Organizational Behaviour: Concepts, Controversies, Applications, Eighth Canadian Edition Test Bank
Preview Extract
Organizational Behaviour, Eighth Canadian Ed., 8e (Langton)
Chapter 2 Perception, Personality, and Emotions
2.1 Multiple Choice Questions
1) A process by which individuals organize and interpret their impressions in order to give
meaning to their environment is called
A) interpretation.
B) environmental analysis.
C) perception.
D) outlook.
E) environmental impact.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 38
Topic: Perception
Skill: Recall
Objective: 1
2) Stan left Kerry a voicemail message indicating that he wanted to see her right away. He
wanted to commend her for her good work on a recent project, but because he said he wanted to
see her right away, she thought that she was in trouble. Kerry’s interpretation of his message is
known as her
A) personality.
B) feelings.
C) perception.
D) viewpoint.
E) concern.
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 38
Topic: Perception
Skill: Applied
Objective: 1
3) If two people see the same thing at the same time yet interpret it differently, the factors that
shape their dissimilar perceptions reside in
A) the target being perceived.
B) the timing.
C) the context of the situation in which the perception is made.
D) the perceiver.
E) environmental influences.
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 38
Topic: Perception
Skill: Recall
Objective: 1
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4) Tom was aware that Jonas did not always interpret his messages in the way that they were
intended. In this perception situation, Jonas is the
A) target.
B) perceiver.
C) prophesizer.
D) emoter.
E) superior.
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 38
Topic: Perception
Skill: Applied
Objective: 1
5) Which of the following is TRUE about our perceptions of a target?
A) Individual perception varies little between different cultures.
B) Expectations do not distort individual perception.
C) Motion, sounds, and size of a target have little affect in how individuals perceive it.
D) Targets are usually perceived in isolation.
E) Timing of events and the situation in which a target is encountered may impact our
perception.
Answer: E
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 38
Topic: Perception
Skill: Recall
Objective: 1
6) The theory that tries to explain how we judge people differently, depending upon the meaning
we assign to a given behaviour, is
A) behavioural theory.
B) judgmental theory.
C) equity theory.
D) attribution theory.
E) situational theory.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 40
Topic: Perception
Skill: Recall
Objective: 2
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7) Samantha is never late for work, but last Monday she arrived an hour late because of heavy
traffic. According to Attribution Theory, Samantha’s behaviour on Monday is ________ and is
attributed to ________ causes.
A) high on reliability, external
B) low on distinctiveness, internal
C) high on distinctiveness, external
D) low on consistency, external
E) high on consistency, internal
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 41
Topic: Perception
Skill: Recall
Objective: 2
8) What are the three rules about behaviour that attribution theory relies on?
A) distinctiveness, resemblance, and consistency
B) resemblance, consensus and consistency
C) deviation, distinctiveness, and consistency
D) consistency, consensus and distinctiveness
E) context, consensus and distinctiveness
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 41
Topic: Perception
Skill: Recall
Objective: 2
9) When individuals observe behaviour, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or
externally caused. This is generally referred to as
A) fundamental attribution error.
B) self-serving bias.
C) attribution theory.
D) selective behaviour theory.
E) perception theory.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 41
Topic: Perception
Skill: Recall
Objective: 2
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10) When an individual displays different behaviours in different situations, this is termed
A) continuity.
B) integrity.
C) distinctiveness.
D) flexibility.
E) consensus.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 41
Topic: Perception
Skill: Recall
Objective: 2
11) According to Attribution Theory, behaviour that is observed as being different from the
behaviour previously demonstrated, refers to
A) differentiation.
B) consistency.
C) consensus.
D) distinctiveness.
E) unanimity.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 41
Topic: Perception
Skill: Recall
Objective: 2
12) If a person appears to respond the same way over time, attribution theory states that the
behaviour shows
A) distinctiveness.
B) consensus.
C) consistency.
D) continuity.
E) reliability.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 41
Topic: Perception
Skill: Recall
Objective: 2
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SCENARIO 2-1 You have hired a 55-year-old employee who has successfully worked in large
firms. Your company is a small, closely-knit organization with many young employees; most do
not have as much work experience as this newcomer. You have prided yourself on being flexible
with your employees and being open to their needs. They requested an informal dress code for
Fridays and you adopted this policy four months ago.
13) Refer to Scenario 2-1. You should expect that your new employee
A) will be excited by the new dress code.
B) will perceive the dress code in the same way as the other employees.
C) may have a different perception of the dress code because of differences in the target.
D) may have a different perception of the dress code because of differing past experiences.
E) will ignore the new dress code.
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 38
Topic: Perception
Skill: Applied
Objective: 1
14) Refer to Scenario 2-1. You may discover your younger employees believe the older
employee to be rigid and intolerant of various behaviours and values. This is due to their
A) expectations.
B) motives.
C) targets.
D) situations.
E) interests.
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 38
Topic: Perception
Skill: Applied
Objective: 1
15) Refer to Scenario 2-1. The factor in the situation that may cause your younger employees
perceptions to be different is
A) novelty.
B) attitudes.
C) social setting.
D) genetics.
E) heredity.
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 38
Topic: Perception
Skill: Applied
Objective: 1
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16) Janice is late for work every day by about ten minutes. According to Attribution Theory, this
behaviour is
A) high in consensus.
B) high in similarity.
C) high in consistency.
D) high in reliability.
E) high in distinctiveness.
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 41
Topic: Perception
Skill: Applied
Objective: 2
17) Suppose a sales manager is unhappy with the performance of her sales people and attributes
this to laziness on their part. Closer scrutiny of the real situation, however, shows that the sales
manager has made a “fundamental attribution error.” This means that she has
A) only attended to superficial indicators.
B) inadequately explored the job satisfaction of the sales people.
C) merely stereotyped employees.
D) underestimated the effects of external factors relative to internal factors.
E) ignored her responsibility in the entire process of not holding workers accountable.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 42
Topic: Perception
Skill: Applied
Objective: 2
18) How does selective perception work as a shortcut in judging other people?
A) Bits and pieces of what we observe are chosen randomly.
B) Bits and pieces of what we observe are selectively chosen according to our interests and
background.
C) Such observations allow us to arrive at warranted judgments quickly.
D) It allows us to “speed-read” without the risk of inaccurate conclusions.
E) Bits and pieces of what we observe allow us to judge people with complete accuracy.
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 42
Topic: Perception
Skill: Recall
Objective: 2
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19) Which of the following is considered to be outside the shortcuts we utilize in judging others?
A) stereotyping
B) halo effect
C) projection
D) self-serving bias
E) contrast effects
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 42
Topic: Perception
Skill: Recall
Objective: 2
20) There are many examples of shortcuts we make in judging others. Which shortcut below is
least likely to be an error in perception about a new employee named Jo?
A) using “high intelligence” of Jo to make a general impression about Jo’s effectiveness on the
job
B) using my ability to respond to individual differences between Jo and myself
C) letting my own attitudes and interests influence my impression of Jo
D) deciding that Jo wants challenge and change since that’s what I want
E) knowing how good Jo will be because Jo has the same degree I have
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 38-43
Topic: Perception
Skill: Applied
Objective: 1,2
SCENARIO 2-2 Work on your team is difficult because of the other two individuals. The work
has been divided among the three of you, but each time your team meets Janet and Jim disagree
about the progress that the team has made on the project. Janet is convinced that Jim’s lack of
progress is because he is an inherently lazy male rather than because some information is still not
available to him because Janet has not completed some of her work according to the schedule she
agreed to. The truth seems to be that Janet is not doing her part of the work.
21) Referring to Scenario 2-2, you might attempt to understand Janet and Jim by using ________
theory.
A) social relevance
B) attribution
C) optimizing
D) satisficing
E) perception
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 41
Topic: Perception
Skill: Applied
Objective: 2
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22) Referring to Scenario 2-2, Janet seems to be guilty of
A) proximity bias.
B) ethnocentrism.
C) fundamental attribution error.
D) self-serving bias.
E) selective perception.
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 42
Topic: Perception
Skill: Applied
Objective: 2
23) Referring to Scenario 2-2, Janet may be attributing to Jim some of her own characteristics.
She might be exhibiting
A) projection.
B) the halo effect.
C) contrast effect.
D) stereotyping.
E) selective perception.
Answer: A
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 43
Topic: Perception
Skill: Applied
Objective: 2
24) Considering Scenario 2-2, you have decided after consultation with your manager that the
problem between Janet and Jim must be solved; somehow Janet must be made aware of the
impact of her work not being completed within the required timeline. In order to resolve this
situation and maintain as much objectivity as possible, you want to create a response that avoids
A) selective perception and stereotyping.
B) selective perception and contrast effects.
C) communication with both Janet and Jim.
D) assigning responsibility for future behaviour.
E) acting in a leadership capacity.
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 42-445
Topic: Perception
Skill: Applied
Objective: 2
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25) The perception shortcut that involves evaluation of a person based on how they compare to
other individuals recently encountered.
A) selective perception
B) contrast effects
C) halo effect
D) prejudice
E) projection
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 43
Topic: Perception
Skill: Recall
Objective: 2
26) The unfounded belief that younger workers are more appealing than older workers is an
example of
A) the halo effect.
B) contrast effects.
C) projection.
D) prejudice.
E) stereotyping.
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 44
Topic: Perception
Skill: Recall
Objective: 2
27) When a person stereotypes another person, the individual is making generalizations based
upon
A) a predefined group to which the other person belongs.
B) a key strength of the other person.
C) a key weakness of the other person.
D) the values of the other person.
E) the speaking style of the other person.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 44
Topic: Perception
Skill: Recall
Objective: 2
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28) Jessica recently joined a new company and was first introduced to Michelle, her cubicle
neighbour. Michelle came across as friendly and polite. During lunch time Jessica met another
colleague, Carrie, who did not come across as friendly as Michelle. In this situation, Jessica’s
interpretation of Carrie’s personality is most likely to be affected by
A) confirmation bias.
B) contrast effect.
C) fundamental attribution error.
D) self-serving bias.
E) bandwagon effect.
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 45
Topic: Perception
Skill: Applied
Objective: 2
29) Because Northern Beverages wants to expand and grow, the HR Manager knows she needs
to hire an individual who is skilled in business strategy. She believes that university graduates
who participated extensively in athletics are ambitious and hard working, compared to university
students who did not. When she interviews university grads that were athletes, she is likely to
engage in
A) self-serving bias.
B) stereotyping.
C) contrast effect.
D) risk management.
E) halo effect.
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 44
Topic: Perception
Skill: Applied
Objective: 2
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SCENARIO 2-3 Students in your class are making oral presentations as the final part of a
project they have been working on for the past few months. You know from courses you have
taken and from discussions with peers that there are perception shortcuts used when judging
others. You are now wondering if your instructor will use any of these.
30) Referring to Scenario 2-3, Jennifer has previously made two excellent presentations. The one
she completed today is not as good as her first two, yet she still receives the same high grade.
Which statement best explains the perception error the instructor may have made when
evaluating Jennifer?
A) The contrast effect is distorting the instructor’s perception.
B) The halo effect is operating.
C) The instructor has stereotyped Jennifer.
D) The instructor is projecting that Jennifer is an “A” student.
E) The instructor is engaged in selective perception.
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 43
Topic: Perception
Skill: Applied
Objective: 2
31) Refer to Scenario 2-3. Allison has just completed a very good presentation. You are afraid
that the ________ will operate and you will be perceived less favorably than if you had presented
before her.
A) stereotyping effect
B) halo effect
C) contrast effect
D) projection effect
E) selective perception
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 43
Topic: Perception
Skill: Applied
Objective: 2
32) Refer to Scenario 2-3. You have heard that the instructor believes men perform better in oral
presentations than women. If this is TRUE, the instructor’s perception shortcut is
A) halo effect.
B) contrast effect.
C) projection.
D) stereotyping.
E) selective perception.
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 44
Topic: Perception
Skill: Applied
Objective: 2
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33) Sally is normally a very calm and composed manager, but the other day she raised her voice
on the telephone. When staff heard her angry tone, they tried to figure out why she was upset.
This is an example of
A) the halo effect.
B) contrast effects.
C) projection.
D) stereotyping.
E) attribution theory.
Answer: E
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 41
Topic: Perception
Skill: Applied
Objective: 2
34) When a fire truck’s siren was heard, everyone ran to the window to see what was happening.
That everyone responded in the same way is an example of which aspect of Attribution Theory?
A) consistency
B) consensus
C) distinctiveness
D) selective perception
E) contrast effects
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 41
Topic: Perception
Skill: Applied
Objective: 2
35) John usually responds positively when asked to do something, but recently his boss has
noticed that he does not seem as enthusiastic and positive when requests are made of him. Which
aspect of Attribution Theory does this observation relate to?
A) consensus
B) distinctiveness
C) consistency
D) selective perception
E) contrast effects
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 41
Topic: Perception
Skill: Applied
Objective: 2
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36) The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the
influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behaviour of others is known as
A) distinctiveness.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) selective perception.
D) self-serving bias.
E) halo effect.
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 42
Topic: Perception
Skill: Recall
Objective: 2
37) Terry is a good communicator, and those who know this assume she is very competent at her
job. This is an example of
A) selective perception.
B) the halo effect.
C) contrast effects.
D) projection.
E) consensus.
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 43
Topic: Perception
Skill: Applied
Objective: 2
38) When Carrie drove up in her new car, Ken told her that she had made a mistake. Even
though the car was very sporty, easy on gas, and had lots of trunk space, he ignored these
attributes and told her it would need to be repaired frequently. He said this because he had
previously owned the same car, and that was his experience. This is an example of
A) the halo effect.
B) contrast effects.
C) projection.
D) selective perception.
E) stereotyping.
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 42
Topic: Perception
Skill: Applied
Objective: 2
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39) Jane Allen, a campaign manager at a non-profit organization, often takes full credit for
project successes even when her team members’ contributions play a big role in achieving
milestones. However, when projects receive setbacks, she blames her team members and
sometimes states that the situation was beyond her control. Jane’s behaviour is an example of
A) halo effect.
B) stereotyping.
C) contrast effect.
D) selective perception.
E) self-serving bias.
Answer: E
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 42
Topic: Perception
Skill: Applied
Objective: 2
40) The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors while putting
the blame for failures on external factors is called
A) the halo effect.
B) projection.
C) stereotyping.
D) self-serving bias.
E) contrast effects.
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 42
Topic: Perception
Skill: Recall
Objective: 2
41) When Jose passed the new employee’s office, he was reminded of Tina, the manager of the
sales department; Jose noticed that both seemed to have messy desks with lots of papers piled on
them. This is an example of
A) the halo effect.
B) contrast effects.
C) projection.
D) selective perception.
E) stereotyping.
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 44
Topic: Attribution Theory
Skill: Applied
Objective: 2
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42) Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which that person belongs
is known as
A) projection.
B) the halo effect.
C) stereotyping.
D) selective perception.
E) contrast effects.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 44
Topic: Perception
Skill: Recall
Objective: 2
43) Self-fulfilling prophecy is a concept that proposes a person will behave
A) in ways inconsistent with how he or she is perceived by others.
B) in ways that are similar to self-interest.
C) in ways consistent with how he or she is perceived by others.
D) in ways that are dissimilar to self-interest.
E) in ways consistent with how he or she perceives him-/herself.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 46
Topic: Perception
Skill: Recall
Objective: 2
44) Gillian was very upset that others perceived her as lazy. This bothered her so much that she
began to neglect her work responsibilities and began to spend most of her time surfing the
Internet. This is an example of
A) the halo effect.
B) contrast effects.
C) stereotyping.
D) selective perception.
E) self-fulfilling prophecy.
Answer: E
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 46
Topic: Perception
Skill: Applied
Objective: 2
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45) ________ is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.
A) Talent
B) Skill
C) Knowledge
D) Heredity
E) Personality
Answer: E
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 47
Topic: Personality
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3
46) An environmental factor that might influence personality is
A) parents’ height.
B) school experience.
C) gender.
D) muscle coordination.
E) sense of smell.
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 48
Topic: Personality
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3
47) Elaine Chambers works as a research executive at ENVIR Inc. Though her colleagues are
helpful and friendly, because of her shy nature, she often eats her lunch at her desk and has
limited interactions with them. She is glad that her nature of work does not require her to interact
with her co-workers to a high extent. Elaine’s personality is characterized by the Myers-Briggs
Type Indicator referred to as
A) reserved.
B) introverted.
C) extroverted.
D) agreeableness.
E) conscientiousness.
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 49
Topic: Personality
Skill: Applied
Objective: 4
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48) What are personality traits?
A) enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behaviour
B) fleeting characteristics that describe an individual’s behaviour
C) individual characteristics that are based solely on heredity
D) individual characteristics that are based solely on situational conditions
E) individual characteristics that are based solely on environmental factors
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 48
Topic: Personality
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3
49) A term that best describes an extraverted, sensing, thinking, judging person is
A) quiet.
B) domineering.
C) reserved.
D) organized.
E) visionary.
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 49
Topic: Personality
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5
SCENARIO 2-4 Sally is assembling a team to work on a long-term project requiring creativity,
stamina, and farsightedness. This project is important for the future growth of Sally’s
organization and she recognizes that she must succeed. Sally is in the process of selecting
individuals who will significantly contribute to the project. The only information available to
Sally is the Myers-Briggs type of each individual. Sally must use her knowledge of the four basic
characteristics of each person to choose individuals appropriate for various roles.
50) Referring to Scenario 2-4, Sally needs to choose a lead person for the team. This person must
be a determined and independent visionary. According to Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
personality classifications, Sally will probably pick an
A) ENTP.
B) INTJ.
C) ENFP.
D) ISFP.
E) STPE.
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 49
Topic: Personality
Skill: Applied
Objective: 5
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51) Refer to Scenario 2-4. Sally is also looking for an organized person who will be practical and
realistic about timelines and budgets. She will probably pick
A) ESTJ.
B) ENTP.
C) ISFP.
D) STPE.
E) INTJ.
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 49
Topic: Personality
Skill: Applied
Objective: 5
52) Refer to Scenario 2-4. Sally needs an individual who is innovative and individualistic to help
push the project beyond the normal practices of the company. With strong leadership from
others, she wants to find a person who will bring innovative ideas to the team. She will probably
choose
A) STJE.
B) INTJ.
C) ENTP.
D) ESFJ.
E) ISFP.
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 49
Topic: Personality
Skill: Applied
Objective: 5
SCENARIO 2-5 You are the manager of a small retail store and have decided to apply the Big
Five Model in order to understand your employees and their work habits.
53) Refer to Scenario 2-5. Mike Jackson, one of your newest employees, is an extravert. Which
of the following statements best describes Mike at work?
A) Mike will find music and noise distracting in the workplace.
B) Mike will be assertive and can stay engaged with customers for long periods of time.
C) Mike is will engage with customers when they approach him, but otherwise will focus quietly
on his work.
D) Mike will be comfortable working alone for long periods of time.
E) Mike be reserved and not easily express himself to others.
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 50
Topic: Personality
Skill: Applied
Objective: 6
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54) Refer to Scenario 2-5. Jane Simpson rates low on conscientiousness. You should expect she
would
A) be easily distracted.
B) find comfort in the familiar.
C) be nervous, depressed, and insecure.
D) be comfortable with solitude.
E) be achievement oriented.
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 50
Topic: Personality
Skill: Applied
Objective: 6
55) Refer to Scenario 2-5. Which of the five personality dimensions are probably most important
in predicting the job performance of your employees?
A) extroversion and openness to experience
B) agreeableness and emotional stability
C) conscientiousness and agreeableness
D) emotional stability and extroversion
E) openness to experience and conscientiousness
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 50,51
Topic: Personality
Skill: Applied
Objective: 6
56) People who show initiative and perseverance are characteristics of the personality trait
known as
A) high extroversion.
B) proactive personality.
C) narcissism.
D) extroversion
E) Machiavellian.
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 51-54
Topic: Personality
Skill: Recall
Objective: 6
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57) During an annual performance review, Monty Godfrey commented: “When I look at myself
and my performance, I see that what I have achieved is outstanding and something no one else in
the organization can achieve. Surprisingly, it has not won me the admiration of my colleagues
like it should have. I also believe that I deserve a raise, since without me, this place would likely
fall apart.” The personality trait that best describes Michel is:
A) proactive personality.
B) monasticism.
C) elitism.
D) narcissism.
E) Machiavellianism.
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 54
Topic: Personality
Skill: Applied
Objective: 6
58) Marnie Lyon works as a reservation travel clerk at a local travel company. Though her job
only requires her to book flights for customers she also has decided to take a training course on
how to book hotel reservations. In addition, every evening she reads travel blogs to be more
aware of popular travel trends. She loves the travel industry and is eager to learn as much as she
can regardless of the limitations of her current job requirements. The Big Five personality trait
that best describes Marnie’s personality is
A) extraversion.
B) agreeableness.
C) intuitive.
D) openness to experience.
E) emotional stability.
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 50
Topic: Personality
Skill: Applied
Objective: 5
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59) Tycoon Airlines has twelve pilots who are nearing retirement. Therefore, the organization’s
human resources department is interviewing pilots who have just graduated from flight school.
They are looking for candidates who are confident, problem solvers who can remain calm in
stressful situations. The Big Five Personality Trait that the successful candidate will have is
referred to as:
A) extraversion.
B) agreeableness.
C) conscientiousness.
D) emotional stability.
E) openness to experience.
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 52
Topic: Personality
Skill: Applied
Objective: 6
60) Global Accounting is hiring junior accountants to staff the growing business. They are
looking for candidates who demonstrate strong organizational skills and attention to detail.
Personal drive and discipline is important in this growing accounting firm. The Big Five
Personality Trait Global Accounting is focusing on is referred to as:
A) extraversion.
B) agreeableness.
C) conscientiousness.
D) openness to experience.
E) emotional stability.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 52
Topic: Personality
Skill: Applied
Objective: 6
61) Zeus is a young bank manager who has received three promotions in the past four years an
makes no excuses for his aggressive tactics he has used to get ahead. “I am very smart and am
not afraid to have to do whatever I have to do to get ahead. Besides, if I don’t take charge of my
career, who will? I have to do what I have to do, no matter what!” he comments. Zeus would be
best described as a:
A) Machiavellian.
B) narcissist.
C) self-monitor.
D) proactive personality.
E) extravert.
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 54
Topic: Personality
Skill: Recall
Objective: 6
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62) How would you describe an individual who believes the ends justify the means and
maintains emotional distance in situations?
A) narcissist
B) psychopath
C) Machiavellian
D) self-monitor
E) risk-taker
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 54
Topic: Personality
Skill: Recall
Objective: 6
63) People who score high in psychopathy tend to
A) display their true dispositions and attitudes in every situation.
B) believe they control what happens to them.
C) lack remorse of guilt when they have caused others harm.
D) be persuaded less by others.
E) measure success in terms of their acquisitions.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 56
Topic: Personality
Skill: Recall
Objective: 6
64) In which of the following occupations is the personality trait of openness to experience most
suited?
A) accountant performing auditing activities
B) advertising writer for TV commercials.
C) computer systems expert working in security
D) marketing representative selling pharmaceuticals
E) retail sales, men’s clothing
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 52
Topic: Personality
Skill: Applied
Objective: 6
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65) Which of the following is TRUE of positive core self-evaluation?
A) They tend to be work slower and more thoughtfully.
B) They can play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit superiority.
C) They tend to like themselves and feel in control of their environment.
D) They are less liked by others, because of their successes.
E) They don’t suffer from a sense of time urgency and impatience.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 56, 57
Topic: Big Five Personality
Skill: Recall
Objective: 6
66) Which of the following is a TRUE statement?
A) High self-monitors rarely vary their responses to specific challenges.
B) It is estimated that about 25% of the North American population are psychopaths.
C) There are common personality types for a given country.
D) High self-monitor employees show less commitment to their organizations, but receive better
performance ratings.
E) Psychopaths are never successful in the workplace.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 57
Topic: Personality
Skill: Recall
Objective: 6
67) Which of the following statements is TRUE of narcissists?
A) They feel less guilt and remorse when they harm others.
B) They alter their behaviour to reflect the external situation they are in.
C) They have poor long-term health outcomes.
D) They are low key and tend to keep emotional distance.
E) They are more likely to engage in self-promotion in social media.
Answer: E
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 54,55
Topic: Personality
Skill: Recall
Objective: 6
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68) Vanessa Micheals is a climate campaigner at an environmental organization where she uses
her logic to make decisions for project implementation. She believes that the right decisions can
be made only through close scrutiny and analysis. Each time she needs to make a decision, she
weighs all options before taking action. Which of the following is a personality trait of Sinclair’s
personality according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)?
A) intuitive
B) introverted
C) thinking
D) feeling
E) perceiving
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 50
Topic: Personality
Skill: Applied
Objective: 6
SCENARIO 2-6 Michael is angry that he was disciplined by his boss and demoted from produce
clerk to the job of stocking shelves. He has not been greeting customers with a smile and friendly
hello, although this is required in his job. He takes extra time collecting his supplies from the
back of the warehouse, and then works quickly when working in the public areas of the store
only so he can disappear into the warehouse. He sometimes hides in the washroom during his
shift to avoid talking to his boss.
69) Referring to Scenario 2-6, the requirement to greet customers with a smile and friendly hello
is classified as
A) self-monitoring.
B) mindfulness.
C) moral emotions.
D) displaying emotional labour.
E) emotional intelligence.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 62
Topic: Emotions
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8
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70) Referring to Scenario 2-6, when Michael is angry and does not greet customers with a smile
he is demonstrating
A) displayed emotions.
B) mindfulness.
C) emotional intelligence
D) felt emotions.
E) shyness
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 62
Topic: Emotions
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8
71) Refer to Scenario 2-6. Michael’s emotional intelligence is most likely
A) high.
B) low.
C) displayed.
D) felt.
E) appropriate.
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 64
Topic: Emotions
Skill: Applied
Objective: 9
72) Refer to Scenario 2-6. The anger Michael feels toward his boss is
A) emotional labour.
B) emotional dissonance.
C) a mood.
D) an emotion.
E) a perception.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Ref: 60
Topic: Emotions
Skill: Applied
Objective: 7
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73) If a manager has high emotional intelligence he will likely engage in
A) projection.
B) stereotyping.
C) narcissism.
D) self-monitoring.
E) extroversion.
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 64
Topic: Emotions
Skill: Applied
Objective: 9
74) Dana greets customers with a friendly smile whether she actually feels happy or not. “It’s all
part of the job!” Dana comments to a customer when they ask her why she is always smiling.
Dana’s comment is best referred to as:
A) felt emotions.
B) mindfulness.
C) contrast effects.
D) emotional labour.
E) moral emotions.
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 62
Topic: Emotions
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8
75) Ken is a decisive person who prefers structured situations and likes to control his work
environment. According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, he is a
A) judging type.
B) organizing type.
C) feeling type.
D) extrovert type.
E) introvert type.
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 49
Topic: Personality
Skill: Applied
Objective: 4
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76) Tonya is extremely talkative, sociable, and assertive. According to the Big Five Personality
Model, this relates to her
A) agreeableness.
B) emotional stability.
C) conscientiousness.
D) extraversion.
E) openness to experience.
Answer: D
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 50
Topic: Personality
Skill: Applied
Objective: 6
77) Eli is a very competent worker and he knows it. People find him to be extremely arrogant
and he is considered to be someone that feels entitled to special treatment. If these perceptions
are TRUE, they are examples of Eli’s
A) emotions.
B) narcissism.
C) perceptions.
D) self-monitoring.
E) self-esteem.
Answer: B
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 54
Topic: Personality
Skill: Applied
Objective: 6
78) Timothy thinks nothing of berating his staff in order to get them to meet deadline; when his
staff meet the deadlines, it confirms to Timothy that he is right to behave this way. Timothy’s
personality likely includes the personality trait of
A) Machiavellianism.
B) perception.
C) agreeableness.
D) extraversion.
E) emotional intelligence.
Answer: A
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 54
Topic: Personality
Skill: Applied
Objective: 6
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79) The expectation of airline companies for flight attendants to always be cheerful when dealing
with customers requires
A) conscientiousness.
B) agreeableness.
C) emotional labour.
D) narcissism.
E) mindfulness.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 62
Topic: Emotions
Skill: Recall
Objective: 8
80) Samir is a self-proclaimed “hot head”; when he is angry with others, he communicates this
by screaming at them. This is an example of Samir’s
A) perception.
B) moods.
C) emotions.
D) self-esteem.
E) proactivity.
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 60
Topic: Emotions
Skill: Applied
Objective: 7
81) Ava never gives up; she persists in what she is trying to accomplish even when setbacks
occur. This shows her
A) personality.
B) moods.
C) core self-evaluation.
D) emotional dissonance.
E) self-esteem.
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Ref: 56
Topic: Personality
Skill: Applied
Objective: 6
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82) Moral emotions include all of the following except
A) sympathy for the suffering of others.
B) behaviour depending on the strength of the situation.
C) guilt about our own immoral behaviour.
D) anger about injustice done to others.
E) contempt for those who behave unethically.
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 61
Topic: Emotions
Skill: Recall
Objective: 7
83) A nurse who tries to genuinely feel more empathy for patients is referred to as:
A) emotional intelligence.
B) deep acting.
C) mindfulness.
D) emotional stability.
E) conscientiousness.
Answer: B
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 63
Topic: Emotions
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8
84) Trying to modify one’s TRUE inner feelings based on display rules is known as
A) emotional labour.
B) emotional dissonance.
C) deep acting.
D) surface acting.
E) self-awareness.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 63
Topic: Emotions
Skill: Recall
Objective: 8
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85) Hiding one’s inner feelings and foregoing emotional expressions in response to display rules
is known as
A) emotional labour.
B) emotional dissonance.
C) deep acting.
D) surface acting.
E) self-awareness.
Answer: D
Diff: 1 Type: MC Page Ref: 63
Topic: Emotions
Skill: Recall
Objective: 8
2.2 True/False Questions
1) Perception refers to the way individuals organize and interpret their impressions in order to
give meaning to their environment.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 38
Topic: Perception
Skill: Recall
Objective: 1
2) We often interpret others’ behaviours based on our own characteristics.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 38
Topic: Perception
Skill: Recall
Objective: 1
3) When an individual looks at a target and attempts to interpret what he or she sees, that
interpretation is heavily influenced by personal characteristics of the individual perceiver.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 38
Topic: Perception
Skill: Recall
Objective: 1
4) Perception is not influenced by the perceiver’s interests.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 38
Topic: Perception
Skill: Recall
Objective: 1
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5) Objects that are close to each other will tend to be perceived together rather than separately.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 39
Topic: Perception
Skill: Recall
Objective: 1
6) Elements in the surrounding environment are ignored in our perceptions.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 39
Topic: Perception
Skill: Recall
Objective: 1
7) People’s behaviour is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 38
Topic: Perception
Skill: Applied
Objective: 1
8) Ever since Yo managed to attract a new lucrative client, others feel like he can do no wrong.
This is known as projection.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 43
Topic: Perception
Skill: Applied
Objective: 2
9) The tendency for individuals to attribute their successes to internal factors while putting the
blame for failures on external factors is called the fundamental attribution error.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 42
Topic: Perception
Skill: Recall
Objective: 2
10) A person’s tendency to believe they can predict the outcome of random events is known as
self-serving bias.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 42
Topic: Perception
Skill: Recall
Objective: 2
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11) If you expect older workers to be unable to learn a new job skill, that is probably what you
will perceive, whether it is accurate or not.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 41
Topic: Perception
Skill: Applied
Objective: 2
12) If you think you are going to fail, you will likely fail. This is known as a self-fulfilling
prophecy.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 46
Topic: Perception
Skill: Applied
Objective: 2
13) Negative information exposed early in a job interview tends to be more heavily weighted
than if the same information were conveyed later.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 46
Topic: Perception
Skill: Applied
Objective: 2
14) Interviewers make perceptual judgments during interviews that affect whether an individual
is hired.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 46
Topic: Perception
Skill: Applied
Objective: 2
15) There is evidence that people will attempt to validate their perceptions of reality, even when
those perceptions are faulty.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 45
Topic: Perception
Skill: Recall
Objective: 2
16) Tina is very cooperative, good-natured, and trusting. Thus, she scores high on
conscientiousness according to the Big Five Model.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 50
Topic: Personality
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5
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17) Intuitives, (N), in the MBTI are generally shy and quiet.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 49
Topic: Personality
Skill: Recall
Objective: 4
18) Ron has been known to tell “mistruths” to clients about when they can expect delivery of
merchandise; Ron considers that the importance of making the sale justifies giving clients overly
optimistic delivery dates This is known as Machiavellianism.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 50
Topic: Personality
Skill: Applied
Objective: 6
19) Tony is a boss’ dream. He is great at identifying opportunities, showing initiative, and taking
action. This is known as self-monitoring.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 58
Topic: Personality
Skill: Applied
Objective: 6
20) An impressive body of research supports the idea that five basic personality dimensions
underlie all others.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 49
Topic: Personality
Skill: Recall
Objective: 5
21) Individual extraversion always correlates with high job performance.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 52
Topic: Personality
Skill: Recall
Objective: 6
22) People who select, create and influence work situations in their favour are called selfmonitors.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 53
Topic: Personality
Skill: Recall
Objective: 6
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23) Individuals who rate low in proactive personality are more likely to challenge the status quo.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 58
Topic: Personality
Skill: Recall
Objective: 6
24) Individuals who have a proactive personality are more likely to leave an organization and
start their own business.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 57
Topic: Personality
Skill: Recall
Objective: 6
25) Self-monitoring is the trait that describes the degree to which a person likes or dislikes
himself.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 57
Topic: Personality
Skill: Recall
Objective: 6
26) In managerial positions, people with low Machiavellianism will tend to agree with others.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 54
Topic: Personality
Skill: Recall
Objective: 6
27) The evidence demonstrates that students high in identifying and distinguishing their own
feelings, (high EI), made better investment decisions.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 65
Topic: Emotions
Skill: Recall
Objective: 9
28) Zack is careful about what he says at meetings, often waiting for his boss to express his
opinions first, so that Zack can agree with him. This shows Zack is high in proactive personality.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 58
Topic: Personality
Skill: Applied
Objective: 6
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29) High self-monitors adjust their behaviour if demanded by the situation.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 57
Topic: Personality
Skill: Recall
Objective: 6
30) Low Machiavellian personalities tend to persuade others to their point of view more and are
less persuadable to others’ than high Machiavellian personalities.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 54
Topic: Personality
Skill: Recall
Objective: 6
31) Narcissism helps senior executives make rational decisions.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 54
Topic: Personality
Skill: Recall
Objective: 6
32) A proactive personality is easily dissuaded from meaningful change when they encounter
obstacles.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 58
Topic: Personality
Skill: Recall
Objective: 6
33) Mary is not one to make excuses when things go wrong because she believes that she
controls her own destiny. She has a proactive personality.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 58
Topic: Personality
Skill: Applied
Objective: 6
34) Proactive personalities can have both negative and positive impact, depending on the
organization and situational conditions.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 58
Topic: Personality
Skill: Recall
Objective: 6
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35) The biological parent’s genetics should influence the personality characteristics of their child.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 48
Topic: Personality
Skill: Recall
Objective: 3
36) The best leaders manage emotions as much as they do tasks and activities.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 60
Topic: Emotions
Skill: Recall
Objective: 7
37) It is clear to James that certain individuals n his department react emotionally to things that
happen to them at work and that their reactions influence their job performance. This is known as
affective events theory.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 60
Topic: Emotions
Skill: Applied
Objective: 7
38) Affect is defined as those intense feelings that are directed at someone or something.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 60
Topic: Emotions
Skill: Recall
Objective: 7
39) Moods differ from emotions because they aren’t directed towards any specific object.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 60
Topic: Emotions
Skill: Recall
Objective: 7
40) Donna “wears her emotions on her sleeve” such that when she has trouble at work, it affects
her performance. Donna is good at surface acting.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 63
Topic: Emotions
Skill: Recall
Objective: 8
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41) Jan and Mike have an argument at work that causes them to be angry with each other. Later
on in the day, they both find that they are in bad spirits. This is an example of an affect state
describing a mood.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 60
Topic: Emotions
Skill: Recall
Objective: 7
42) Raffi is known to express the “company line” at all times, even when he is unhappy about
something. This is known as emotional deviance.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2 Type: TF Page Ref: 62
Topic: Emotions
Skill: Applied
Objective: 8
43) Felt emotions are the same as the emotions displayed in public.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 62
Topic: Emotions
Skill: Recall
Objective: 8
44) Mindfulness is harmful to employee well-being
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 63
Topic: Emotions
Skill: Recall
Objective: 8
45) Janice does not understand why her co-workers get upset with her just because she
overreacts to any problems that come her way. Janice has low emotional intelligence.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1 Type: TF Page Ref: 64,65
Topic: Emotions
Skill: Recall
Objective: 9
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2.3 Essay Questions
1) What factors reside in the perceiver, the target being perceived, or the context of the situation
that operate to shape and sometimes distort perception?
Answer: Suggested answer:
– Attempts to interpret what is seen are influenced by personal characteristics of perceiver.
– Attitudes, motives, interests, past experiences shape the way we perceive.
– We often interpret others’ behaviour based on our own behaviour.
– Personal expectations can distort perception.
– Characteristics of target (e.g. volume, appearance, motion, sound, size), physical or time
proximity of targets, and similarity of targets will influence what we perceive.
– Situational factors such as location, light, heat, events, work setting, social setting can influence
perception.
Diff: 3 Type: ES Page Ref: 38,39
Topic: Perception
Skill: Applied
Objective: 1
2) Imagine you are mentoring a new manager who is going to supervise a staff of twelve
employees. In a short period of time you conclude this manager demonstrates many introvert
characteristics: she listens carefully and takes her time composing her responses; she shuts the
door to her office several times a day, asking staff not to interrupt her; she leaves the office at
lunch time and walks in a nearby park by herself, saying she needs to “recharge.” Discuss the
introvert as a manager; what will challenge this personality in this job? what can you conclude
this personality will be good at as a manager?
Answer: Suggested answer: Introvert strengths:
– good listeners; often can absorb large amounts of information for synthesis; more likely to
know the opinions and thoughts of those around them
– able to work alone for periods of time, which many managers need to do.
introvert challenges:
– lose energy when interacting with others and in high pace environments, so need to pace
themselves
– quiet nature may make individual find conflict challenging and draining
– introvert/extrovert are not absolutes but a range on the scale, so all introverts will show degrees
of the characteristics
Diff: 3 Type: ES Page Ref: 50
Topic: Personality
Skill: Applied
Objective: 6
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3) Explain how perception and perceptual errors, such as stereotype and halo effect, create issues
for managers in employment interviews, and performance evaluations.
Answer: Suggested answer:
– Perceptionโis about judgments and all people make shortcuts in judgments; managers must be
self-aware in order to avoid negatively impacting their hiring decisions or performance
evaluations
– Stereotypeโmay be a shortcut a manager makes in an interview or performance evaluation;
being aware of personal preferences may help managers to limit the use of stereotypes and/or
cause managers to seek further information to support or disconfirm their perceptions;
– Halo Effectโmay be a shortcut a manager makes in an interview or performance evaluation;
being aware of personal preferences may help managers to limit the use of stereotypes and/or
cause managers to seek further information to support or disconfirm their perceptions; (Examples
can be drawn from text, class discussion, Internet, newspapers such as Globe and Mail, etc.)
Diff: 3 Type: ES Page Ref: 45,46
Topic: Perception
Skill: Applied
Objective: 2
4) Discuss the “Big Five” model of personality and provide examples to show how this affects
managers in an organizational setting.
Answer: Suggested Answer:
– Extroversionโcomfort level with relationships (e.g., outgoing or reserved)
– Agreeablenessโpropensity to defer to others (e.g., valuing harmony or focusing more on own
needs)
– Conscientiousnessโnumber of goals on which a person focuses (e.g. focusing on fewer goals in
a more purposeful way as opposed to pursuit of many goals and easily distracted)
– Emotional stabilityโability to withstand stress (e.g., calm, secure, enthusiastic as opposed to
nervous, depressed, insecure)
– Openness to experienceโrange of interests (e.g., innovative and imaginative versus
conventional and finding comfort in the familiar) (Examples can be drawn from text, class
discussion, Internet, newspapers such as Globe and Mail, etc.)
Diff: 3 Type: ES Page Ref: 49-52
Topic: Personality
Skill: Applied
Objective: 6
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5) As a manager, you hire a person you know to be high in proactive personality. What might be
positive outcomes and contributions this person could make, based on this personality trait?
What might be the less desirable outcomes?
Answer: positives:
– identify opportunities for the company or department
– take initiative to help out/make decisions without waiting to be asked
– persevere with ideas or actions despite resistance or obstacles
– entrepreneurial in attitude to work; willing to try new ideas and work through problems
– willing to develop career and plan how to progress
negatives:
– may challenge present policy or practise if they think it is not valid
– more likely to leave the organization to start their own business
– may jump over the managers who supervise them, as they tend to seek out others and
information in the organization, including those at high levels
– if career planning has been undertaken, they may still leave the company, creating a gap.
Diff: 3 Type: ES Page Ref: 58
Topic: Personality
Skill: Applied
Objective: 6
40
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