Map 2-1 on page 67, write an essay that explains how and why the experience of cultural diversity is different for people living in different regions of the United States. (ANALYZE; L.O. 2.4: Discuss Dimensions of cultural difference and cultural change; Topic: Cultural Diversity: Many Ways of Life in One World; Difficulty: 3) 167. Write an essay that highlights the different insights about culture that come from the structural-functional approach, the social-conflict approach, and the sociobiology Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 25 Macionis, Society: The Basics, 13/e approach. Is one theoretical approach more appropriate than another? Or does each approach offer insights that are complementary? (EVALUATE; L.O. 2.5: Apply sociology’s macro-level theories to gain greater understanding of culture; Topic: Theories of Culture; Difficulty: 3) 168. Write a short essay in which you explain the degree to which humans living within a world of culture are free. (CREATE; L.O. 2.6: Critique culture as limiting or expanding human freedom; Topic: Culture and Human Freedom; Difficulty: 3) Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 26 Macionis, Society: The Basics, 13/e Name ________________________________ Quick Quiz: Chapter 2 Culture Multiple Choice: 1. The United States is the most _______ of all countries. a. multicultural c. slowly changing b. culturally uniform d. nonmaterial 2. Key values of U.S. culture a. always fit together easily. b. change quickly, even from year to year. c. are shared by absolutely everyone in a society. d. are sometimes in conflict with one another. 3. Other than English, which is the most widely-spoken language in the United States? a. French c. German b. Spanish d. Chinese 4. George Murdock pointed to many cultural universals. Which of the following is NOT an example of a cultural universal? a. belief in a heavenly afterlife c. the family b. funeral rites d. telling jokes 5. Among all forms of life, humans stand out as the only species that a. relies on culture to ensure survival. c. has biological instincts. b. has patterned ways of living. d. makes use of tools. 6. The term Homo sapiens, the name of our species, comes from Latin meaning a. “person of culture.” c. “one who walks upright.” b. “intelligent person.” d. “person who evolves.” 7. The early U.S. sociologist who described the difference between folkways and mores was a. Emile Durkheim. c. Harriett Martineau. b. William Graham Sumner. d. George Herbert Mead. True/False __________ 8. Culture refers to values, beliefs, behavior, and material things that form a way of life. __________ 9. An example of nonmaterial culture would be the types of vehicles people use to get around. Short Answer 10. What are five of the key values in U.S. culture? What do they have in common? Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 27 Macionis, Society: The Basics, 13/e Name ________________________________ Quick Quiz: Chapter 2 Culture Multiple Choice: 1. The United States is the most _______ of all countries. a. multicultural c. slowly changing b. culturally uniform d. nonmaterial 2. Key values of U.S. culture a. always fit together easily. society. b. change quickly, even from year to year. c. are shared by absolutely everyone in a d. are sometimes in conflict with one another. 3. Other than English, which is the most widely-spoken language in the United States? a. French c. German b. Spanish d. Chinese 4. George Murdock pointed to many cultural universals. Which of the following is NOT an example of a cultural universal? a. belief in a heavenly afterlife c. the family b. funeral rites d. telling jokes 5. Among all forms of life, humans stand out as the only species that a. relies on culture to ensure survival. c. has biological instincts. b. has patterned ways of living. d. makes use of tools. 6. The term Homo sapiens, the name of our species, comes from Latin meaning a. “person of culture.” c. “one who walks upright.” b. “intelligent person.” d. “person who evolves.” 7. The early U.S. sociologist who described the difference between folkways and mores was a. Emile Durkheim. c. Harriett Martineau. b. William Graham Sumner. d. George Herbert Mead. True/False ___True____ 8. Culture refers to values, beliefs, behavior, and material things that form a way of life. ___False___ 9. An example of nonmaterial culture would be the types of vehicles people use to get around. Short Answer 10. What are five of the key values in U.S. culture? What do they have in common? Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 28