Lifespan Development, 8th Edition Test Bank

TEST BANK CHAPTER 2: THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT Multiple Choice Questions TB_02_01_Psychoanalytic Theories Which family of theories relies on the understanding of internal drives and emotions to answer the “whys” of human development? A) Psychoanalytic B) Humanistic C) Biological D) Cognitive Answer: A Level: Easy Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.1.1: Identify the main ideas of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory TB_02_02_Psychoanalytic Theories Psychoanalytic theorists argue that human development depends on A) our ability to accommodate external stimuli. B) our ability to modify our behavior based on the prospect of rewards or punishment. C) the influence of internal drives and emotions upon behavior. D) social relationships. Answer: C Level: Moderate Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories Skill: Evaluate It LO 2.1.1: Identify the main ideas of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory TB_02_03_Freud’s Psychosexual Theory Freud arrived at his developmental theories through his work with which of the following groups? A) His own children B) Children who were orphaned C) Male adult patients who had suffered traumatic events D) Adults who were suffering from serious mental disorders Answer: D Level: Moderate Topic: Freud’s Psychosexual Theory Skill: Analyze It LO 2.1.1: Identify the main ideas of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory TB_02_04_Freud’s Psychosexual Theory Which of the following describes Freud’s view of the components of an individual’s personality? A) Formal operations B) Id, ego, and identity C) Consciousness, preconsciousness, and reality D) Id, ego, superego Answer: D Level: Easy Topic: Freud’s Psychosexual Theory Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.1.1: Identify the main ideas of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory 30 Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. TB_02_05_Freud’s Psychosexual Theory According to the psychoanalytic perspective, which aspect of our personality demands to be satisfied in physically pleasurable ways? A) Executive control of the ego B) Moral guardian of the superego C) Libido of the id D) Reality principle of the superego Answer: C Level: Easy Topic: Freud’s Psychosexual Theory Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.1.1: Identify the main ideas of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory TB_02_06_Freud’s Psychosexual Theory Jada saw some money lying unattended on a store counter. She really wanted to take it but her conscience kept her from doing so. Which part of Jada’s personality is telling her that it would be socially unacceptable to take the money? A) Superego B) Ego C) Unconscious D) Id Answer: A Level: Moderate Topic: Freud’s Psychosexual Theory Skill: Apply What You Know LO 2.1.1: Identify the main ideas of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory TB_02_07_Freud’s Psychosexual Theory According to Freud’s psychosexual theory, which of the following illustrates the functioning of the id? A) “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you” B) Restraining your desire to have a hot fudge sundae C) Stealing a pair of earbuds because you want them D) Planning a sexual interlude with your dating partner Answer: C Level: Moderate Topic: Freud’s Psychosexual Theory Skill: Apply What You Know LO 2.1.1: Identify the main ideas of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory TB_02_08_No Easy Answers—The Repressed Memory Controversy Which of the following is a correct statement regarding repressed memories? A) Adults who were abused as children never recall the abuse. B) The best way to reveal repressed memories is for a therapist to actively suggest that such memories exist. C) It is highly unlikely that false memories will be retrieved because of the fundamental inaccuracy of human memory. D) The perpetrators of abuse are more likely to forget the incidents than are the victims. Answer: D Level: Moderate Topic: No Easy Answers—The Repressed Memory Controversy Skill: Analyze It LO 2.1.1: Identify the main ideas of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory 31 Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. TB_02_09_Freud’s Psychosexual Theory According to Freud’s theory of psychosexual development, which of the following occurs when an inadequate early environment fails to meet the needs of any particular stage of psychosexual maturation? A) Defense mechanisms B) Libido failure C) Fixation D) Extinction Answer: C Level: Easy Topic: Freud’s Psychosexual Theory Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.1.1: Identify the main ideas of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory TB_02_10_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Freud is to psychosexual as Erikson is to A) reinforcement. B) psychosocial. C) dilemma resolution. D) psychosensual. Answer: B Level: Moderate Topic: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Skill: Evaluate It LO 2.1.2: Explain the significance of psychosocial conflicts in Erikson’s stages of development TB_02_11_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Erikson’s developmental theory is called “psychosocial” because it involves the interaction of __________ and __________.. A) internal drives; environmental consequences B) internal drives; unregulated emotions C) internal drives; cultural demands D) internal drives; social instincts Answer: C Level: Difficult Topic: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Skill: Analyze It LO 2.1.2: Explain the significance of psychosocial conflicts in Erikson’s stages of development TB_02_12_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Elsa was frequently neglected as a child. As an infant, she would be left in wet diapers, and she was not fed on a regular schedule. According to Erikson’s psychosocial theory, which of the following crises was not properly resolved? A) Industry vs. inferiority B) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt C) Trust vs. mistrust D) Initiative vs. guilt Answer: C Level: Moderate Topic: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Skill: Apply What You Know LO 2.1.2: Explain the significance of psychosocial conflicts in Erikson’s stages of development 32 Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. TB_02_13_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Which factor is generally considered to be an essential aspect of an infant’s first psychosocial task? A) Learning to control bodily sensations or developing shame if unsuccessful B) Becoming aware of pleasurable genital sensations and sharing these sensations with others C) Becoming purposeful, goal-oriented, and assertive, which leads to conflicts with parents D) Learning to trust a primary caregiver and one’s own ability to make things happen Answer: D Level: Moderate Topic: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Skill: Analyze It LO 2.1.2: Explain the significance of psychosocial conflicts in Erikson’s stages of development TB_02_14_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory According to Erikson, what is the central issue of adolescence? A) To develop a sense of autonomy, or become ashamed of one’s inability to be independent of parents B) To develop initiative and become purposeful and goal-oriented, or to feel guilty about the inability to focus and achieve C) To form intimate relationships, or to risk isolation and rejection D) To examine one’s identity and possible roles, or risk confusion about the future Answer: D Level: Difficult Topic: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Skill: Analyze It LO 2.1.2: Explain the significance of psychosocial conflicts in Erikson’s stages of development TB_02_15_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Erikson’s dilemma of intimacy vs. isolation is associated with which developmental age? A) Birth to one year B) 2 to 3 years C) 18 to 30 years D) 30 years to late adulthood Answer: C Level: Easy Topic: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.1.2: Explain the significance of psychosocial conflicts in Erikson’s stages of development TB_02_16_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory According to Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development, which of the following defines generativity? A) A sense of wanting to give back to society and future generations B) A sense of needing to make up for one’s shortcomings C) The need to resolve a midlife crisis D) The need to establish intimate relationships Answer: A Level: Moderate Topic: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Skill: Evaluate It LO 2.1.2: Explain the significance of psychosocial conflicts in Erikson’s stages of development 33 Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. TB_02_17_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Carolyn is thinking of her children and what they are to become. She wants to see her children succeed and raise healthy families of their own. Carolyn spends more and more time thinking about how best to help her children become good people who contribute to society. Which of Erikson’s psychosocial stages is Carolyn most likely experiencing? A) Identity vs. role confusion B) Integrity vs. despair C) Intimacy vs. isolation D) Generativity vs. stagnation Answer: D Level: Difficult Topic: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Skill: Apply What You Know LO 2.1.2: Explain the significance of psychosocial conflicts in Erikson’s stages of development TB_02_18_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory A self-absorbed, nongenerative adult who is not concerned with establishing and guiding a new generation will be at risk for which of the following? A) Isolation B) Stagnation C) Inferiority D) Mistrust Answer: B Level: Moderate Topic: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Skill: Evaluate It LO 2.1.2: Explain the significance of psychosocial conflicts in Erikson’s stages of development TB_02_19_Evaluation of Psychoanalytic Theories Which of the following is the major weakness of psychoanalytic theories? A) They contribute more to our understanding of how learning occurs than to our knowledge of human development. B) Such theories do not explain social, emotional, or personality development. C) They have had little impact on laypeople’s understanding of psychology. D) It has been very difficult to test their key concepts. Answer: D Level: Moderate Topic: Evaluation of Psychoanalytic Theories Skill: Analyze It LO 2.1.3: Assess the strengths and weakness of psychoanalytic theory TB_02_20_Learning Theories Watson believed that children could be trained to be or do anything through A) manipulation of the environment. B) sensory deprivation. C) a focus on meeting early basic needs. D) biological conditioning. Answer: A Level: Moderate Topic: Learning Theories Skill: Analyze It LO 2.2.1: Explain how classical conditioning relates to human development 34 Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. TB_02_21_Classical Conditioning During classical conditioning, if the sour taste of lemon juice automatically causes your mouth to pucker, the lemon juice is the ________ and the pucker of lips and tongue is the ________. A) conditional stimulus; conditioned response B) punishment; conditioned response C) unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response D) conditional stimulus; unconditioned response Answer: C Level: Moderate Topic: Classical Conditioning Skill: Apply What You Know LO 2.2.1: Explain how classical conditioning relates to human development TB_02_22_Classical Conditioning If you are training a child to produce a reflexive response following a nonreflexive stimulus, which method of learning are you employing? A) Observational learning B) Classical conditioning C) Response-reward learning D) Operant conditioning Answer: B Level: Difficult Topic: Classical Conditioning Skill: Evaluate It LO 2.2.1: Explain how classical conditioning relates to human development TB_02_23_Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning plays an important role in which of the following? A) Intrinsic and extrinsic reinforcements for learning B) The development of social skills such as courtesy and patience C) The development of emotional responses such as anxiety or embarrassment D) Differentiated and effective strategies for problem-solving and negotiating a complex environment Answer: C Level: Moderate Topic: Classical Conditioning Skill: Analyze It LO 2.2.1: Explain how classical conditioning relates to human development TB_02_24_Classical Conditioning Which psychologist studied “Little Albert?” A) Ivan Pavlov B) John Watson C) B. F. Skinner D) Edwin Guthrie Answer: B Level: Easy Topic: Classical Conditioning Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.2.1: Explain how classical conditioning relates to human development 35 Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. TB_02_25_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Who introduced the term “operant conditioning?” A) Albert Bandura B) B. F. Skinner C) Sigmund Freud D) Erik Erikson Answer: B Level: Easy Topic: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.2.2: Identify the principles of human development according to the operant conditioning approach TB_02_26_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Behavior is more likely to reoccur if A) there is intrinsic reinforcement. B) it has been reinforced. C) it is extinct. D) it has been punished. Answer: B Level: Easy Topic: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.2.2: Identify the principles of human development according to the operant conditioning approach TB_02_27_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning A boy is pestering his mother for candy in the grocery store, whining for 10 minutes. His mother ignores him for 10 minutes, but finally gives in and says, “Oh, all right. Here it is. Just stop whining!” If the boy engages in more whining in the future, and the mother gives in even more easily, which of the following principles would apply to the mother? A) Negative punishment B) Positive punishment C) Negative reinforcement D) Positive reinforcement Answer: C Level: Difficult Topic: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Skill: Apply What You Know LO 2.2.2: Identify the principles of human development according to the operant conditioning approach TB_02_28_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Miguel is expected to clean his room and to empty all the trash in the house. When Miguel forgets his chores, he is grounded. Which of the following principles has been appropriately applied if Miguel remembers to do his chores? A) Punishment B) Negative reinforcement C) Positive reinforcement D) Extinction Answer: A Level: Difficult Topic: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Skill: Apply What You Know LO 2.2.2: Identify the principles of human development according to the operant conditioning approach 36 Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. TB_02_29_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Which of the following is an example of extinction? A) You change to a different slot machine because the one that you’ve been playing doesn’t pay very often. B) You stop buying lottery tickets until the jackpot is greater than $10 million. C) You stop buying lottery tickets after spending several hundred dollars and never winning. D) You purchase mega-bucks tickets instead of regular lottery tickets because the odds of winning are greater. Answer: C Level: Difficult Topic: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Skill: Apply What You Know LO 2.2.2: Identify the principles of human development according to the operant conditioning approach TB_02_30_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Which of the following results in behaviors that are difficult to extinguish? A) Negative reinforcement B) The application of conditioned stimuli C) Continuous reinforcement schedules D) Partial reinforcement schedules Answer: D Level: Moderate Topic: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Skill: Apply What You Know LO 2.2.2: Identify the principles of human development according to the operant conditioning approach TB_02_31_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Which of the following is a common mistake parents make when trying to stop unwanted behaviors? A) They forget to use continuous schedules of reinforcement. B) They create schedules of partial reinforcement when they think they are punishing. C) They use reinforcement of desired behaviors, when they should be using punishment of undesired behaviors. D) They don’t use punishment often enough. Answer: B Level: Difficult Topic: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Skill: Apply What You Know LO 2.2.2: Identify the principles of human development according to the operant conditioning approach TB_02_32_Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory Which of the following theorists is primarily responsible for developing social-cognitive learning theory? A) Albert Bandura B) Ivan Pavlov C) B. F. Skinner D) Louis Morehouse Answer: A Level: Easy Topic: Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.2.3: Explain the cognitive elements of human development in the social-cognitive theory 37 Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. TB_02_33_Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory Which statement summarizes social-cognitive learning theory? A) Children learn best through observation as long as they are consistently rewarded for the same behaviors. B) Children respond best to frequent reinforcement and praise. C) Rewards and punishments are not always necessary, as children learn through observing siblings’ interactions with their parents. D) Punishment is preferred over reinforcement as a means of teaching new behaviors. Answer: C Level: Difficult Topic: Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory Skill: Evaluate It LO 2.2.3: Explain the cognitive elements of human development in the social-cognitive theory TB_02_34_Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory According to social-cognitive theory, which of the following terms describes the expectancies we acquire about what we can and cannot do? A) Self-monitoring B) Self-evaluation C) Self-efficacy D) Self-evidence Answer: C Level: Moderate Topic: Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory Skill: Evaluate It LO 2.2.3: Explain the cognitive elements of human development in the social-cognitive theory TB_02_35_Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory Niko plans to go to a good college. He seems unconcerned about competitive admissions policies because he believes that if he studies hard, he can get in wherever he wants. Social-cognitive theorists would consider this an example of A) a self-fulfilling prophecy. B) delayed gratification. C) a positive self-image. D) self-efficacy. Answer: D Level: Difficult Topic: Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory Skill: Apply What You Know LO 2.2.3: Explain the cognitive elements of human development in the social-cognitive theory TB_02_36_Evaluation of Learning Theories Which of these scenarios illustrates the principles of social-cognitive theory? A) Zhenya misses her curfew by one hour and is grounded by her parents for one week, yet she continues to miss curfew. B) When Marla responds angrily to a request from her daughter Sandi, Sandi’s sister Amber, who observed this response, decides she will wait a day or two before asking for a new stereo. C) Jillian seeks advice from a chat forum on the Internet about her recurring headaches. D) As a result of the role conflict between her parental responsibilities and her need for personal development, Alina decides to drop out of college for a semester. Answer: B Level: Difficult Topic: Evaluation of Learning Theories Skill: Apply What You Know LO 2.2.4: Contrast how the learning theories explain human development 38 Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. TB_02_37_Evaluation of Learning Theories Which of the following would be considered a strength of social-cognitive theory? A) It seems to give an accurate picture of the way in which many behaviors are learned. B) It works well when trying to modify undesirable behaviors. C) It explains unconscious, involuntary emotional responses. D) It defines specific stages most humans pass through as they grow and develop. Answer: A Level: Moderate Topic: Evaluation of Learning Theories Skill: Evaluate It LO 2.2.4: Contrast how the learning theories explain human development TB_02_38_Cognitive Theories Which of the following family of theories is concerned with the developmental aspects of thinking, memory, and logic? A) Cognitive B) Social C) Psychodynamic D) Behavioral Answer: A Level: Easy Topic: Cognitive Theories Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.3.1: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Piaget TB_02_39_Cognitive Theories Babies frequently engage in repetitive actions using their hands and their eyes. Which of the following statements explains this behavior? A) Children are born with a mind that is a blank slate waiting to be written upon. B) Infants’ brains are underdeveloped at birth and there is no purpose or meaning to their actions. C) Infants rely on their motor skills and senses to explore and learn about the world. D) Infants want to avoid punishment from caregivers. Answer: C Level: Moderate Topic: Cognitive Theories Skill: Analyze It LO 2.3.1: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Piaget TB_02_40_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory According to the principles of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, how you act at a party depends upon which of the following to guide and direct your behavior? A) Scheme B) Memory C) Reinforcement D) Sensorimotor skills Answer: A Level: Moderate Topic: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Skill: Evaluate It LO 2.3.1: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Piaget 39 Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. TB_02_41_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Which of the following defines the term “scheme” according to Piaget? A) A child’s mischievous plan to outwit her parents. B) The process of taking in new information and revising existing categories in order to effectively deal with similar information in the future. C) The meaning a child ascribes to an experience. D) A cognitive structure that guides behaviors and actions. Answer: D Level: Easy Topic: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.3.1: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Piaget TB_02_42_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Two-year-old Marjoe pointed to a cow in a pasture and said “Doggie!” Which Piagetian principle is Marjoe using to name the animal? A) Memorization B) Assimilation C) Preoperational thought D) Accommodation Answer: B Level: Difficult Topic: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Skill: Apply What You Know LO 2.3.1: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Piaget TB_02_43_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory According to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, which of the following applies to the process of assimilation? A) Changing a scheme as a result of acquiring new information B) Being shaped by the environment C) Using an internal model of experience D) Using an existing scheme to make sense of an event or experience Answer: D Level: Easy Topic: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.3.1: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Piaget TB_02_44_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Three-year-old Tran used to call all flying objects such as airplanes and slowly falling leaves “birds.” Now he correctly labels airplanes, butterflies, birds, and bees. Which Piagetian process has Tran accomplished? A) Assimilation B) Concrete operations C) Accommodation D) Proximal development Answer: C Level: Difficult Topic: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Skill: Apply What You Know LO 2.3.1: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Piaget 40 Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. TB_02_45_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Which of the following describes the process of accommodation? A) The use of multiple strategies to address new problems. B) Changing an existing scheme as a result of new information or experiences. C) Using symbols to represent events from the real world. D) Understanding the world in terms of one’s senses and motor actions. Answer: B Level: Moderate Topic: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Skill: Appy What You Know LO 2.3.1: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Piaget TB_02_46_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Piaget believed that children use both assimilation and accommodation to create schemes that fit the reality of their environments. Which of the following terms did he use to describe this process? A) Accommodation B) Scaffolding C) Calibration D) Equilibration Answer: D Level: Easy Topic: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.3.1: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Piaget TB_02_47_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory The first stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development is called A) sensorimotor. B) preoperations. C) equilibration. D) formal operations. Answer: A Level: Easy Topic: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.3.1: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Piaget TB_02_48_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory During which stage of cognitive development does a child first acquire symbols to think and communicate? A) Sensorimotor B) Preoperational C) Formal operations D) Concrete operations Answer: B Level: Easy Topic: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.3.1: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Piaget 41 Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. TB_02_49_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Which of the following illustrates the term “conservation” according to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development? A) The child learns the importance of recycling. B) The child learns to use the minimal number of words necessary to communicate an idea. C) The child learns the importance of treating the environment with respect by keeping it clean and uncluttered. D) The child learns that when an object changes shape, its quantity remains the same. Answer: D Level: Easy Topic: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.3.1: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Piaget TB_02_50_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Two-year-old Sven can use crayons and paper to draw pictures. According to Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory, why is Sven drawing pictures? A) He is presenting an outward representation of his internal thoughts. B) At this age, the drawings mean nothing; Sven is simply improving his motor skills. C) Sven is in the early stages of learning to write. D) He is presenting an outward manifestation of others’ thoughts. Answer: A Level: Difficult Topic: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Skill: Apply What You Know LO 2.3.1: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Piaget TB_02_51_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory During which of Piaget’s stages does the child learn to manipulate ideas, concrete objects, or events, as well as to use abstract ideas and hypothetical situations in solving problems? A) Zone of proximal development B) Concrete operational C) Information processing D) Formal operational Answer: D Level: Moderate Topic: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Skill: Evaluate It LO 2.3.1: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Piaget TB_02_52_Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Which of the following theorists is known for the development of sociocultural theory? A) Jean Piaget B) Lev Vygotsky C) Albert Bandura D) Ivan Pavlov Answer: B Level: Easy Topic: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.3.2: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Vygotsky 42 Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. TB_02_53_Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Four-year-old Elena can untie her shoes, but she needs her mother’s help to tie them. She also needs her mother’s help to button her sweater. According to Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, this situation illustrates Elena’s A) scaffold. B) zone of proximal development. C) adaptive processes of assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration. D) sensorimotor development. Answer: B Level: Difficult Topic: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Skill: Apply What You Know LO 2.3.2: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Vygotsky TB_02_54_Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Jan likes to fix her own breakfast, but the milk carton is too heavy for her to manage on her own. Her mother pours milk into a smaller container just for Jan. Which of the following has Jan’s mother provided? A) Concrete operations B) Scaffolding C) A zone of proximal development D) Assimilation Answer: B Level: Difficult Topic: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Skill: Apply What You Know LO 2.3.2: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Vygotsky TB_02_55_Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory An adult adapts a process to a child’s developmental level in order to assist the child in developing a new skill or ability. What would Vygotsky call this process? A) Scaffolding B) Assisting C) Accommodating D) Adapting Answer: A Level: Moderate Topic: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Skill: Analyze It LO 2.3.2: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Vygotsky TB_02_56_Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory “Social interactions are the most important contributors to a child’s healthy development.” Which of the following theories would most likely support this statement? A) Social learning B) Cognitive C) Behavioral D) Sociocultural Answer: D Level: Moderate Topic: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Skill: Analyze It LO 2.3.2: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Vygotsky 43 Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. TB_02_57_Information-Processing Theory Information processing theorists liken the human mind to A) a well-oiled machine. B) a computer. C) a library. D) a complex puzzle. Answer: B Level: Easy Topic: Information-Processing Theory Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.3.3: Describe how information processing theorists explain the findings of cognitive-developmental psychologists TB_02_58_Information-Processing Theory Before information can be stored in long-term memory, in which of the following memory systems is the information processed? A) Sensory memory B) Short-term memory C) Adaptive memory D) Random access memory Answer: B Level: Moderate Topic: Information-Processing Theory Skill: Evaluate It LO 2.3.3: Describe how information processing theorists explain the findings of cognitive-developmental psychologists TB_02_59_Information-Processing Theory Neo-Piagetian theorists combine which of the following concepts to explain cognitive development in children? A) Erikson’s developmental stages and Piaget’s cognitive theory B) Piaget’s cognitive theory and information processing theory C) Bandura’s observational theory and Piaget’s cognitive theory D) Social-learning theory and Lev Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory Answer: B Level: Difficult Topic: Information-Processing Theory Skill: Evaluate It LO 2.3.3: Describe how information processing theorists explain the findings of cognitive-developmental psychologists TB_02_60_Evaluation of Cognitive Theories Researchers who study children’s cognitive development from a Piagetian perspective and from an informationprocessing perspective would agree upon which of the following observations about children’s cognitive development? A) The development of memory is not an important aspect of cognitive development. B) Cognitive development occurs as a result of diversified experiences in an enriched environment. C) The development of logical thinking is based upon processes that are less complex than conditioned responses. D) Age is not a determining factor in how children manage and process information to think about and act upon the world. Answer: B Level: Difficult Topic: Evaluation of Cognitive Theories Skill: Apply What You Know LO 2.3.4: Summarize the contributions of the cognitive theories to the study of human development 44 Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. TB_02_61_Evaluation of Cognitive Theories In terms of usefulness and reliability, which of the following is true of Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory? A) It is far more useful than information-processing theory because it has more empirical support. B) It relies too much on empiricism to support its application. C) There is insufficient evidence at present to either support or contradict most of his theory. D) It has more empirical and research support than Piaget’s theory. Answer: C Level: Difficult Topic: Evaluation of Cognitive Theories Skill: Evaluate It LO 2.3.4: Summarize the contributions of the cognitive theories to the study of human development TB_02_62_Evaluation of Cognitive Theories Which of the following is true of Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory? A) Researchers have found that children of parents who provide scaffolding early on perform better in elementary school than children whose parents did not provide scaffolding. B) Most current research supports Vygotsky’s ideas. C) Children who work collaboratively perform worse on sophisticated tasks than children who work alone. D) Most current research contradicts Vygotsky’s ideas. Answer: A Level: Difficult Topic: Evaluation of Cognitive Theories Skill: Analyze It LO 2.3.4: Summarize the contributions of the cognitive theories to the study of human development TB_02_63_Behavior Genetics Behavior genetics researchers have a particular interest in studying A) special learning environments. B) differentiated cells. C) multiple births from independent zygotes. D) identical twins. Answer: D Level: Easy Topic: Behavior Genetics Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.4.1: Explain how behavior geneticists try to understand individual differences TB_02_64_Behavior Genetics In examining the relationship between heredity and intelligence (measured by IQ), which of the following is correct? A) Fraternal twins are more likely than identical twins to have similar IQs. B) Heredity appears to have the largest influence on childhood IQ scores and decreases with age. C) Contradicting earlier research findings, a negative correlation in IQ scores exists between identical twins. D) IQ scores of identical twins are more strongly correlated than those of fraternal twins from early childhood until middle age. Answer: D Level: Difficult Topic: Behavior Genetics Skill: Evaluate It LO 2.4.1: Explain how behavior geneticists try to understand individual differences 45 Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. TB_02_65_Behavior Genetics Which of the following is LEAST likely to influence IQ? A) The type of television shows a child watches B) A stimulating environment C) Genetics D) The IQ of one’s parents Answer: A Level: Difficult Topic: Behavior Genetics Skill: Evaluate It LO 2.4.1: Explain how behavior geneticists try to understand individual differences TB_02_66_Ecological Theories Which of the following schools of thought promotes the idea that certain behaviors have developed and persisted in order to ensure survival of the species? A) Behaviorism B) Classical conditioning C) Nativism D) Ethology Answer: D Level: Easy Topic: Ecological Theories Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.4.2: Distinguish between the explanations of human development proposed by ethologists and sociobiologists TB_02_67_Ecological Theories Of the following concepts, which is an aspect of the sociobiological approach to human development? A) Stimulus and response B) Cognitive deficits C) Social rules and behaviors that ensure survival D) Defense mechanisms Answer: C Level: Easy Topic: Ecological Theories Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.4.2: Distinguish between the explanations of human development proposed by ethologists and sociobiologists TB_02_68_Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory Urie Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory of human development places primary emphasis on A) children’s biological needs. B) the interactions among the contexts in which children live and develop. C) genetic or hereditary patterns. D) environmental stimuli that elicit and reinforce behavior. Answer: B Level: Easy Topic: Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.4.3: Identify the main idea of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory 46 Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. TB_02_69_Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory According to bioecological theory, which of the following contexts of development includes the values and beliefs of the culture in which a child is growing up? A) Microsystem B) Mesosystem C) Exosystem D) Macrosystem Answer: D Level: Easy Topic: Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.4.3: Identify the main idea of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory TB_02_70_Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory According to bioecological theory, which of the following contexts of development includes the institutions of the culture that affect children’s development indirectly? A) Microsystem B) Mesosystem C) Exosystem D) Macrosystem Answer: C Level: Easy Topic: Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.4.3: Identify the main idea of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory TB_02_71_Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory According to bioecological theory, which of the following contexts of development includes those variables to which people are exposed directly, such as families, schools, religious institutions, and neighborhoods? A) Microsystem B) Mesosystem C) Exosystem D) Macrosystem Answer: A Level: Easy Topic: Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.4.3: Identify the main idea of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory TB_02_72_Assumptions About Development Which of the following do psychoanalytic theories of development and most learning theories have in common? A) They both assume that nurture has the largest impact on development. B) They are both stability theories. C) They both assume that we are passive recipients of environmental influences. D) They both assume that we are active in shaping our own development. Answer: C Level: Moderate Topic: Assumptions About Development Skill: Analyze It LO 2.5.1: Identify the assumptions about development made by the various theories 47 Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. TB_02_73_Usefulness In terms of the usefulness of theories, Piaget’s theory of cognitive development is more useful than Freud’s theory of psychosexual development because Piaget’s ideas offered A) less heuristic value. B) a greater number of testable predictions. C) fewer quantifiable variables. D) more room for interpretation of terms. Answer: B Level: Moderate Topic: Usefulness Skill: Evaluate It LO 2.5.2: Identify the criteria used by developmentalists to judge the usefulness of theories TB_02_74_Eclecticism An important trend in the study of human development involves incorporating many theoretical perspectives in order to better explain development. Which of the following describes this approach? A) Eclecticism B) Multiculturalism C) The cross-modal approach D) The stages of change model Answer: A Level: Easy Topic: Eclecticism Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.5.3: Explain the usefulness of eclecticism in relation to more traditional approaches 48 Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Fill-in-the-Blank Questions TB_02_75_Freud’s Psychosexual Theory According to Freud, the aspect of personality that demands immediate gratification of sexual and aggressive impulses is the ________. Answer: id Level: Easy Topic: Freud’s Psychosexual Theory Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.1.1: Identify the main ideas of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory TB_02_76_Freud’s Psychosexual Theory You find a wallet lying on the floor of your classroom. Everyone else has left and you are alone. Part of your personality wants to take the money that is in the wallet and part of your personality is telling you that it would be wrong to do so. According to psychoanalytic theory, the part that is telling you that it would be wrong is your ________. Answer: superego Level: Moderate Topic: Freud’s Psychosexual Theory Skill: Apply What You Know LO 2.1.1: Identify the main ideas of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory TB_02_77_Psychoanalytic Theories Psychosocial is to ________ as psychoanalytic is to ________. Answer: Erikson; Freud Level: Easy Topic: Psychoanalytic Theories Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.1.2: Explain the significance of psychosocial conflicts in Erikson’s stages of development TB_02_78_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory You say that your roommate is carrying “excess baggage” into his relationships. Erikson would say that your friend has unresolved ________. Answer: crises Level: Difficult Topic: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Skill: Apply What You Know LO 2.1.2: Explain the significance of psychosocial conflicts in Erikson’s stages of development TB_02_79_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Eight-year-old Jaime is in the third grade. He is very good at drawing and frequently receives praise from his parents and teachers. According to Erikson’s psychosocial theory, Jaime will develop a sense of ________. Answer: industry Level: Moderate Topic: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Skill: Apply What You Know LO 2.1.2: Explain the significance of psychosocial conflicts in Erikson’s stages of development TB_02_80_Learning Theories All learning theories rely on the principle that development results from an accumulation of ________. Answer: experiences Level: Easy Topic: Learning Theories Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.1.3: Assess the strengths and weakness of psychoanalytic theory 49 Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. TB_02_81_Classical Conditioning The underlying principle of classical conditioning is teaching an organism to exhibit a biologically programmed reflex in response to a ________ stimulus. Answer: novel (or new) Level: Difficult Topic: Classical Conditioning Skill: Evaluate It LO 2.2.1: Explain how classical conditioning relates to human development TB_02_82_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning ________ coined the term “operant conditioning.” Answer: B. F. Skinner Level: Easy Topic: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.2.2: Identify the principles of human development according to the operant conditioning approach TB_02_83_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning In operant conditioning, ________ always strengthens behavior; ________ always weakens behavior. Answer: reinforcement; punishment Level: Moderate Topic: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Skill: Evaluate It LO 2.2.2: Identify the principles of human development according to the operant conditioning approach TB_02_84_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory In Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, ________ is the process of balancing assimilation with accommodation. Answer: equilibration Level: Moderate Topic: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Skill: Analyze It LO 2.3.1: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Piaget TB_02_85_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Kara is in the first grade. At lunch, she sits next to her best friend Sheila, and today they are having hot dogs. An older child helps Kara and Sheila by cutting their hot dogs into pieces. Kara complains because her hot dog was cut into five pieces and Sheila’s was cut into six. Kara believes that Sheila has more food. Kara has not yet learned the principle of ________. Answer: conservation Level: Difficult Topic: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Skill: Apply What You Know LO 2.3.1: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Piaget TB_02_86_Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory According to Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, training wheels on a bicycle would be an example of ________. Answer: scaffolding Level: Moderate Topic: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Skill: Apply What You Know LO 2.3.2: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Vygotsky 50 Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. TB_02_87_Ecological Theories ________ studies animals in their natural environment. Answer: Ethology Level: Easy Topic: Ecological Theories Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.4.2: Distinguish between the explanations of human development proposed by ethologists and sociobiologists TB_02_88_Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory In Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory, my immediate family, my job, and my dogs are all part of my ________. Answer: microsystem Level: Difficult Topic: Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory Skill: Apply What You Know LO 2.4.3: Identify the main idea of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory TB_02_89_Usefulness The degree to which a theory stimulates thinking and research is known as the theory’s ________. Answer: heuristic value Level: Easy Topic: Usefulness Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.5.2: Identify the criteria used by developmentalists to judge the usefulness of theories TB_02_90_Eclecticism ________ refers to the use of multiple theoretical perspectives to explain and study human development. Answer: Eclecticism Level: Easy Topic: Eclecticism Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.5.3: Explain the usefulness of eclecticism in relation to more traditional approaches 51 Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Short Answer Questions TB_02_91_Freud’s Psychosexual Theory Identify the three broad families of developmental theories, and a fourth, which has been added recently to account for one of the major shortcomings of the original three. Answer: psychoanalytic; learning; cognitive-developmental; the addition of biological theories that provide context Level: Moderate Topic: Freud’s Psychosexual Theory Skill: Analyze It LO 2.1.1: Identify the main ideas of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory TB_02_92_Freud’s Psychosexual Theory What is the purpose of defense mechanisms according to psychoanalytic theory? Answer: To ease the anxiety that results from conflicts between the id and superego. Level: Moderate Topic: Freud’s Psychosexual Theory Skill: Analyze It LO 2.1.1: Identify the main ideas of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory TB_02_93_Freud’s Psychosexual Theory In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, what causes fixation? Answer: Results from insufficient gratification of the libido during a stage of development. Level: Moderate Topic: Freud’s Psychosexual Theory Skill: Analyze It LO 2.1.1: Identify the main ideas of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory TB_02_94_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory List the psychosocial crises that a child between the ages of 1 and 12 years will need to resolve in order to develop successfully. Answer: autonomy vs. shame and doubt; initiative vs. guilt; industry vs. inferiority Level: Difficult Topic: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Skill: Apply What You Know LO 2.1.2: Explain the significance of psychosocial conflicts in Erikson’s stages of development TB_02_95_Classical Conditioning In classical conditioning terms, a reflex is made up of what two components? Answer: an unconditioned stimulus causing an unconditioned response Level: Moderate Topic: Classical Conditioning Skill: Analyze It LO 2.2.1: Explain how classical conditioning relates to human development TB_02_96_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning In operant conditioning terms, all behavior stems from reactions to what? Answer: external reinforcers and/or punishers Level: Difficult Topic: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Skill: Evaluate It LO 2.2.2: Identify the principles of human development according to the operant conditioning approach 52 Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. TB_02_97_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Every time I go to the grocery store, I purchase lottery tickets, but I have never won anything. If operant conditioning theory is correct, what will eventually happen to my lottery-ticket-buying behavior? Answer: It will become extinct. Level: Moderate Topic: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Skill: Apply What You Know LO 2.2.2: Identify the principles of human development according to the operant conditioning approach TB_02_98_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Why do we sometimes persist in behaviors even though we have been punished for them? Answer: either the punishment was inadequate or the reward received from performing the behavior outweighs the punishment Level: Difficult Topic: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Skill: Evaluate It LO 2.2.2: Identify the principles of human development according to the operant conditioning approach TB_02_99_Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory According to social-cognitive theory, in order to learn from a model, what factors must be present? Answer: motivation; physical ability; ability to remember Level: Difficult Topic: Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory Skill: Analyze It LO 2.2.3: Explain the cognitive elements of human development in the social-cognitive theory TB_02_100_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory According to Piaget, what is a scheme? Answer: a world view or internal cognitive structure that influences how we act in our environment Level: Easy Topic: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.3.1: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Piaget TB_02_101_Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory What would Vygotsky call a developmental level in a child’s life when he or she is primed biologically and is socially ready to learn a new behavior? Answer: the zone of proximal development Level: Moderate Topic: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Skill: Analyze It LO 2.3.2: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Vygotsky TB_02_102_Evaluation of Cognitive Theories If someone asked you whether you find Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory to be useful in understanding development, what would be your well-informed response? Answer: Presently there is insufficient evidence to either support or discredit his theory. Level: Moderate Topic: Evaluation of Cognitive Theories Skill: Evaluate It LO 2.3.4: Summarize the contributions of the cognitive theories to the study of human development 53 Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. TB_02_103_Ecological Theories Juanita believes that we need to understand an individual’s ability to adapt to her or his environment in order to explain development. From which theory is Juanita working? Answer: Ecological and/or ethology Level: Moderate Topic: Ecological Theories Skill: Evaluate It LO 2.4.2: Distinguish between the explanations of human development proposed by ethologists and sociobiologists TB_02_104_Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory Using Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory, give a brief example of things that might exist in my macrosystem. Answer: Examples would be culture, values and belief systems, social context Level: Difficult Topic: Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory Skill: Apply What You Know LO 2.4.3: Identify the main idea of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory TB_02_105_Comparing Theories Name two developmental theories that propose that we are active in shaping our own development. Answer: Possibilities are social-learning, cognitive, or information processing theories Level: Easy Topic: Comparing Theories Skill: Understand the Concepts LO 2.5.1: Identify the assumptions about development made by the various theories 54 Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essay Questions TB_02_106_Freud’s Psychosexual Theory Briefly describe the function of the id in human behavior. Answer: The answer should include the concept of libido, instant gratification, basic aggression and sexual needs/drives; concept of the id being totally unconscious. Level: Moderate Topic: Freud’s Psychosexual Theory Skill: Apply What You Know LO 2.1.1: Identify the main ideas of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory TB_02_107_No Easy Answers—The Repressed Memory Controversy Summarize the repressed memory controversy. Answer: The answer needs to include that opinion in the psychological community is split. Important points: that therapists do not inadvertently “plant” false memories; that memories are indeed sometimes repressed; and that therapists need to exercise caution when working with the concepts of the unconscious mind. Level: Difficult Topic: No Easy Answers—The Repressed Memory Controversy Skill: Evaluate It LO 2.1.2: Explain the significance of psychosocial conflicts in Erikson’s stages of development TB_02_108_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Explain three basic principles of Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development. Answer: The answer should include the following: his focus on social interactions; the resolution of crises at each stage of development; and the idea that healthy resolution of crises depends on some integration of the negative side of the dichotomy. Level: Difficult Topic: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Skill: Evaluate It LO 2.1.2: Explain the significance of psychosocial conflicts in Erikson’s stages of development TB_02_109_Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory At which stage of development would a 25-year-old adult be in Erikson’s psychosocial theory? Name the crisis to be resolved in this stage and give an example of this resolution. Answer: The individual is in the intimacy vs. isolation stage, which focuses on the development of healthy, mature relationships. It is important to note that the relationships do NOT need to be romantic, married, or child-producing. The example needs to fit with the correct explanation of the crisis. Level: Difficult Topic: Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Skill: Apply What You Know LO 2.1.2: Explain the significance of psychosocial conflicts in Erikson’s stages of development TB_02_110_Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Many people do not understand the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment. Explain the difference between these two concepts. Give an example of each. Answer: The answer must explain the basic difference between reinforcement (strengthening of a response) and punishment (weakening of a response) and the difference between positive (application) and negative (removal). Examples will vary, but they must be clear that negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior, whereas punishment weakens it. Level: Difficult Topic: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Skill: Analyze It LO 2.2.2: Identify the principles of human development according to the operant conditioning approach 55 Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. TB_02_111_Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory Give an example of Bandura’s social-cognitive learning at work. Your example must show that you understand the concepts of modeling and how individuals choose whom and what behaviors to model. Answer: We tend to model the behaviors of those people with whom we can identify. Other factors that come into play are motivation, physical abilities, memory, and age. Level: Difficult Topic: Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory Skill: Apply What You Know LO 2.2.3: Explain the cognitive elements of human development in the social-cognitive theory TB_02_112_Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Three of Piaget’s basic concepts are schemes, accommodation, and assimilation. Give an example to illustrate each of these concepts. Answer: Schemes remain the same with assimilation and change with accommodation. Experiences that are not assimilated are either discarded or will bring about accommodation and the changing of schemes. Level: Moderate Topic: Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Skill: Apply What You Know LO 2.3.1: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Piaget TB_02_113_Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory What did Vygotsky mean by the terms “scaffolding” and the “zone of proximal development?” Answer: Scaffolding includes an appropriate level of attention on the part of the child and the appropriate use of “props” by an adult mentor. Zone of proximal development must take into consideration what the child has learned up to the point of new learning, and their abilities at the point of new learning. Level: Moderate Topic: Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Skill: Analyze It LO 2.3.2: Summarize the principles of cognitive development proposed by Vygotsky TB_02_114_Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory Name the three systems that make up Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory. Give examples of components that might be included in each. Answer: The three systems are macro, exo, and micro. Macro is the largest context and environment, micro is the smallest, and exo is socioeconomic. The mesosystem, if mentioned, are the interconnections among components. The examples must illustrate these concepts. Level: Difficult Topic: Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory Skill: Apply What You Know LO 2.4.3: Identify the main idea of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory 56 Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.