Psychology Applied To Modern Life: Adjustment In The 21st Century, 11th Edition Test Bank

1. Which of the following ideas lies at the core of the concept of personality? a. Being true to oneself b. Traits shared with others c. Consistency across situations d. Being able to adjust to different situations ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: The Nature of Personality LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.01 – Clarify the meaning of personality and personality traits. KEYWORDS: Factual 2. Which of the following ideas is NOT central to the concept of personality? a. Consistency across situations b. Traits that are shared with others c. Distinctiveness of an individual d. A unique collection of traits possessed by an individual ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: The Nature of Personality LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.01 – Clarify the meaning of personality and personality traits. KEYWORDS: Factual 3. _____ refers to an individual’s unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits. a. Cognition b. Personality c. Consistency d. Distinctiveness ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: The Nature of Personality LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.01 – Clarify the meaning of personality and personality traits. KEYWORDS: Conceptual 4. “Shrewd,” “timid,” and “self­assured” are all adjectives that can be used to represent a. personality theories. b. personality traits. c. personality tests. d. social situations. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: The Nature of Personality LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.01 – Clarify the meaning of personality and personality traits. KEYWORDS: Conceptual NOTES: New 5. Sue’s friends say that she is sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, and straightforward. Which of the following Big Five traits would best describe her? a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Agreeableness d. Conscientiousness ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: The Nature of Personality LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.02 – Describe the five-factor model of personality and relations between the Big Five traits and life outcomes. KEYWORDS: Conceptual 6. Eric studies three hours per day, five days a week. He only misses school when he is sick and is almost never late for class. On which of the following Big Five traits would he likely receive a high score? a. Neuroticism b. Extraversion c. Agreeableness d. Conscientiousness ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: The Nature of Personality LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.02 – Describe the five-factor model of personality and relations between the Big Five traits and life outcomes. KEYWORDS: Conceptual 7. Which of the following are Big Five traits? a. Neuroticism and intelligence b. Openness to experience and intelligence c. Neuroticism and openness to experience d. Neuroticism, openness to experience, and fortitude ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: The Nature of Personality LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.02 – Describe the five-factor model of personality and relations between the Big Five traits and life outcomes. KEYWORDS: Factual 8. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to Big Five research? a. Conscientiousness is a positive predictor of longer life. b. Conscientiousness is a positive predictor of career success. c. Neuroticism is a positive predictor of career success. d. Neuroticism is a positive predictor of mental disorders. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: The Nature of Personality LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.02 – Describe the five-factor model of personality and relations between the Big Five traits and life outcomes. KEYWORDS: Factual 9. All psychodynamic theories stem from the work of a. Jung. b. Adler. c. Freud. d. Rogers. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Psychodynamic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.03 – Explain Freud’s view of personality structure and the role of conflict and anxiety. KEYWORDS: Factual 10. Psychodynamic theories of personality tend to focus on a. a set of basic personality traits. b. unconscious mental processes. c. the unique qualities of human beings. d. laboratory research with children. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Psychodynamic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.03 – Explain Freud’s view of personality structure and the role of conflict and anxiety. KEYWORDS: Factual NOTES: New 11. In psychoanalytic theory, the personality component that operates according to the pleasure principle is the a. id. b. ego. c. superego. d. superid. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Psychodynamic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.03 – Explain Freud’s view of personality structure and the role of conflict and anxiety. KEYWORDS: Factual 12. The moral component of personality, according to Freud, is represented by the a. id. b. ego. c. superego. d. superid. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Psychodynamic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.03 – Explain Freud’s view of personality structure and the role of conflict and anxiety. KEYWORDS: Factual 13. Which of the following is NOT one of the three levels of awareness proposed by Freud? a. Conscious b. Unconscious c. Preconscious d. Collective unconscious ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Psychodynamic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.03 – Explain Freud’s view of personality structure and the role of conflict and anxiety. KEYWORDS: Factual 14. According to Freud, the ______ contains thoughts and feelings that are just below the surface of awareness. a. unconscious b. subconscious c. preconscious d. collective unconscious ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Difficult REFERENCES: Psychodynamic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.03 – Explain Freud’s view of personality structure and the role of conflict and anxiety. KEYWORDS: Factual NOTES: New 15. Freud attributed anxiety to your a. ego worrying about the id getting out of control. b. superego getting out of control. c. id taking over your mind and will. d. ego getting out of control and taking over your mind. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Psychodynamic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.03 – Explain Freud’s view of personality structure and the role of conflict and anxiety. KEYWORDS: Conceptual NOTES: New 16. According to Freud, conflicts centering on ______ and ______ impulses are especially likely to have far-reaching consequences. a. sexual; death b. power; death c. sexual; aggressive d. aggressive; achievement ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Psychodynamic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.03 – Explain Freud’s view of personality structure and the role of conflict and anxiety. KEYWORDS: Factual 17. You’re feeling guilty after your third bowl of ice cream. You tell yourself it’s alright because yesterday you skipped lunch. This is an example of a. conceptualization. b. rationalization. c. displacement. d. identification. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Psychodynamic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.04 – Identify key defense mechanisms, and outline Freud’s view of development. KEYWORDS: Conceptual 18. A witness to a brutal murder has trouble remembering any details of the crime. According to Freud, which defense mechanism is at work in this example? a. Projection b. Reaction formation c. Regression d. Repression ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Psychodynamic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.04 – Identify key defense mechanisms, and outline Freud’s view of development. KEYWORDS: Conceptual 19. Attributing your own thoughts, feelings, or motives to others to ward off anxiety or guilt is called a. regression. b. displacement. c. projection. d. reaction formation. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Psychodynamic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.04 – Identify key defense mechanisms, and outline Freud’s view of development. KEYWORDS: Conceptual 20. Two months ago, your best friend did not win a major scholarship that she had been counting on to help pay for graduate school. Now she is always fighting with you, her boyfriend, and her roommates. She is most likely using the defense mechanism called a. regression. b. displacement. c. projection. d. identification. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Psychodynamic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.04 – Identify key defense mechanisms, and outline Freud’s view of development. KEYWORDS: Conceptual 21. In psychoanalytic theory, failure to move forward from one developmental stage to another is called a. extinction. b. regression. c. inertia. d. fixation. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Psychodynamic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.04 – Identify key defense mechanisms, and outline Freud’s view of development. KEYWORDS: Factual 22. Which of the following is the correct order of Freud’s psychosexual stages? a. Anal, oral, phallic, genital, latency b. Phallic, anal, oral, latency, genital c. Oral, genital, phallic, anal, latency d. Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Psychodynamic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.04 – Identify key defense mechanisms, and outline Freud’s view of development. KEYWORDS: Factual 23. According to Freud, a toddler is in the __________ stage of psychosexual development. a. anal b. latency c. oral d. phallic ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Psychodynamic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.04 – Identify key defense mechanisms, and outline Freud’s view of development. KEYWORDS: Conceptual NOTES: New 24. According to Freud, in order to achieve healthy development, a child in the phallic stage must resolve the Oedipal complex and learn to _________ the same sex parent. a. annoy b. be fearful of c. deceive d. identify with ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Psychodynamic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.04 – Identify key defense mechanisms, and outline Freud’s view of development. KEYWORDS: Factual 25. Jan relies on obsessive eating and smoking to cope with her problems. According to Freud, Jan is suffering from fixation in the a. phallic stage. b. oral stage. c. anal stage. d. genital stage. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Psychodynamic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.04 – Identify key defense mechanisms, and outline Freud’s view of development. KEYWORDS: Conceptual NOTES: New 26. Carl Jung proposed that the unconscious consists of two layers, the ______ and the ______. a. preconscious; subconscious b. personal unconscious; collective unconscious c. personal unconscious; universal preconscious d. individual archetype; collective archetype ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Psychodynamic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.05 – Summarize the psychodynamic theories proposed by Jung and Adler. KEYWORDS: Factual 27. According to Jung, the collective unconscious is a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people’s ancestral past, which is a. unique to each individual. b. shared with the entire human race. c. shared with one’s blood relatives. d. accessible only through free association. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Psychodynamic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.05 – Summarize the psychodynamic theories proposed by Jung and Adler. KEYWORDS: Factual 28. One idea from Jung’s personality theory that has been incorporated into mainstream modern psychology is the notion of a. archetypes. b. mnemonics. c. collective unconscious. d. introversion/extraversion. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Difficult REFERENCES: Psychodynamic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.05 – Summarize the psychodynamic theories proposed by Jung and Adler. KEYWORDS: Factual 29. According to Adler, ______ involves efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one’s abilities. a. introversion b. compensation c. reaction formation d. individual psychology ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Psychodynamic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.05 – Summarize the psychodynamic theories proposed by Jung and Adler. KEYWORDS: Factual 30. John is always putting himself down and expressing doubts in his own abilities. According to Adler, John may have a(n) a. inferiority complex. b. Oedipal complex. c. fixation at the oral stage of development. d. weak sexuality drive. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Psychodynamic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.05 – Summarize the psychodynamic theories proposed by Jung and Adler. KEYWORDS: Conceptual NOTES: New 31. Which of the following notions is NOT considered one of the major contributions of psychoanalytic theory? a. Role of childhood experiences in influencing adult personality b. Role of internal conflict in generating psychological distress c. Influence of reinforcement in maintaining specific behaviors d. Importance of unconscious motivation in influencing behavior ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Psychodynamic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.06 – Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the psychodynamic approach to personality. KEYWORDS: Factual 32. Critics have described the psychodynamic perspective as a. biased against males and overemphasizing unconscious desires. b. empirically untestable and biased against males. c. biased against females and difficult to test. d. all of the above. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Difficult REFERENCES: Psychodynamic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.06 – Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the psychodynamic approach to personality. KEYWORDS: Factual NOTES: New 33. Which of the following theoretical orientations asserts that scientific psychology should focus on the study of observable behavior? a. Humanism b. Behaviorism c. Psychoanalysis d. Structuralism ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Behavioral Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.07 – Describe Pavlov’s classical conditioning and its contribution to understanding personality. KEYWORDS: Factual 34. Which of the following individuals is generally recognized for initiating the development of behaviorism? a. John B. Watson b. Alfred Adler c. Albert Bandura d. Hans Eysenck ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Behavioral Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.07 – Describe Pavlov’s classical conditioning and its contribution to understanding personality. KEYWORDS: Factual 35. Which of the following is a behaviorist definition of personality? a. A collection of response tendencies that arise in various stimulus situations b. An individual’s striving for superiority c. A person’s durable dispositions that arise in a variety of situations d. The nature of a person’s mental processes ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Behavioral Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.07 – Describe Pavlov’s classical conditioning and its contribution to understanding personality. KEYWORDS: Factual 36. Which of the following individuals is credited with discovering classical conditioning? a. Carl Rogers b. Ivan Pavlov c. Sigmund Freud d. Abraham Maslow ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Behavioral Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.07 – Describe Pavlov’s classical conditioning and its contribution to understanding personality. KEYWORDS: Factual 37. An originally neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a conditioned response is called a(n) a. unconditioned stimulus. b. conditioned stimulus. c. response-bound stimulus. d. association-positive stimulus. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Behavioral Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.07 – Describe Pavlov’s classical conditioning and its contribution to understanding personality. KEYWORDS: Factual 38. In classical conditioning, the unconditioned response is a(n) ______ reaction to an unconditioned stimulus. a. learned b. unlearned c. neutral d. shaped ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Behavioral Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.07 – Describe Pavlov’s classical conditioning and its contribution to understanding personality. KEYWORDS: Factual 39. Which one of the following types of learned behavior is most likely to be governed by classical conditioning? a. Anxieties b. Phobias c. Maladaptive emotional reactions d. All of the above ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Behavioral Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.07 – Describe Pavlov’s classical conditioning and its contribution to understanding personality. KEYWORDS: Factual 40. When your cat hears a can being opened and comes running, it is an example of a. operant conditioning. b. social learning. c. classical conditioning. d. emotional learning. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Behavioral Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.07 – Describe Pavlov’s classical conditioning and its contribution to understanding personality. KEYWORDS: Conceptual NOTES: New 41. _____ refers to a form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their own consequences. a. Operant conditioning b. Classical conditioning c. Social learning d. Extinction ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Behavioral Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.08 – Discuss how Skinner’s principles of operant conditioning can be applied to personality development. KEYWORDS: Factual NOTES: New 42. Working hard to sell the most widgets for your employer in order to earn a bonus and paid vacation is behavior that is shaped by the prospect of a. primary reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive reinforcement. d. punishment. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Behavioral Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.08 – Discuss how Skinner’s principles of operant conditioning can be applied to personality development. KEYWORDS: Conceptual 43. If you clean your room to put an end to your father’s incessant nagging on the subject, your room­cleaning response has been a. extinguished. b. discriminated. c. positively reinforced. d. negatively reinforced. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Behavioral Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.08 – Discuss how Skinner’s principles of operant conditioning can be applied to personality development. KEYWORDS: Conceptual 44. The strengthening of a response leading to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus is a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. punishment. d. extinction. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Behavioral Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.08 – Discuss how Skinner’s principles of operant conditioning can be applied to personality development. KEYWORDS: Factual 45. Attempting to weaken a response by presenting a noxious or aversive stimulus after that response is called a. punishment. b. classical conditioning. c. extinction. d. negative reinforcement. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Behavioral Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.08 – Discuss how Skinner’s principles of operant conditioning can be applied to personality development. KEYWORDS: Factual 46. Albert Bandura differed from other behaviorists in that he gave an important role to _________ in influencing human behavior. a. reflexes b. cognition c. consequences d. punishments ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Behavioral Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.09 – Describe Bandura’s social cognitive theory and his concept of self-efficacy. KEYWORDS: Factual 47. The idea that people are active participants in their learning is the core of a. learning reinforcement. b. conditioning theory. c. social cognitive theory. d. accidental learning. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Behavioral Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.09 – Describe Bandura’s social cognitive theory and his concept of self-efficacy. KEYWORDS: Conceptual 48. One’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes is called a. self-concept. b. self-actualization. c. self-confidence. d. self-efficacy. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Behavioral Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.09 – Describe Bandura’s social cognitive theory and his concept of self-efficacy. KEYWORDS: Factual 49. Behaviorists have provided the most thorough account of why people a. are only moderately consistent in their behavior. b. become fixated at particular stages of development. c. are not influenced by the consequences of their behavior. d. tend to react with aggression when they are frustrated. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Behavioral Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.10 – Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of behavioral theories of personality. KEYWORDS: Factual 50. One criticism of the behavioral approach in the past is that a. cognition is not directly observable behavior. b. it focused too much on the unconscious. c. there was no scientific basis. d. there was too much research on people instead of other animals. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Behavioral Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.10 – Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of behavioral theories of personality. KEYWORDS: Factual 51. Humanistic theory emerged in the 1950s as a(n) ______ behavioral and psychodynamic theories. a. complement to b. elaboration on c. backlash against d. supplement to ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Humanistic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.11 – Describe the forces that gave rise to humanism, and articulate Rogers’s views on the self-concept. KEYWORDS: Factual 52. Humanism is a theoretical orientation that a. regards human personality as a collection of response tendencies. b. views self-efficacy as the ultimate goal of personality development. c. sees personality as resulting mainly from observation of others. d. emphasizes unique human qualities such as free will and growth potential. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Humanistic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.11 – Describe the forces that gave rise to humanism, and articulate Rogers’s views on the self-concept. KEYWORDS: Factual 53. Humanistic psychologists’ major charge against the behaviorist and psychodynamic theories was that these models were a. based on personal growth. b. unscientific. c. dehumanizing. d. too optimistic. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Humanistic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.11 – Describe the forces that gave rise to humanism, and articulate Rogers’s views on the self-concept. KEYWORDS: Conceptual 54. Which of the following is NOT an assumption underlying the humanistic approach to personality? a. Human nature includes an innate drive toward personal growth. b. Humans are largely conscious and rational beings. c. Individuals have the freedom to chart their courses of action. d. People tend to engage in behaviors that have been rewarded in the past. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Humanistic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.11 – Describe the forces that gave rise to humanism, and articulate Rogers’s views on the self-concept. KEYWORDS: Conceptual 55. Which of the following individuals based his theory on the importance of the self-concept? a. Abraham Maslow b. Carl Rogers c. Sigmund Freud d. Hans Eysenck ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Humanistic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.11 – Describe the forces that gave rise to humanism, and articulate Rogers’s views on the self-concept. KEYWORDS: Factual 56. Daniel feels that he is not a good student despite having good grades. According to Rogers, Daniel may experience discomfort due to a. unconditional love. b. observational distress. c. incongruence. d. self-efficacy. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Difficult REFERENCES: Humanistic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.11 – Describe the forces that gave rise to humanism, and articulate Rogers’s views on the self-concept. KEYWORDS: Conceptual NOTES: New 57. Rogers emphasized a person’s subjective point of view he called a. person-centered. b. incongruence. c. self-concept. d. self-actualization. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Humanistic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.11 – Describe the forces that gave rise to humanism, and articulate Rogers’s views on the self-concept. KEYWORDS: Factual 58. The humanistic theorist who emphasized the need for self-actualization and the hierarchical organization of needs was a. J.B. Watson. b. B.F. Skinner. c. Alfred Adler. d. Abraham Maslow. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Humanistic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.12 – Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, and summarize his findings on self-actualizing persons. KEYWORDS: Factual 59. Which of the following is least closely associated with Maslow’s theory of personality? a. Notion of self-actualization b. Hierarchy of needs c. Humans’ innate need for personal growth d. Distinction between introversion and extraversion ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Humanistic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.12 – Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, and summarize his findings on self-actualizing persons. KEYWORDS: Conceptual 60. In contrast to the Freudian model, Maslow believed that psychology should take a greater interest in the _____________ personality. a. conscious b. unconscious c. healthy d. unhealthy ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Humanistic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.12 – Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, and summarize his findings on self-actualizing persons. KEYWORDS: Factual 61. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is based on the idea that a. many drives are learned through observation. b. perceived needs are a function of self-concept. c. some needs are more basic than others. d. most needs are a reaction to unconscious anxiety. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Humanistic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.12 – Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, and summarize his findings on self-actualizing persons. KEYWORDS: Conceptual 62. According to Maslow, which of the following categories of needs must be met first? a. Esteem b. Love c. Physiological d. Safety ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Humanistic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.12 – Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, and summarize his findings on self-actualizing persons. KEYWORDS: Conceptual 63. According to Maslow, our need to fulfill our potential is called a. aesthetic need. b. primary need. c. self-actualization. d. self-esteem. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Humanistic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.12 – Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, and summarize his findings on self-actualizing persons. KEYWORDS: Factual 64. Which of the following was NOT described by Maslow as one of the characteristics of a self-actualizing person? a. Independent of culture of environment b. Problem-centering c. Self-centered d. Spontaneous ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Humanistic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.12 – Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, and summarize his findings on self-actualizing persons. KEYWORDS: Conceptual NOTES: New 65. Which of the following is one of the significant contributions of humanistic theory? a. Importance of one’s subjective views b. More attention to psychological health c. More attention to self-concept d. All of the above are important contributions. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Humanistic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.13 – Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of humanistic theories of personality. KEYWORDS: Conceptual 66. Humanistic theory has been criticized for a. poor testability of hypotheses. b. inadequate evidence. c. an unrealistic view of human nature. d. all of the above. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Humanistic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.13 – Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of humanistic theories of personality. KEYWORDS: Factual 67. Which of the following psychologists said “personality is determined to a large extent by a person’s genes”? a. Hans Eysenck b. Raymond Cattell c. Abraham Maslow d. Albert Bandura ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Biological Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.14 – Outline Eysenck’s view of personality, and summarize behavioral genetics research on personality. KEYWORDS: Factual 68. Which of the following traits has been of particular interest to Eysenck? a. Intelligence b. Autonomic reactivity c. Conscientiousness d. Extraversion-introversion ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Biological Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.14 – Outline Eysenck’s view of personality, and summarize behavioral genetics research on personality. KEYWORDS: Factual 69. The area of psychological research that attempts to trace the hereditary influences on personality is called a. social learning. b. psychoanalysis. c. behaviorism. d. behavioral genetics. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Biological Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.14 – Outline Eysenck’s view of personality, and summarize behavioral genetics research on personality. KEYWORDS: Factual 70. Twin studies allow researchers to assess hereditary influences, in part, because a. genetic overlap for fraternal twins is greater than for non-twin siblings. b. twins are usually motivated to act similarly. c. genetic overlap is 100% for identical twins, 50% for fraternal twins. d. environmental influences are eliminated in twin studies. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Biological Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.14 – Outline Eysenck’s view of personality, and summarize behavioral genetics research on personality. KEYWORDS: Factual 71. _____________ is an estimate of the proportion of trait variability within a population that is determined by differences in genetic inheritance. a. The inheritance ratio b. The heritability ratio c. The behaviorally genetic percentage d. The genetic coefficient ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Difficult REFERENCES: Biological Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.14 – Outline Eysenck’s view of personality, and summarize behavioral genetics research on personality. KEYWORDS: Factual 72. Twin studies discussed in your text suggest that genes account for about ______ of peoples’ variation in personality. a. 15% b. 25% c. 50% d. 75% ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Biological Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.14 – Outline Eysenck’s view of personality, and summarize behavioral genetics research on personality. KEYWORDS: Factual 73. Evolutionary psychologists like David Buss have argued that the Big Five personality traits exist across a variety of cultures because these traits a. tend to be reinforced as societal norms. b. have had significant adaptive implications. c. are the ones most likely to be classically conditioned. d. help each individual evolve to his/her greatest potential. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Biological Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.15 – Summarize neuroscience and evolutionary research on personality. KEYWORDS: Factual 74. Which of the following does the textbook cite as a weakness of biological approaches to personality? a. The complicated interactions of heredity and environment b. Foresight bias c. Too much environmental influence d. Lack of attention to the role of conditioning in personality ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Biological Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.16 – Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of biological theories of personality. KEYWORDS: Factual NOTES: New 75. John molds his interpretation of his past dating to fit how the relationship turned out. This is a common tendency called a. hindsight bias. b. hereditary influence. c. an inadequate theory. d. wishful thinking. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Difficult REFERENCES: Biological Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.16 – Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of biological theories of personality. KEYWORDS: Conceptual 76. Brianne likes to explore new experiences and has recently taken up mountain climbing. She is likely to have a high score on Zuckerman’s scale to measure a. thrill-seeking. b. anti-boredom. c. self-actualization. d. sensation-seeking. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Contemporary Empirical Approaches to Personality LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.17 – Describe the traits of sensation seeking and narcissism. KEYWORDS: Conceptual 77. Spouses tend to be similar in sensation-seeking levels. Zuckerman’s theory posits that spouses where one is very high and the other very low in sensation-seeking a. should have children to keep them together. b. may have difficulty understanding each other. c. will be able to find mutually enjoyable activities. d. none of these. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Contemporary Empirical Approaches to Personality LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.17 – Describe the traits of sensation seeking and narcissism. KEYWORDS: Factual NOTES: New 78. High sensation-seekers are more likely to a. smoke and drink less than average. b. drive carefully. c. take less risks outside of sports. d. have unprotected sex. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Contemporary Empirical Approaches to Personality LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.17 – Describe the traits of sensation seeking and narcissism. KEYWORDS: Factual 79. One of the chief goals of terror management theory is to explain why people need a. death anxiety. b. self-esteem. c. contact comfort. d. defense mechanisms. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Contemporary Empirical Approaches to Personality LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.18 – Explain the chief concepts and hypotheses of terror management theory. KEYWORDS: Factual 80. According to terror management theory, cultural worldviews diminish anxiety by a. providing answers to universal, existential questions. b. masking the inevitability of death. c. providing distractions. d. removing the need for religious faith. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Contemporary Empirical Approaches to Personality LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.18 – Explain the chief concepts and hypotheses of terror management theory. KEYWORDS: Factual 81. It has been theorized that increased awareness of death, called mortality salience, leads people to a. give larger rewards to people who uphold cultural standards. b. show respect for cultural icons, such as flags. c. have harsher penalties to those who break moral cultural traditions. d. all of the above. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Contemporary Empirical Approaches to Personality LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.18 – Explain the chief concepts and hypotheses of terror management theory. KEYWORDS: Factual 82. The five-factor model _______________ in non-Western cultures. a. has been studied exhaustively b. has no meaning c. applies with some differences d. should never be used ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Culture and Personality LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.19 – Discuss whether the five-factor model has any relevance in non-Western cultures. KEYWORDS: Factual 83. Cross-cultural research into national character using the five-factor model indicates that a. people accurately judge others based on national character. b. people’s beliefs about national character are usually inaccurate stereotypes. c. Canadians are more agreeable than people think. d. there is a high correlation between stereotypes and data from real individuals. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Culture and Personality LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.20 – Explain how researchers have found both cross-cultural similarities and disparities in personality. KEYWORDS: Conceptual 84. Most psychological tests can be placed in one of two broad categories: a. IQ tests and attitude tests. b. aptitude tests and achievement tests. c. mental ability tests and personality tests. d. projective tests and standardized tests. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Application: Assessing Your Personality LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.21 – Explain the concepts of standardization, test norms, reliability, and validity. KEYWORDS: Factual 85. In psychological testing, “standardization” means that a. a test can be administered in many different ways. b. the test has a normative base. c. subjects are expected to reach a certain standard of achievement on a test. d. uniform procedures are used in administration and scoring of tests. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Application: Assessing Your Personality LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.21 – Explain the concepts of standardization, test norms, reliability, and validity. KEYWORDS: Conceptual 86. If the results of a psychological test are consistent across repeated measurements, then the test is said to be a. valid. b. reliable. c. standardized. d. statistically significant. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Application: Assessing Your Personality LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.21 – Explain the concepts of standardization, test norms, reliability, and validity. KEYWORDS: Conceptual 87. Susie scored a 105 on an online test claiming to measure intelligence. One week later, she took the same online test and earned a score of 107. Three weeks later she took it again and earned 103. These scores indicate that the online test is a. valid. b. standardized. c. reliable. d. projective. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Difficult REFERENCES: Application: Assessing Your Personality LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.21 – Explain the concepts of standardization, test norms, reliability, and validity. KEYWORDS: Conceptual 88. If a psychological test is found to measure the quality or construct that it was designed to measure, then it is a __________ assessment tool. a. valid b. reliable c. standardized d. statistically significant ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Application: Assessing Your Personality LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.21 – Explain the concepts of standardization, test norms, reliability, and validity. KEYWORDS: Conceptual 89. The vast majority of personality tests take the form of a. self-report inventories. b. projective techniques. c. attitude inventories. d. achievement tests. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Application: Assessing Your Personality LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.22 – Discuss the value and the limitations of self-report inventories and projective tests. KEYWORDS: Factual 90. ______________ test requires people to respond to ambiguous stimuli. Inferences about needs, emotions, and personality traits are drawn from the responses. a. An achievement b. A projective c. A self-report inventory d. A psychological aptitude ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Application: Assessing Your Personality LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.22 – Discuss the value and the limitations of self-report inventories and projective tests. KEYWORDS: Factual 91. Defense mechanisms are largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from painful emotions. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Psychodynamic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.04 – Identify key defense mechanisms, and outline Freud’s view of development. KEYWORDS: Factual 92. Dominant themes in cultural art represented by images of nurturing mothers and protective fathers are examples of Jung’s conceptualization of archetypes. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Psychodynamic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.05 – Summarize the psychodynamic theories proposed by Jung and Adler. KEYWORDS: Conceptual 93. Many critics have argued that humanistic theories of personality harbor a bias against women. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Psychodynamic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.06 – Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the psychodynamic approach to personality. KEYWORDS: Factual 94. Bandura theorized that we can learn by watching others who model behavior for us. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Behavioral Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.09 – Describe Bandura’s social cognitive theory and his concept of self-efficacy. KEYWORDS: Conceptual 95. Identify and briefly describe the Big Five personality traits. ANSWER: Answer not provided REFERENCES: The Nature of Personality LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.02 – Describe the five-factor model of personality and relations between the Big Five traits and life outcomes. 96. Identify and briefly describe three different defense mechanisms, and give an example of each. ANSWER: Answer not provided REFERENCES: Psychodynamic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.03 – Explain Freud’s view of personality structure and the role of conflict and anxiety. 97. Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the psychodynamic approach to personality. ANSWER: Answer not provided REFERENCES: Psychodynamic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.06 – Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the psychodynamic approach to personality. NOTES: New 98. Describe how a phobia may develop using terminology from classical conditioning. ANSWER: Answer not provided REFERENCES: Behavioral Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.07 – Describe Pavlov’s classical conditioning and its contribution to understanding personality. NOTES: New 99. Distinguish between positive and negative reinforcement, and give an example of each. ANSWER: Answer not provided REFERENCES: Behavioral Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.08 – Discuss how Skinner’s principles of operant conditioning can be applied to personality development. 100. Explain how social cognitive theory incorporates cognitive concepts. ANSWER: Answer not provided REFERENCES: Behavioral Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.09 – Describe Bandura’s social cognitive theory and his concept of self-efficacy. 101. Explain how the notion of self-concept figures in the development of personality according to Carl Rogers. ANSWER: Answer not provided REFERENCES: Humanistic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.11 – Describe the forces that gave rise to humanism, and articulate Rogers’s views on the self-concept. 102. What are the main contributions and criticisms of humanistic theories of personality? ANSWER: Answer not provided REFERENCES: Humanistic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.13 – Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of humanistic theories of personality. 103. Discuss the relative strengths and weaknesses of self-report inventories and projective techniques for assessing personality. ANSWER: Answer not provided REFERENCES: Application: Assessing Your Personality LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.22 – Discuss the value and the limitations of self-report inventories and projective tests. 104. A ____ is a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations. a. personality theory b. personality trait c. personality test d. social situation ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: The Nature of Personality LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.01 – Clarify the meaning of personality and personality traits. KEYWORDS: Conceptual NOTES: New 105. Which of the following statements is true according to Big Five research? a. Conscientiousness and neuroticism are positive predictors of longer life. b. Extraversion and conscientiousness are positive predictors of career success. c. Neuroticism and extraversion are positive predictors of career success. d. Extraversion is a positive predictor of mental disorders. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: The Nature of Personality LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.02 – Describe the five-factor model of personality and relations between the Big Five traits and life outcomes. KEYWORDS: Factual NOTES: New 106. Which of the following is NOT a criticism of behavioral perspectives? a. Social cognitive theory undermines the foundation of behaviorism. b. Behavioral perspectives are overdependent on animal research. c. Behavioral perspectives neglect to explain why people are only moderately consistent in their behavior. d. All of the above are criticisms. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Behavioral Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.10 – Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of behavioral theories of personality. KEYWORDS: Factual NOTES: New 107. According to Rogers, one’s self-concept a. is unchangeable. b. may be inaccurate. c. tends to be congruent with reality. d. is a product of classical conditioning. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Humanistic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.11 – Describe the forces that gave rise to humanism, and articulate Rogers’s views on the self-concept. KEYWORDS: Factual NOTES: New 108. Carl Rogers was concerned with how childhood experiences promote congruence or incongruence based on a. fixation at early stages of development. b. parental unconditional or conditional love. c. parental self-concept. d. the development of free will and self-actualization. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Humanistic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.11 – Describe the forces that gave rise to humanism, and articulate Rogers’s views on the self-concept. KEYWORDS: Factual NOTES: New 109. The idea that personality traits have reproductive payoffs, such as extraversion being higher in those with greater physical attractiveness, complies with the _____ view. a. behavioral b. humanistic c. neurological d. evolutionary ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Biological Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.15 – Summarize neuroscience and evolutionary research on personality. KEYWORDS: Factual NOTES: New 110. When MRI technology was used to look for associations between the Big Five traits and variations in the relative size of specific areas of the brain, a. extraversion correlated with the volume of brain regions that process reward. b. there were no valid correlations. c. results supported the claims of phrenologists. d. extraversion correlated with areas of the brain that process punishment. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Biological Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.15 – Summarize neuroscience and evolutionary research on personality. KEYWORDS: Factual NOTES: New 111. Behavioral genetics has provided evidence that a. children’s genes alter as they grow. b. the basic architecture of personality is entirely environmental. c. biological factors help shape personality. d. natural selection is a myth. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Biological Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.16 – Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of biological theories of personality. KEYWORDS: Conceptual 112. Betty likes to post flattering photos of her body on her Facebook page. She believes that cheating on a test is okay because she is smarter than other students. When her friends comment on her behavior, she gets very angry. Betty’s behavior is most likely that of a. a narcissist. b. someone with low self-esteem. c. someone who will be unlikely to use cosmetic surgery. d. a sensation seeker. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: Contemporary Empirical Approaches to Personality LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.17 – Describe the traits of sensation seeking and narcissism. KEYWORDS: Conceptual NOTES: New 113. Cross-cultural research comparing 51 cultures found a. Brazilians low in neuroticism. b. Germans high in openness to experience. c. Malaysians low in conscientiousness. d. no differences in personality traits between cultures. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Culture and Personality LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.19 – Discuss whether the five-factor model has any relevance in non-Western cultures. KEYWORDS: Factual NOTES: New 114. Projective tests tend to have a. inconsistent scoring. b. susceptibility to intentional deception. c. inadequate test norms. d. all of these. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Application: Assessing Your Personality LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.22 – Discuss the value and the limitations of self-report inventories and projective tests. KEYWORDS: Factual NOTES: New 115. Factor analysis allowed Cattell to reduce 171 personality traits to 16 basic dimensions of personality. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: The Nature of Personality LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.01 – Clarify the meaning of personality and personality traits. KEYWORDS: Factual NOTES: New 116. Big Five traits have little correlation with important life outcomes. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Easy REFERENCES: The Nature of Personality LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.02 – Describe the five-factor model of personality and relations between the Big Five traits and life outcomes. KEYWORDS: Factual NOTES: New 117. The id engages in primary process thinking, while the ego engages in secondary process thinking. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Difficult REFERENCES: Psychodynamic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.03 – Explain Freud’s view of personality structure and the role of conflict and anxiety. KEYWORDS: Factual 118. Jung proposed the collective unconscious, which is essentially the same as Freud’s version of the unconscious. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Psychodynamic Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.05 – Summarize the psychodynamic theories proposed by Jung and Adler. KEYWORDS: Factual NOTES: New 119. The difference between negative reinforcement and punishment is that they have opposite outcomes. a. True b. False ANSWER: True DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Behavioral Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.08 – Discuss how Skinner’s principles of operant conditioning can be applied to personality development. KEYWORDS: Conceptual NOTES: New 120. Behavioral genetics have proven that the heritability of intelligence is around 80%. a. True b. False ANSWER: False DIFFICULTY: Moderate REFERENCES: Biological Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.14 – Outline Eysenck’s view of personality, and summarize behavioral genetics research on personality. KEYWORDS: Factual NOTES: New 121. Describe the process of extinction using an example. ANSWER: REFERENCES: Behavioral Perspectives LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PSYC.WEIT.11.02.08 – Discuss how Skinner’s principles of operant conditioning can be applied to personality development. NOTES: New