Personality Psychology: Foundations and Findings, 1st Edition Test Bank

Chapter 2 Personality Traits: A Good Theory Total Assessment Guide (T.A.G.) Topic Overview pp. 22-24 What Is a Personality Trait? pp. 24-27 What Do We Know About Personality From the Idiographic Approach? pp. 27-29 What Do We Know About Personality from the Nomothetic Approach? pp. 29-32 The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality pp. 32-44 Question Type Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay Factual Conceptual Applied 1, 2 68 3, 4, 5, 9, 11, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13 69, 70, 71, 72, 75 73, 74 8, 14 87, 88 Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay 15 Multiple Choice Short Answer Essay 17, 18, 22, 23 19, 20, 24, 25 79 78 Multiple Choice 26, 30, 36, 41, 43, 46, 50, 54, 55, 56, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67 Short Answer Essay 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86 77 16 76 89 21 90 25, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 37, 39, 42, 45, 47, 48, 49, 51, 57, 58, 62 91, 92, 93, 94 Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 32, 38, 40, 44, 52, 53 Chapter 2: Personality Traits: A Good Theory Multiple Choice 2.1.1. Complete the following quote from Kurt Lewin: “There is nothing so practical as a good ______.” a. b. c. d. research project applied degree psychologist theory Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.1 Page Reference: 22 Topic: Overview Skill: Factual Answer: d: theory 2.1.2. Gosling, Ko, Mannarelli, and Morris reasoned that when people live in an environment they leave behind behavioral _________________. a. b. c. d. residue hints evidence “finger prints” Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.2 Page Reference: 22 Topic: Overview Skill: Factual Answer: a: residue 2.1.3. In the research on what can be learned about one’s personality from their living environment, all of the following were descriptions used in the research EXCEPT a. b. c. d. Anxious, easily upset. Critical, quarrelsome. Gentle, compassionate. Disorganized, careless. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.3 Page Reference: 23 Topic: What is a Personality Trait? Skill: Factual Answer: c: Gentle, compassionate Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 2.1.4. __________ describe(s) a person’s typical style of thinking, feeling, and acting in different kinds of situations and at different times. a. b. c. d. Personality Traits Ego Habits Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.4 Page Reference: 24 Topic: What is a Personality Trait? Skill: Factual Answer: b: Traits 2.1.5. Because traits cannot be directly measured in the same way that weight can researchers think of traits as ______________ concepts. a. b. c. d. hypothetical illusory statistical experimental Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 2.1.5 Page Reference: 24 Topic: What is a Personality Trait? Skill: Factual Answer: a: hypothetical 2.1.6. Some psychologists view traits as simple summaries of behavior, but others see them as much more, even as __________________. a. b. c. d. the essence of a person ego syntonic genetic motivations causal properties Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 2.1.6 Page Reference: 24-25 Topic: What is a Personality Trait? Skill: Conceptual Answer: d: causal properties Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 2.1.7. Currently there are two basic methods for studying traits, the _________ approach and the ____________ approach. a. b. c. d. idiopathic; psychoanalytic ideographic; nomothetic Freudian; Rogerian scientific; philosophical Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.7 Page Reference: 25 Topic: What is a Personality Trait? Skill: Conceptual Answer: b: ideographic; nomothetic 2.1.8. As a personality researcher your interest is not so much in individuals, but more in universalsconcepts that can be applied to everyone. You would likely adopt the _________ approach for your research. a. b. c. d. nomothetic ideographic psychodynamic universalist Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 2.1.8 Page Reference: 25 Topic: What is a Personality Trait? Skill: Applied Answer: b: ideographic 2.1.9. The psychologist who is often blamed for starting the battle between the idiographic and nomothetic approaches is a. b. c. d. Lewin. Maslow. Freud. Allport. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.9 Page Reference: 25 Topic: What is a Personality Trait? Skill: Factual Answer: d: Allport Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 2.1.10. Allport suggested that the individual a. b. c. d. must be studied by science. could not be studied by science. is a mystery that is beyond our understanding. is too changeable from situation to situation to be comprehended. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.10 Page Reference: 26 Topic: What is a Personality Trait? Skill: Conceptual Answer: b: could not be studied by science. 2.1.11. The psychologist who is said to have found a way of studying both the general (nomothetic) and specific (idiographic) aspects of human personality is a. b. c. d. Allport. Freud. Eysenck. Maslow. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.11 Page Reference: 26 Topic: What is a Personality Trait? Skill: Factual Answer: c: Eysenck. 2.1.12. Eysenck suggested that the human personality is organized into a hierarchy that included all of the following levels of organization EXCEPT a. b. c. d. Type Level. Trait Level. Personal Level. Specific Response Level. Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 2.1.12 Page Reference: 26 Topic: What is a Personality Trait? Skill: Conceptual Answer: c: Personal Level. Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 2.1.13. According to Eysenck, if we notice that certain traits tend to occur together in people then we can say that we’ve identified ALL of the following EXCEPT a. b. c. d. a syndrome. an ideographic pattern. a personality trait. “observed constellation of traits”. Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 2.1.13 Page Reference: 27 Topic: What is a Personality Trait? Skill: Conceptual Answer: b: an ideographic pattern. 2.1.14. In the concept of Eysenck’s pyramid, one would find idiosyncratic reactions a. b. c. d. in the trait level. nowhere. higher in the pyramid. lower in the pyramid. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.14 Page Reference: 27 Topic: What is a Personality Trait? Skill: Applied Answer: d: lower in the pyramid. 2.1.15. Allport identified three kinds of traits. Which of the following is NOT one of those kinds? a. b. c. d. primary central secondary cardinal Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.15 Page Reference: 27 Topic: What Do We Know About Personality From the Idiographic Approach? Skill: Factual Answer: a: primary Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 21 2.1.16. Carl is an individual dominated by his desire to end world poverty. This is his passion, to the exclusion of all other values and activities. This “ruling passion” would be described by Allport as a a. b. c. d. ego dystonic trait. central trait. secondary trait. cardinal trait. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.16 Page Reference: 27 Topic: What Do We Know About Personality From the Idiographic Approach? Skill: Applied Answer: d: cardinal trait. 2.1.17. An early example of the idiographic method was Allport’s analysis of a series of letters between a woman to which he gave the pseudonym of a. b. c. d. Jenny. H.M. Dora. Gretel. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.17 Page Reference: 28 Topic: What Do We Know About Personality From the Nomothetic approach? Skill: Factual Answer: a: Jenny 2.1.18. The textbook suggests that at least three different ways to identify meaningful words used to describe personality. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in chapter 2? a. b. c. d. The theoretical approach The observational approach The lexical approach The measurement approach Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.18 Page Reference: 29 Topic: What Do We Know About Personality From the Nomothetic Approach? Skill: Factual Answer: b: The observational approach. Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 22 2.1.19. The term “oral personality” would be most closely associated with which personality theorist? a. b. c. d. Eysenck Allport Jung Freud Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 2.1.19 Page Reference: 29 Topic: What Do We Know About Personality From the Nomothetic Approach? Skill: Conceptual Answer: d: Freud 2.1.20. If, in researching personality, you were to study the number of synonyms that are used to describe personality in that language you would be employing what type of approach? a. b. c. d. Nomothetic Lexical Psychodynamic Linguistic Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.20 Page Reference: 30 Topic: What Do We Know About Personality From the Nomothetic Approach? Skill: Conceptual Answer: b: Lexical 2.1.21. Developing questionnaires is most closely associated with which approach to the study of personality? a. b. c. d. Factor analysis Theoretical Lexical Measurement Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 2.1.21 Page Reference: 30 Topic: What Do We Know About Personality From the Nomothetic Approach? Skill: Applied Answer: d: Measurement Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 23 2.1.22. Using statistics to see how various personality variables and terms cluster together is known as a. b. c. d. factor analysis. analysis of variance. statistical analysis. measurement analysis. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.22 Page Reference: 30 Topic: What Do We Know About Personality From the Nomothetic Approach? Skill: Factual Answer: a: factor analysis. 2.1.23. ______________ used factor analysis to discover 16 personality factors. a. b. c. d. Freud Allport Costa Cattell Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.23 Page Reference: 30 Topic: What Do We Know About Personality From the Nomothetic Approach? Skill: Factual Answer: d: Cattell 2.1.24. When doing factor analysis, which factor generally accounts for the greatest amount of the variation in the data? a. b. c. d. The first factor The last factor The cardinal factor The dominant factor Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.24 Page Reference: 31 Topic: What Do We Know About Personality From the Nomothetic Approach? Skill: Conceptual Answer: a: The first factor Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 24 2.1.25. Each of the __________ factors describes personality at a high level of abstraction summarizing a large number of more distinct lower level traits. a. b. c. d. Cardinal Ten Big Five Primary Eight Distinct Seven Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.25 Page Reference: 32 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Conceptual Answer: b: Big Five 2.1.26. Research suggests that several widely used personality tests seem to contain _____ factors. a. b. c. d. two five eight ten Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.26 Page Reference: 32 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Factual Answer: b: five 2.1.27. Eysenck; McCrae and others have theorized that for personality traits to be universal they must be rooted in a. b. c. d. theory. nomothetic theory. truth. biology. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.27 Page Reference: 32 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Conceptual Answer: d: biology Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 25 2.1.28. Instead of five factors Hans Eysenck proposed a. b. c. d. four factors. sixteen mini-factors. eleven broad traits. three superfactors. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.28 Page Reference: 22 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Conceptual Answer: d: three superfactors. 2.1.29. Eysenck used data from _________ to support his claim for biological differences in his three superfactors. a. b. c. d. rats human twins huge populations in several countries the Human Genome Project Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.29 Page Reference: 33 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Conceptual Answer: b: human twins 2.1.30. Eysenck identified ________ traits that were associated with each of his three superfactors. a. b. c. d. genetic broad narrow factor analytic Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.30 Page Reference: 33 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Factual Answer: c: narrow Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 26 2.1.31. All of the following are Factors in Eysenk’s PEN model EXCEPT a. b. c. d. Extraversion. Neuroticism. Psychoticism. Introversion. Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 2.1.31 Page Reference: 33 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Conceptual Answer: d: Introversion 2.1.32. You are seeing a client in your psychology practice that is very tough-minded and harsh in his views of other people. Using a test of Eysenck’s Factors you would expect your client to score high on the _______________ scale. a. b. c. d. Psychoticism Extraversion Neuroticism Psychopathy Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.32 Page Reference: 33 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Applied Answer: a: Psychoticism 2.1.33. In Eysenck’s model, all of the following are associated with Psychoticism EXCEPT a. b. c. d. acute empathy. egocentricism. impulsivity. aggression. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.33 Page Reference: 33 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Conceptual Answer: a: acute empathy. Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 27 2.1.34. For Eysenck all of the following are associated with Extraversion EXCEPT a. b. c. d. sociability. sensation seeking. social domination. anxiety. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 2.1.34 Page Reference: 34 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Conceptual Answer: d: anxiety 2.1.35. For the Eysencks (Hans and Sybil) a typical introvert is all of the following EXCEPT a. b. c. d. introspective. reading. fond of new things. forward planning. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.35 Page Reference: 34 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Conceptual Answer: c: fond of new things. 2.1.36. Which of Eysenk’s factors refers to negative emotionality? a. b. c. d. Neuroticism Psychoticism Extraversion Anxiety Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.36 Page Reference: 34 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Factual Answer: a: Neuroticism 2.1.37. Individuals low Eysenck’s Neuroticism factor tend to be all of the following EXCEPT a. b. c. d. even-tempered. careful. unemotional. quick to recover from upsetting experiences. Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 28 Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.37 Page Reference: 34 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Conceptual Answer: b: careful 2.1.38. The following question in Eysenck’s Personality Questionnaire appears on the ___________ scale: “Do you enjoy practical jokes that can sometimes really hurt people?” a. b. c. d. Neuroticism Introversion Psychoticism Psychopathy Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.38 Page Reference: 34 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Applied Answer: c: Psychoticism 2.1.39. On which scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire does the following question appear? “Does your mood often go up and down?” a. b. c. d. Psychoticism Anxiety Extraversion Neuroticism Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.39 Page Reference: 34 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Conceptual Answer: d: Neuroticism 2.1.40. You are planning to develop an alternate set of questions to test the concept of Neuroticism in Eysenck’s terms. Your set of questions will likely focus on a. b. c. d. intellectual rumination. negative emotions. fears. intelligence. Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 29 Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 2.1.40 Page Reference: 34 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Applied Answer: b: negative emotions. 2.1.41. The prominence of Eysenck’s theories has been eclipsed by work on a. b. c. d. Maslow’s idea of self-actualization. Cattell’s 15 factor model. neo-Freudian ego models. the five-factor model. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.41 Page Reference: 35 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Factual Answer: d. the five-factor model. 2.1.42. In debating the five-factor model, Eysenck suggested that _________ is more of a cognitive factor and should not be considered a dimension of personality. a. b. c. d. Neuroticism Agreeableness Openness Control Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.42 Page Reference: 35 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Conceptual Answer: c: Openness 2.1.43. All of the following are one of the Big Five EXCEPT a. b. c. d. Psychoticism Openness Agreeableness Conscientiousness Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.43 Page Reference: 35 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Factual Answer: a: Psychoticism Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 30 2.1.44. Carl worries a great deal about how other people think about him. He will likely score high on the _____________ scale of a Five-Factor Model. a. b. c. d. Neuroticism Openness Extraversion Conscientiousness Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.44 Page Reference: 35 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Applied Answer: a: Neuroticism 2.1.45. Agreeing with the item “I often feel tense and jittery” on the NEO Personality Inventory is a strong indicator of a. b. c. d. control. anxiousness. extraversion. neuroticism. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.45 Page Reference: 35 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Conceptual Answer: d: neuroticism 2.1.46. On the NEO-PI-R the six subscales are called a. b. c. d. subscales. dimensions. facets. factors. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.46 Page Reference: 35 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Factual Answer: c: facets. Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 31 2.1.47. If we think of Neuroticism as a superfactor then all of the following could be facets of Neuroticism EXCEPT a. b. c. d. cruelty. anxiety. hostility. depression. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.47 Page Reference: 35 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Conceptual Answer: a: cruelty 2.1.48. Which of the following is/are mostly likely a facet of Extraversion? a. b. c. d. positive emotions anxiety sadness guilt Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.48 Page Reference: 36 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Conceptual Answer: a: positive emotions 2.1.49. Which of the following is most likely NOT a facet of Extraversion? a. b. c. d. Activity Excitement-seeking Warmth Anxiety Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.49 Page Reference: 36 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Conceptual Answer: d: Anxiety Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 32 2.1.50. All of the following are most likely associated with the factor of Openness EXCEPT a. b. c. d. aesthetics. adventurousness. psychological liberalism. conventional thinking. Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 2.1.50 Page Reference: 36 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Factual Answer: d: conventional thinking 2.1.51. As conceptualized in the textbook a. b. c. d. there is considerable psychological benefit to being high on the Openness factor. there is no particular psychological benefit to being high on the Openness factor. there is considerable psychological benefit to being high on the Extraversion factor. there is no effect of the situation on the value of any particular factor. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.51 Page Reference: 37 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Conceptual Answer: b: there is no particular psychological benefit to being high on the Openness factor. 2.1.52. An individual who has quality interpersonal relations is likely high in the ______________factor. a. b. c. d. Openness Neuroticism Extraversion Agreeableness Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.52 Page Reference: 37 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Applied Answer: d: Agreeableness Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 33 2.1.53. Your client Marco believes that most people will take advantage of him. Marco is likely low in the factor of a. b. c. d. Conscientiousness. Agreeableness. Extraversion. Paranoia. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.53 Page Reference: 37 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Applied Answer: b: Agreeableness 2.1.54. All of the following are facets of ______________: competence, order, dutifulness, selfdiscipline. a. b. c. d. Mental Health Agreeableness Conscientiousness Extraversion Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.54 Page Reference: 38 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Factual Answer: c: Conscientiousness 2.1.55. Today the factors of the five-factor model are measured using the revised version of the a. b. c. d. NEO Personality Inventory. California Personality Inventory. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Thematic Factor Test. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.55 Page Reference: 39 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Factual Answer: NEO Personality Inventory Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 34 2.1.56. The factor called Emotional Stability in the Big Five is called _______ in the Five-Factor Model. a. b. c. d. Extraversion. Openness to experience. Ego Strength. Emotional Stability. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.56 Page Reference: 39 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Factual Answer: d: Emotional Stability 2.1.57. The Big Five theory describes personality without attempting to explain where these attributes come from, but the Five-Factor Model suggests that the five factors are _________ traits. a. b. c. d. learned biological programmed philosophical Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.57 Page Reference: 39 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Conceptual Answer: b: biological 2.1.58. Eysenck suggests that Catell’s scales are a. b. c. d. essentially valid, but lack reliability. completely wrong. somewhat narrow, but essentially complete. missing key factors of personality. Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 2.1.58 Page Reference: 39 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Conceptual Answer: d: are missing key factors of personality. Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 35 2.1.59. The textbook suggests that the smallest number of factors that can account for human personality is a. b. c. d. one. three. five. sixteen. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 2.1.59 Page Reference: 40 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Factual Answer: a: one 2.1.60. In adopting the position that human personality may be explained by one factor, researchers tend to call that factor the a. b. c. d. one factor. general personality factor. dominant factor. alpha personality factor. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.60 Page Reference: 40 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Factual Answer: b: general personality factor. 2.1.61. According to Musek the General Personality Factor includes two factors the Alpha (the emotional stability to get along with others) and the Beta (______________). a. b. c. d. the general ability to understand the world the flexibility to deal with change, etc. the willingness to empathize with others the ability to discharge stress Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.61 Page Reference: 40 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Factual Answer: b: the flexibility to deal with change, etc. Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 36 2.1.62. In terms of the Big Five the Alpha level of the GPF model would include all of the following EXCEPT a. b. c. d. Agreeableness. Emotional Stability. Intelligence. Consciousness. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.62 Page Reference: 41 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Conceptual Answer: c: Intelligence 2.1.63. An alternative to the five-factor model is a six-factor model known as the ___________ model. a. b. c. d. Five + one HEXACO Three x Two Ashton-Lee Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.63 Page Reference: 41 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Factual Answer: b: HEXACO 2.1.64. All of the following are factors in the six-factor model EXCEPT a. b. c. d. Honesty-Humility. Introversion. Agreeableness. Openness to Experience. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.64 Page Reference: 41 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Factual Answer: b: Introversion Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 37 2.1.65. The major difference between five-factor models and six-factor models is the inclusion of ________ as a factor. a. b. c. d. Mental Health Openness to Experience Extraversion Honest-Humility Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.65 Page Reference: 41 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Factual Answer: d: Honest-Humility 2.1.66. The first Western scientist to link temperaments with diseases and thus recognizing the relationship between physiology and personality was a. b. c. d. Empedocles. Aristotle. Galen. Hippocrates. Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 2.1.66 Page Reference: 42 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Factual Answer: c: Galen. 2.1.67. In the consideration of just how many personality factors actually exist, Wiggins has suggested the “Big Two” of Extraversion and a. b. c. d. Introversion. Anxiety. Psychoticism. Socialized. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1.67 Page Reference: 43 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Factual Answer: b: Anxiety Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 38 Short Answer 2.2.68. Gosling, Ko, Mannarelli, and Morris suggest that when people live in an environment they leave behavioral _______ behind. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 2.2.68 Page Reference: 22 Topic: Overview Skill: Factual Answer: residue 2.2.69. In the field of personality research, the term ________ is used to describe a person’s typical style of thinking, feeling, and acting in different kinds of situations at different times. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 2.2.69 Page Reference: 24 Topic: What Is a Personality Trait? Skill: Factual Answer: trait(s) 2.2.70. Because traits cannot be measured directly, psychologists describe them as ______________ concepts. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 2.2.70 Page Reference: 24 Topic: What Is a Personality Trait? Skill: Factual Answer: hypothetical 2.2.71. The textbook discusses two main approaches to the study of personality traits: the nomothetic approach and the _______________ approach. Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 2.2.71 Page Reference: 25 Topic: What Is a Personality Trait? Skill: Factual Answer: idiographic Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 39 2.2.72. Gordon Allport suggested that individuality could not be studied by ______________. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.2.72 Page Reference: 26 Topic: What Is a Personality Trait? Skill: Factual Answer: science 2.2.73. Eysenck found a way of studying the general (nomothetic) and the specific (__________) within a single person and developed a theory of personality from there. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.2.73 Page Reference: 26 Topic: What Is a Personality Trait? Skill: Conceputal Answer: idiographic 2.2.74. Eyenseck developed a hierarchical theory of personality with the ______ Level at the top. Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 2.2.74 Page Reference: 26 Topic: What Is a Personality Trait? Skill: Conceptual Answer: Type 2.2.75. Allport developed a theory involving three different kinds of traits: central traits, secondary traits and ___________ traits. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.2.75 Page Reference: 27 Topic: What Do We Know About Personality From the Idiographic Approach? Skill: Factual Answer: cardinal Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 40 2.2.76. For Allport, the ________ traits are of major importance in understanding the person. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.2.76 Page Reference: 27 Topic: What Do We Know About Personality From the Idiographic Approach? Skill: Conceptual Answer: Central 2.2.77. An unusual person could have one dominant trait that describes him or her almost completely. This would be known as a ____________ trait. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.2.77 Page Reference: 27 Topic: What Do We Know About Personality From the Idiographic Approach? Skill: Factual Answer: cardinal 2.2.78. The ______________ approach to personality traits investigates a particular language and identifies the number of synonyms that describe personality. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.2.78 Page Reference: 30 Topic: What Do We Know About Personality From the Nomothetic Approach? Skill: Conceptual Answer: lexical 2.2.79. ______________ analysis is a statistical technique that mathematically identifies a meaningful underlying structure among a set of variables. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 2.2.79 Page Reference: 31 Topic: What Do We Know About Personality From the Nomothetic Approach? Skill: Factual Answer: Factor 2.2.80. Building Cattell’s statistical work that identified 16 personality factors researchers have identified a group of factors known as the Big _______. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 2.2.80 Page Reference: 32 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Factual Answer: Five Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 41 2.2.81. In his research on personality traits Hans Eysenck identified three ___________. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 2.2.81 Page Reference: 33 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Factual Answer: factors or superfactors 2.2.82. Eysenck’s assigned the label of ______ to the factor that includes the narrow traits of aggression, egocentricism, lack of empathy, and tough-mindedness. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.2.82 Page Reference: 33 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Factual Answer: Psychoticism 2.2.83. The Big Five factor that starts with “O” is ____________. Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 2.2.83 Page Reference: 25 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Factual Answer: Openness 2.2.84. In the NEO-PI-R, each of the five factors are made up of six subscales called __________. Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 2.2.84 Page Reference: 35 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Factual Answer: facets 2.2.85. The smallest number of factors that could account for human personality is one. Researchers have labeled this the _____________ personality factor. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.2.85 Page Reference: 40 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Factual Answer: general Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 42 2.2.86. An alternative to the five-factor model is the HEXACO or ________ model. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.2.86 Page Reference: 41 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Factual Answer: six-factor Essay 2.3.87. (a) Define “personality trait” and (b) briefly describe the nature of a personality trait. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.3.87 Page Reference:24-25 Topic: What is a Personality Trait? Skill: Conceptual Answer: (a) A personality trait is a description of a person’s typical style of thinking, feeling, and acting in different kinds of situations and at different times. (b) There are several salient points that could be addressed by the student; traits are measure over a continuum from low to high, traits cannot be measure directly like weight as they are “hypothetical concepts.” Therefore some researchers see them as purely descriptive while some view them as causal. 2.3.88. Compare and contrast the idiographic and the nomothetic approaches to the study of personality. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.3.88 Page Reference:25-27 Topic: What is a Personality Trait? Skill: Conceptual Answer: Idiographic: The goal is to understand the personality of an individual. Techniques used include case studies and experiments using individuals. Nomothetic: The goal is to discover universal concepts and traits that can be applied across groups and cultures. Techniques include questionnaires that can be given to large groups of people and then analyzed statistically by such methods as factor analysis. Researchers such as Eysenck and Allport looked for organized sets of traits, tied to personality theory. Often their models are organized in hierarchies where types are subdivided into traits which are further subdivided. 2.3.89. Briefly describe Allport’s three kinds of traits. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.3.89 Page Reference:27-28 Topic: What Do We Know About Personality From the Idiographic Approach? Skill: Conceptual Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 43 Answer: Allport defined three different kinds of traits: Central traits are of major importance for an individual. Secondary traits are of lesser importance, less often noticeable. Some individuals have one trait that is seen very often and dominates their life. Such a trait is called a cardinal trait. 2.3.90. Briefly describe the three approaches to identifying meaningful and applicable words to describe personality. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.3.90 Page Reference:29-30 Topic: What Do We Know About Personality From the Nomothetic Approach? Skill: Conceptual Answer: Researchers use one approach or a combination of approaches, such as the lexical approach, the theoretical approach and/or the measurement approach to identify words used in a given group or society to describe personality. The theoretical approach starts with theory and derives words and concepts implied by the theory. Because Jung theorized about personalities dominated by either thinking or feeling, words that would describe these activities would be included in a Jungian personality approach. A lexical approach simply looks at a given language and pulls out words used to describe personality assuming that they are based on the observations of that culture. A more systematic approach is the measurement approach, which often uses statistics to analyze how descriptions cluster together. 2.3.91. Briefly describe the “Big Five.” Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.3.91 Page Reference:32-33 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Conceptual Answer: Researchers refined Cattell’s work on 16 factors into 5 personality factors. They are labeled “big” because they are quite broad. Each of the Big Five factors describes personality at a high level of abstraction, and these are further broken down into smaller lower-level traits. When personality descriptions such as the California Q-sort or the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator are analyzed statistically they often derive five clusters of descriptions. If there are universally five, or so, types or sets of traits, then there is likelihood that they are biological or genetic in nature to a significant degree. Currently a five-factor taxonomy is the most widely researched. 2.3.92. Describe one of Eysencks PEN Model factors. What narrow traits tend go with this Factor? Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.3.92 Page Reference:33-34 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Conceptual Answer: The student can choose from the three super factors; Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Neuroticism. Psychoticism tends to describe tough-minded and/or antisocial individuals who exhibit such narrow traits such as aggression, egocentricism, impulsivity, lack of empathy, etc. Extraversion describes how outgoing people are with narrow traits of sociability, activity, assertiveness, sensation-seeking, etc. Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 44 Neuroticism describes a negative emotionality and emotional reactivity with narrow traits of anxiousness, unhappiness, guilt, low self-esteem, etc. 2.3.93. Contrast the theoretical differences between the Big Five model and Five Factor Model (FFM). Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.3.93 Page Reference:38-40 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Conceptual Answer: Generally the phrase Big Five refers to concepts derived lexically. They are descriptive in nature and derived from words used in the lexicon of a give group or culture. Both models derive very similar factors with only the names of the factors being different; for example. what the Big Five labels Emotional Stability the FFM calls Neuroticism. The main difference is that while the Big Five is descriptive without any real attempt to explain where the factors come from the FFM sees the five factors as biological traits and is interested in the link between cause and effect. The traits are seen as reflections of causal entities that are genetic or biological in nature. 2.3.94. Discuss the “one-factor” solution. Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.3.94 Page Reference:40-41 Topic: The Great Nomothetic Search for Universal Principles of Personality Skill: Conceptual Answer: Some researchers have suggested that human personality can be accounted for with one factor and have labeled this the general personality factor, or GPF. A similar concept is debated in research on intelligence where some theorists suggest that one general factor underlies all human intellectual abilities. For some theorists the GPF consists of a general factor of emotional stability that includes agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness, etc. Thus, people are either able to handle stress, generally relaxed, open to new experiences, task-focused or the opposite of this. Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 45