Sensation and Perception, 2nd Edition Test Bank

Instructor Resource Schwartz,Sensation and Perception 2e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 Chapter 2: Research Methodology Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. What does the Scoville scale measure? a. the psychophysical reaction to sense data b. the amount of capsaicin we detect in food c. the strength and amplitude of sound waves d. the amount of caffeine in coffee Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the nature of psychophysical scales and how they measure the relation of stimuli in the world and our perceptions of them. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. A food company wants to develop a psychological measure to evaluate people’s perception of sweetness. What should they do? a. Ask participants to rate a number of levels of sweetness on a numerical scale. b. Ask participants to indicate the sweetest food that they like to eat. c. Ask participants to judge the point at which a drink becomes too sweet. d. Ask participants to judge the amount of capsaicin in the foods they consume. Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the nature of psychophysical scales and how they measure the relation of stimuli in the world and our perceptions of them. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Why is the Scoville scale considered a psychophysical scale? a. It measures the relation of velocity to loudness. b. It measures a psychological variable (piquancy) as a function of a physical dimension (the amount of capsaicin). c. It measures a physical variable (the amount of heat) as a function of a sensory dimensions (taste and touch). d. It focuses on the psychological, rather than the physical, experience of consuming hot peppers. Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the nature of psychophysical scales and how they measure the relation of stimuli in the world and our perceptions of them. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium Instructor Resource Schwartz,Sensation and Perception 2e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 4. In what method are stimuli presented in a graduated scale, with participants asked to judge the stimuli along a certain property that goes up or down? a. the method of adjustment b. the method of repugnancy c. the magnitude method d. the method of limits Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the nature of psychophysical scales and how they measure the relation of stimuli in the world and our perceptions of them. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Method of Limits Difficulty Level: Easy 5. The smallest amount of a stimulus necessary to allow an observer to detect its presence is known as the ______ threshold. a. complete b. partial c. absolute d. relative Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the nature of psychophysical scales and how they measure the relation of stimuli in the world and our perceptions of them. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Method of Limits Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Jaime is a participant in a psychophysical experiment on sound detection. He is asked to determine the softest sound he can hear at a particular frequency. That sound is his ______. a. motivational limit b. signal detection limit c. absolute threshold d. difference threshold Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the nature of psychophysical scales and how they measure the relation of stimuli in the world and our perceptions of them. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Method of Limits Difficulty Level: Medium 7. The smallest difference between two stimuli that can be detected is known as the ______. a. difference threshold b. absolute threshold c. just observable difference d. remarkable difference Instructor Resource Schwartz,Sensation and Perception 2e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the nature of psychophysical scales and how they measure the relation of stimuli in the world and our perceptions of them. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Method of Limits Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Difference thresholds in visual detection vary as a function of ______. a. the level of auditory distraction b. the amount of sensory overload in the system c. whether the judgments are being made at threshold or above threshold d. whether there is a clear relationship between visual and auditory stimuli Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the nature of psychophysical scales and how they measure the relation of stimuli in the world and our perceptions of them. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Method of Constant Stimuli Difficulty Level: Medium 9. In absolute threshold detection experiments, the crossover point is defined as the point at which ______. a. a person is first able to detect a stimulus b. a person ceases to detect a stimulus c. all stimuli in a sequence will be correctly detected d. the number of hits and false alarms doubles Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the nature of psychophysical scales and how they measure the relation of stimuli in the world and our perceptions of them. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Method of Limits Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Dr. Wong is doing a psychophysical experiment to determine the smallest detectable concentration of coffee. He presents some coffee concentrations that are clearly detectable, others that cannot be detected, and some that are just detectable. These presentations are randomized. What method is Dr. Wong using? a. adjudication b. constant stimuli c. inverse thresholds d. limits Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the nature of psychophysical scales and how they measure the relation of stimuli in the world and our perceptions of them. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Method of Constant Stimuli Difficulty Level: Hard Instructor Resource Schwartz,Sensation and Perception 2e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 11. A method whereby an observer controls the level of the stimulus and sets it at the perceptual threshold is known as the method of ______. a. adjustment b. constant stimuli c. thresholds d. limits Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the nature of psychophysical scales and how they measure the relation of stimuli in the world and our perceptions of them. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Method of Adjustment Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Dr. Patel is doing an experiment on the softest volume humans can hear at a particular frequency. He asks participants to set a dial to the softest possible sound they can hear. What method is Dr. Patel using? a. control b. limits c. sensitivity d. adjustment Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the nature of psychophysical scales and how they measure the relation of stimuli in the world and our perceptions of them. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Method of Adjustment Difficulty Level: Hard 13. What is the point of subjective equality? a. the point at which the method of limits generates the same responses as the method of adjustment b. the point at which observers experience two different stimuli as being identical c. the point at which subject estimates correspond to objective measures d. the point at which the sensation of piquancy transforms from pleasant to unpleasant Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the nature of psychophysical scales and how they measure the relation of stimuli in the world and our perceptions of them. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Method of Adjustment Difficulty Level: Easy 14. A psychophysical method in which participants judge and assign numerical estimates to the perceived strength of a stimulus is known as ______. a. magnitude estimation b. response compression c. threshold sensitivity Instructor Resource Schwartz,Sensation and Perception 2e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 d. the signal detection axis Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the nature of psychophysical scales and how they measure the relation of stimuli in the world and our perceptions of them. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Magnitude Estimation Difficulty Level: Easy 15. If we double the amount of capsaicin in our hot sauce, according to response expansion, we can expect______. a. less than double the amount of perceived piquancy b. more than double the amount of perceived piquancy c. no increase in the amount of perceived piquancy d. a proportional decrease in perceived piquancy Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the nature of psychophysical scales and how they measure the relation of stimuli in the world and our perceptions of them. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Magnitude Estimation Difficulty Level: Medium 16. A psychophysical method in which a participant is required to report when or where a stimulus occurs instead of whether it was perceived is known as the ______. a. forced-choice method b. open response method c. free-choice method d. closed response method Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the nature of psychophysical scales and how they measure the relation of stimuli in the world and our perceptions of them. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Catch Trials and Their Use Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Professor Everdine is interested in devising a scale to examine people’s perception of saltiness. She asks participants to rate solutions with various amounts of salt dissolved in them on a scale from 0 (not salty at all) to 100 (extremely salty). This method is known as ______. a. limit testing b. magnitude estimation c. signal detection d. threshold evaluation Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the nature of psychophysical scales and how they measure the relation of stimuli in the world and our perceptions of them. Cognitive Domain: Application Instructor Resource Schwartz,Sensation and Perception 2e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 Answer Location: Magnitude Estimation Difficulty Level: Medium 18. Dr. Chudnofsky is interested in the smallest differences in the wavelength of light and the ability of humans to detect these differences. He should therefore design an experiment that will look at ______. a. correct rejections b. absolute thresholds c. difference thresholds d. false alarms Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the nature of psychophysical scales and how they measure the relation of stimuli in the world and our perceptions of them. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Method of Limits Difficulty Level: Medium 19. In two-point thresholds across the skin, one measures ______. a. the minimum distance at which two touches are perceived as two touches and not one b. the maximum distance at which two touches are perceived as two touches and not one c. the minimum distance at which one touch is perceived as two touches d. only the maximum distance for touches in the most sensitive areas of the skin Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the nature of psychophysical scales and how they measure the relation of stimuli in the world and our perceptions of them. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Method of Limits Difficulty Level: Easy 20. Professor Everdine has devised a scale to examine people’s perception of saltiness. She finds that for every milligram of salt added, the perception of saltiness increases fourfold. That is, the perception of saltiness increases faster than the actual increase in salt. This finding illustrates response ______. a. compression b. expansion c. subtraction d. addition Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the nature of psychophysical scales and how they measure the relation of stimuli in the world and our perceptions of them. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Magnitude Estimation Difficulty Level: Medium Instructor Resource Schwartz,Sensation and Perception 2e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 21. An observer is asked to adjust the level of pressure on the skin until the person can just barely feel the lightest pressure on his or her skin. Then the observer starts again from a different starting level of pressure. Which technique does this best represent? a. magnitude estimation b. response compression c. signal-inverse method d. method of adjustment Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the nature of psychophysical scales and how they measure the relation of stimuli in the world and our perceptions of them. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Method of Adjustment Difficulty Level: Hard 22. Karwan is a participant in a psychophysical experiment on visual detection. He is shown a mix of near-threshold stimuli with stimulus-absent catch trials. When Karwan indicates that he saw a light in a stimulus-absent catch trial, he is making a ______. a. hit b. correct rejection c. miss d. false alarm Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.2: Demonstrate an understanding of signal detection theory. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Signal Detection Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Karwan is a participant in a psychophysical experiment on visual detection. He is shown a mix of near-threshold stimuli with stimulus-absent catch trials. When Karwan indicates that he did not see a light that was actually present, he is making a ______. a. hit b. correction rejection c. miss d. false alarm Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.2: Demonstrate an understanding of signal detection theory. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Signal Detection Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 24. In signaldetection theory, an internal cutoff above which the observer makes one response and below which the observer makes another response is known as a ______. a. threshold b. limit c. criterion Instructor Resource Schwartz,Sensation and Perception 2e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 d. series Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.2: Demonstrate an understanding of signal detection theory. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Signal Detection Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 25. In signal detection theory, if the cost of a miss is very high and the risk of a false alarm is very low, the criterion will be set ______. a. very low to maximize hits b. very low to maximize correct rejections c. very high to minimize false alarms d. very high to maximize hits Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.2: Demonstrate an understanding of signal detection theory. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Signal Detection Theory Difficulty Level: Hard 26. A radiologist screening mammograms to detect breast cancer in a high-risk patient is likely to ______. a. adopt a low criterion because she does not want signal-detection misses b. adopt a high criterion because she does not want many signal-detection false alarms c. do everything she can to decrease sensitivity so as to create more correct rejections d. do everything she can to increase sensitivity so as to create fewer false alarms Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.2: Demonstrate an understanding of signal detection theory. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Signal Detection Theory Difficulty Level: Hard 27. The mathematical measure of sensitivity in signal-detection theory is known as ______. a. the cost coefficient b. d-prime c. alpha d. the ROC curve Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.2: Demonstrate an understanding of signal detection theory. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Signal Detection Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 28. A plot of false alarms versus hits for any given sensitivity, indicating all possible outcomes for a given sensitivity, is known as ______. a. a ROC curve Instructor Resource Schwartz,Sensation and Perception 2e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 b. a noise plot c. criterion processing d. object-substitution masking Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.2: Demonstrate an understanding of signal detection theory. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Signal Detection Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 29. Dr. Kao is developing a technique to screen for malignant tumors. Dr. Kao’s technique should ______. a. increase sensitivity to maximize hits regardless of the number of misses b. increase sensitivity to maximize hits but minimize misses c. decrease sensitivity to maximize correct rejections d. decrease sensitivity to minimize false alarms Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.2: Demonstrate an understanding of signal detection theory. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Signal Detection Theory Difficulty Level: Hard 30. Masking is a difficulty associated with which sense? a. hearing b. smell c. touch d. vision Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine how signal detection processes are used to examine how sensory modalities interact with each other. Explain how masking works. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: In Depth: Signal Detection and Multisensory Processing Difficulty Level: Easy 31. Masking experiments require participants to determine whether a stimulus is ______. a. present b. pleasant c. strong or weak d. increasing or decreasing Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine how signal detection processes are used to examine how sensory modalities interact with each other. Explain how masking works. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: In Depth: Signal Detection and Multisensory Processing Difficulty Level: Easy Instructor Resource Schwartz,Sensation and Perception 2e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 32. Marco participates in a masking experiment. After the experiment, the researcher tells Marco that he has a high d’ score. Which of the following must be true of Marco? a. He is good at predicting when a stimulus will appear. b. His sense of smell is stronger than his visual acuity. c. He is good at identifying when no stimulus is present. d. His pattern recognition skills are above average. Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine how signal detection processes are used to examine how sensory modalities interact with each other. Explain how masking works. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: In Depth: Signal Detection and Multisensory Processing Difficulty Level: Hard 33. Robinson et al (2016) conducted a study of whether olfaction interacts with vision. What did they find? a. There was no measurable interaction between the two senses. b. Interaction between the two senses was more pronounced in women. c. Interaction between the two senses was more pronounced in men. d. There was a high degree of interaction between the senses. Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine how signal detection processes are used to examine how sensory modalities interact with each other. Explain how masking works. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: In Depth: Signal Detection and Multisensory Processing Difficulty Level: Medium 34. Which neuroimaging technique produces the best spatial maps of the brain? a. EEG b. MEG c. fMRI d. TMS Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.4: Evaluate neuroscience methods and what they tell us about sensation and perception. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Application: Psychophysics in Assessment: Hearing Tests and Vision Tests Difficulty Level: Easy 35. Which neuroimaging technique uses electrodes to determine the time course of perceptual processes? a. EEG b. MEG c. fMRI d. TMS Ans: A Instructor Resource Schwartz,Sensation and Perception 2e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 Learning Objective: 2.4: Evaluate neuroscience methods and what they tell us about sensation and perception. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Application: Psychophysics in Assessment: Hearing Tests and Vision Tests Difficulty Level: Easy 36. Neuroimaging techniques were an advancement on early methods because they allow researchers to study ______ brains. a. inactive b. human c. underdeveloped d. living Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.4: Evaluate neuroscience methods and what they tell us about sensation and perception. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Application: Psychophysics in Assessment: Hearing Tests and Vision Tests Difficulty Level: Easy 37. Which of the following is TRUEof transmagnetic stimulation? a. It induces changes in brain function. b. It picks up continuous electric signal. c. It uses magnetic sensors to detect brain activity. d. It takes a picture every 30 milliseconds. Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.4: Evaluate neuroscience methods and what they tell us about sensation and perception. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Application: Psychophysics in Assessment: Hearing Tests and Vision Tests Difficulty Level: Easy 38. Permanent hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea or auditory nerve is called ______ hearing loss. a. sensorineural b. conductive c. innate d. bichromal Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.5: Assess how audiologists and optometrists use psychophysical assessment tools to measure patients’ hearing and visual abilities and, in some cases, help them find appropriate corrective measures. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Application: Psychophysics in Assessment: Hearing Tests and Vision Instructor Resource Schwartz,Sensation and Perception 2e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 Tests Difficulty Level: Easy 39. The inability of sound to be transmitted to the cochlea is known as ______ hearing loss. a. sensorineural b. conductive c. innate d. bichromal Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.5: Assess how audiologists and optometrists use psychophysical assessment tools to measure patients’ hearing and visual abilities and, in some cases, help them find appropriate corrective measures. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Application: Psychophysics in Assessment: Hearing Tests and Vision Tests Difficulty Level: Easy 40. Which of the following will an audiogram show? a. the increase in decibels required to get a binaural response b. the extent of neural damage in the cochlea c. the increase in sensitivity due to advanced hearing loss d. the lowering of sensitivity for different frequencies in each ear Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.5: Assess how audiologists and optometrists use psychophysical assessment tools to measure patients’ hearing and visual abilities and, in some cases, help them find appropriate corrective measures. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Application: Psychophysics in Assessment: Hearing Tests and Vision Tests Difficulty Level: Easy 41. What is the name for the condition that causes an inability to focus clearly on far objects, which occurs because accommodation cannot make the lens thin enough? a. presbyopia b. amblyopia c. macular degeneration d. myopia Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.5: Assess how audiologists and optometrists use psychophysical assessment tools to measure patients’ hearing and visual abilities and, in some cases, help them find appropriate corrective measures. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Application: Psychophysics in Assessment: Hearing Tests and Vision Tests Difficulty Level: Easy Instructor Resource Schwartz,Sensation and Perception 2e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 42. A condition in which incoming light focuses behind the retina, leading to difficulty focusing on close-up objects, common in older adults, in whom the lens becomes less elastic, is known as ______. a. presbyopia b. myopia c. cataracts d. macular degeneration Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.5: Assess how audiologists and optometrists use psychophysical assessment tools to measure patients’ hearing and visual abilities and, in some cases, help them find appropriate corrective measures. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Application: Psychophysics in Assessment: Hearing Tests and Vision Tests Difficulty Level: Easy 43. What diagnosis might a patient receive after a test of visual acuity? a. presbyopia b. macular degeneration c. retinopathy d. conjunctivitis Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.5: Assess how audiologists and optometrists use psychophysical assessment tools to measure patients’ hearing and visual abilities and, in some cases, help them find appropriate corrective measures. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Application: Psychophysics in Assessment: Hearing Tests and Vision Tests Difficulty Level: Easy 44. Dr. Alvarez is an optometrist. While examining a patient, he detects a medical problem with one of her eyes. What is he most likely to do? a. prescribe antibiotics b. refer the patient to an ophthalmologist c. adjust the patient’s prescription to reduce strain d. use the Snellen chart to assess the extent of the problem Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.5: Assess how audiologists and optometrists use psychophysical assessment tools to measure patients’ hearing and visual abilities and, in some cases, help them find appropriate corrective measures. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Application: Psychophysics in Assessment: Hearing Tests and Vision Tests Difficulty Level: Medium Instructor Resource Schwartz,Sensation and Perception 2e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 45. A graph that illustrates the thresholds for the frequencies as measured by the audiometer is known as a(n) ______. a. Snellen chart b. frequency curve c. acuity graph d. audiogram Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.5: Assess how audiologists and optometrists use psychophysical assessment tools to measure patients’ hearing and visual abilities and, in some cases, help them find appropriate corrective measures. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Application: Psychophysics in Assessment: Hearing Tests and Vision Tests Difficulty Level: Easy True/False 1. What measures 15,000 on the Scoville scale for one person may represent a different number for somebody else. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the nature of psychophysical scales and how they measure the relation of stimuli in the world and our perceptions of them. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. The two-point touch threshold is the minimum distance at which two touches are perceived as two touches and not one. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the nature of psychophysical scales and how they measure the relation of stimuli in the world and our perceptions of them. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Method of Limits Difficulty Level: Easy 3. In signal detection analysis, a false alarm is an error that occurs when a nonsignal is mistaken for a target signal. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2.2: Demonstrate an understanding of signal detection theory. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Signal Detection Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Two observers make different judgments in a signal-detection experiment even though their sensitivity is identical. This may be the result of different criterion. Ans: T Instructor Resource Schwartz,Sensation and Perception 2e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 Learning Objective: 2.2: Demonstrate an understanding of signal detection theory. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Signal Detection Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Women tend to have an advantage over men when it comes to sense of smell. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine how signal detection processes are used to examine how sensory modalities interact with each other. Explain how masking works. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: In Depth: Signal Detection and Multisensory Processing Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Masking occurs when two different senses are stimulated simultaneously. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine how signal detection processes are used to examine how sensory modalities interact with each other. Explain how masking works. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: In Depth: Signal Detection and Multisensory Processing Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Neuroimaging allows scientists to correlate perception with brain activity. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2.4: Evaluate neuroscience methods and what they tell us about sensation and perception. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: In Depth: Signal Detection and Multisensory Processing Difficulty Level: Easy 8. MEG produces better special maps of the brain than fMRI. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2.4: Evaluate neuroscience methods and what they tell us about sensation and perception. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: In Depth: Signal Detection and Multisensory Processing Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Conductive hearing loss is permanent hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea or auditory nerve. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2.5: Assess how audiologists and optometrists use psychophysical assessment tools to measure patients’ hearing and visual abilities and, in some cases, help them find appropriate corrective measures. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Application: Psychophysics in Assessment: Hearing Tests and Vision Tests Instructor Resource Schwartz,Sensation and Perception 2e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 Difficulty Level: Easy 10. A Snellen chart is used as an initial screening for glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. Ans: F Learning Objective: 2.5: Assess how audiologists and optometrists use psychophysical assessment tools to measure patients’ hearing and visual abilities and, in some cases, help them find appropriate corrective measures. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Application: Psychophysics in Assessment: Hearing Tests and Vision Tests Difficulty Level: Easy Short Answer 1. Akilah and her team want to develop a scale that rates the bitterness of chocolate. Bitterness is tied to the concentration of cocoa in the chocolate. Explain the test they should run in order to develop the scale. Be sure to explain both the physical and psychological dimensions of the test. Ans: Akilah and her team could use a psychophysical scale to measure test subjects’ experience of bitterness as they taste different concentrations of cocoa. The concentration of cocoa would be the physical dimension and the perception of bitterness would be the psychological dimension. The team would need to give tasters chocolate with a known concentration of cocoa, then test how much more concentrated the cocoa would need to be before the tasters noticed a difference. Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the nature of psychophysical scales and how they measure the relation of stimuli in the world and our perceptions of them. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Hard 2. Explain how response expansion works, using an example to illustrate the concept. Ans: Student examples will vary. A sample answer follows. Response expansion occurs when an increase in the strength of a stimulus is accompanied by a disproportionate increase in a person’s perceptual response to it. For example, if someone hearing a loud sound ranks their discomfort at 2 out of 10 on a pain scale, doubling the volume would result in the person ranking their pain at more than double, or a number greater than 4. Learning Objective: 2.1: Explain the nature of psychophysical scales and how they measure the relation of stimuli in the world and our perceptions of them. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Magnitude Estimation Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Explain the relationship between criterion and sensitivity in signal detection theory. Instructor Resource Schwartz,Sensation and Perception 2e SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019 Ans: In signal detection theory, criterion refers to an internal cutoff determined by an observer. The observer has one response for anything above this cutoff and another for anything below. Sensitivity refers to the ease or difficulty with which the observer can distinguish the signal from noise. The concepts are related. When sensitivity remains constant, criterion determines the ratio of hits to false alarms. For example, an observer with high sensitivity will generally have a high number of hits and correct rejections. However, if the same observer also has a low criterion, it can lead to many false alarms. Learning Objective: 2.2: Demonstrate an understanding of signal detection theory. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Signal Detection Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Compare and contrast electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG). Be sure to include both similarities and differences in your analysis. Ans: Both EEG and MEG detect rapid changes in the brain, and both can be used to make special maps of the brain. There are several important differences between these two technologies, however. EEG uses electrodes to detect brain signals, while MEG uses magnetic sensors to detect magnetic fields caused by the brain’s electrical activity. EEG provides a more precise time scale for changes in the brain than MEG does, but MEG provides better special maps. Learning Objective: 2.4: Evaluate neuroscience methods and what they tell us about sensation and perception. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: In Depth: Signal Detection and Multisensory Processing Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Explain how an audiologist evaluates a patient for hearing loss. Ans: The audiologist will usually begin a hearing loss evaluation by using an audiometer to assess how well the patient hears. An audiometer is a device that gives off tones at different frequencies. The patient listens through headphones as the audiologist presents the tones. The audiologist records what the patient does and does not hear, and in which ear. The audiologist then creates an audiogram, a graph of the thresholds for each frequency measured. This graph is then used to determine if there is hearing loss at any frequency. If there is, the audiologist can fit the patient with hearing aids. If the audiologist suspects a medical issue, he or she may refer the patient to a medical doctor. Learning Objective: 2.5: Assess how audiologists and optometrists use psychophysical assessment tools to measure patients’ hearing and visual abilities and, in some cases, help them find appropriate corrective measures. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Application: Psychophysics in Assessment: Hearing Tests and Vision Tests Difficulty Level: Medium