Human Anatomy And Physiology, 10th Edition Test Bank

Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10e, (Marieb) Chapter 2 Chemistry Comes Alive 2.1 Matching Questions Figure 2.1 Using Figure 2.1, match the following: A) C B) B C) E D) D E) A 1) Lipid. Section: 2.9 Learning Outcome: 2.18 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS2 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 2) Functional protein. Section: 2.10 Learning Outcome: 2.19 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS2 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 1 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 3) Nucleotide. Section: 2.11 Learning Outcome: 2.21 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS2 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 4) Polysaccharide. Section: 2.8 Learning Outcome: 2.17 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS2 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 5) Monosaccharide. Section: 2.8 Learning Outcome: 2.17 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS2 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 6) Polymer. Section: 2.7, 2.8 Learning Outcome: 2.16, 2.17 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS2 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 7) Tertiary (protein) structure. Section: 2.10 Learning Outcome: 2.19 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS2 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge Answers: 1) D 2) B 3) C 4) A 5) E6) A 7) B 2 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Figure 2.2 Using Figure 2.2, match the following: A) A B) D C) B D) E E) C 8) Deoxyribose sugar. Section: 2.11 Learning Outcome: 2.21 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS2 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 9) Thymine. Section: 2.11 Learning Outcome: 2.21 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS2 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 3 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 10) Guanine. Section: 2.11 Learning Outcome: 2.21 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS2 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 11) Phosphate. Section: 2.11 Learning Outcome: 2.21 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS2 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 12) Hydrogen bonds. Section: 2.11 Learning Outcome: 2.21 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS2 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension Answers: 8) C 9) B 10) D 11) E 12) A 4 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Match the following chemical bonds to the correct description: A)Nonpolar covalent bond B)Polar covalent bond C) Ionic bond D) Hydrogen bond 13) A bond in which electrons are shared unequally. Section: 2.4 Learning Outcome: 2.10 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 14) A bond in which electrons are completely lost or gained by the atoms involved. Section: 2.4 Learning Outcome: 2.9 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 15) A bond in which electrons are shared equally. Section: 2.4 Learning Outcome: 2.10 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 16) A type of bond important in tying different parts of the same molecule together into a threedimensional structure. Section: 2.4 Learning Outcome: 2.9 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension Answers: 13) B 14) C 15) A 16) D 5 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Match the following particles to the correct description: A)Atom B)Nuetron C) Cation D) Molecule 17) Electrically charged particle due to loss of an electron. Section: 2.4 Learning Outcome: 2.9 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 18) Neutral subatomic particle. Section: 2.2 Learning Outcome: 2.4 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 19) Smallest particle of an element that retains its properties. Section: 2.2 Learning Outcome: 2.4 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 20) Combination of two or more atoms of the same element held together by chemical bonds. Section: 2.3 Learning Outcome: 2.6 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge Answers: 17) C 18) B 19) A 20) D 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Match the following: A) Compound B) Mixture C) Element 21) Water. Section: 2.3 Learning Outcome: 2.6 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 22) Carbon. Section: 2.2 Learning Outcome: 2.3 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 23) Dry ice (frozen carbon dioxide). Section: 2.3 Learning Outcome: 2.6 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 24) Blood. Section: 2.3 Learning Outcome: 2.6 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension Answers: 21) A 22) C 23) A 24) B 7 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Match the following: A)Weight B)Mass C) Matter D) Energy 25) Can be measured only by its effects on matter. Section: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 2.1 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 26) Anything that occupies space and has mass. Section: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 2.1 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 27) Although a man who weighs 175 pounds on Earth would be lighter on the moon and heavier on Jupiter, his ________ would not be different. Section: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 2.1 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 28) Is a function of, and varies with, gravity. Section: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 2.1 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge Answers: 25) D 26) C 27) B 28) A 8 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Match the following: A)Mechanical energy B)Chemical energy C) Electrical energy D) Radiant energy 29) Legs moving the pedals of a bicycle. Section: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 2.2 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 30) When the bonds of ATP are broken, energy is released to do cellular work. Section: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 2.2 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 31) Energy that travels in waves. Part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Section: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 2.2 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 32) Represented by the flow of charged particles along a conductor, or the flow of ions across a membrane. Section: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 2.2 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension Answers: 29) A 30) B 31) D 32) C 9 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Match the following: A) Solutions B) Suspensions C) Colloids 33) Heterogeneous, will not settle. Section: 2.3 Learning Outcome: 2.7 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 34) Heterogeneous, will settle. Section: 2.3 Learning Outcome: 2.7 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 35) Homogeneous, will not settle. Section: 2.3 Learning Outcome: 2.7 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 36) Will not scatter light. Section: 2.3 Learning Outcome: 2.7 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge Answers: 33) C 34) B 35) A 36) A 10 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Match the following: A)Atomic symbol B)Mass number of an element C) Atomic number 37) Usually, the first one or two letters of an element’s name. Section: 2.2 Learning Outcome: 2.4 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 38) Number of protons in an atom. Section: 2.2 Learning Outcome: 2.5 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 39) Combined number of protons and neutrons in an atom. Section: 2.2 Learning Outcome: 2.5 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge Answers: 37) A 38) C 39) B 11 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 2.2 True/False Questions 1) The atomic weight is an average of the relative weights (mass numbers) of all the isotopes of an element. Answer: TRUE Section: 2.2 Learning Outcome: 2.5 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 2) It is the difference in the R group that makes each amino acid chemically unique. Answer: TRUE Section: 2.10 Learning Outcome: 2.19 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 3) Chemical properties are determined primarily by neutrons. Answer: FALSE Section: 2.4 Learning Outcome: 2.8 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 4) A charged particle is generally called an ion or electrolyte. Answer: TRUE Section: 2.6 Learning Outcome: 2.9 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 5) Isotopes differ from each other only in the number of electrons the atom contains. Answer: FALSE Section: 2.2 Learning Outcome: 2.5 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 12 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 6) About 60% to 80% of the volume of most living cells consists of organic compounds. Answer: FALSE Section: 2.6 Learning Outcome: 2.14 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 7) Triglycerides are a poor source of stored energy. Answer: FALSE Section: 2.9 Learning Outcome: 2.18 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 8) Omega-3 fatty acids appear to decrease the risk of heart disease. Answer: TRUE Section: 2.9 Learning Outcome: 2.18 Global LO: G2, G5 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS6 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 9) Glucose is an example of a monosaccharide. Answer: TRUE Section: 2.8 Learning Outcome: 2.17 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 10) Glycogen, the storage form of glucose, is primarily stored in skeletal muscle and liver cells. Answer: TRUE Section: 2.8 Learning Outcome: 2.17 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 11) The lower the pH, the higher the hydrogen ion concentration. Answer: TRUE Section: 2.6 Learning Outcome: 2.15 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 13 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 12) Covalent bonds are generally less stable than ionic bonds. Answer: FALSE Section: 2.4 Learning Outcome: 2.9 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 13) Hydrogen bonds are too weak to bind atoms together to form molecules, but they do hold different parts of a single large molecule in a specific three-dimensional shape. Answer: TRUE Section: 2.4 Learning Outcome: 2.9 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 14) The fact that no chemical bonding occurs between the components of a mixture is the chief difference between mixtures and compounds. Answer: TRUE Section: 2.3 Learning Outcome: 2.6 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 15) The acidity of a solution reflects the concentration of free hydrogen ions in the solution. Answer: TRUE Section: 2.6 Learning Outcome: 2.15 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 16) A chemical bond is an energy relationship between outer electrons and neighboring atoms. Answer: TRUE Section: 2.4 Learning Outcome: 2.8 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 14 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 17) All organic compounds contain carbon. Answer: TRUE Section: 2.7 Learning Outcome: 2.16 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 18) A dipeptide can be broken into two amino acids by dehydration synthesis. Answer: FALSE Section: 2.7 Learning Outcome: 2.16 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 19) The pH of body fluids must remain fairly constant for the body to maintain homeostasis. Answer: TRUE Section: 2.6 Learning Outcome: 2.15 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS3 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 20) Mixtures are combinations of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but are not bound by chemical bonds. Answer: TRUE Section: 2.3 Learning Outcome: 2.6 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 21) Buffers resist abrupt and large changes in the pH of body fluids by releasing or binding ions. Answer: TRUE Section: 2.6 Learning Outcome: 2.15 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 15 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 1.3 Multiple Choice Questions 1) The basic structural material of the body consists of ________. A) proteins B) lipids C) nucleic acids D) carbohydrates Answer: A Section: 2.10 Learning Outcome: 2.19 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 2) In general, the lipids that we refer to as oils have ________. A) long fatty acid chains B) a high water content C) unsaturated fatty acids D) saturated fatty acids Answer: C Section: 2.9 Learning Outcome: 2.18 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 3) The genetic information is coded in DNA by the ________. A) sequence of the nucleotides B) three-dimensional structure of the double helix C) arrangement of the histones D) regular alteration of sugar and phosphate molecules Answer: A Section: 2.11 Learning Outcome: 2.21 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 4) Which of the following does NOT characterize proteins? A) Their function depends on their three-dimensional shape. B) They may be denatured or coagulated by heat or acidity. C) They appear to be the molecular carriers of coded hereditary information. D) They have both functional and structural roles in the body. Answer: C Section: 2.10 Learning Outcome: 2.19 Global LO: G2 16 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 5) The single most abundant protein in the body is ________. A) hemoglobin B) collagen C) DNA D) glucose Answer: B Section: 2.10 Learning Outcome: 2.19 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 6) Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and skeletal muscles in the form of ________. A) triglycerides B) glycogen C) glucose D) cholesterol Answer: B Section: 2.8 Learning Outcome: 2.17 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 7) Which of the following does NOT describe enzymes? A) Enzymes work by raising the energy of activation. B) Some enzymes are purely protein. C) Some enzymes are protein plus a cofactor. D) Each enzyme is chemically specific. Answer: A Section: 2.10 Learning Outcome: 2.20 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 8) Which of the following is a general function for a fibrous protein? A) protein management B) transport C) structural framework D) body defense E) catalysis Answer: C Section: 2.10 17 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Learning Outcome: 2.19 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 9) Salts are always ________. A) double covalent compounds B) single covalent compounds C) ionic compounds D) hydrogen bonded Answer: C Section: 2.4 Learning Outcome: 2.9 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 10) The numbers listed represent the number of electrons in the first, second, and third energy levels, respectively. On this basis, which of the following is an unstable or reactive atom? A) 2 B) 2, 8 C) 2, 8, 1 D) 2, 8, 8 Answer: C Section: 2.4 Learning Outcome: 2.8 Global LO: G2, G4 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS4 Bloom’s Level: 3 Application 11) Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) The pH of blood is slightly basic. B) The more hydrogen ions in a solution, the more acidic the solution. C) When acids and bases are mixed, they react with each other to form water and a salt. D) When the hydrogen ion concentration decreases, the hydroxyl ion concentration also decreases. Answer: D Section: 2.6 Learning Outcome: 2.15 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 12) Which of the following is the major positive ion outside cells? A) hydrogen B) magnesium C) sodium 18 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. D) potassium Answer: C Section: 2.2 Learning Outcome: 2.3 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 13) Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule? A) NaCl B) H2O C) CH4 D) NaOH Answer: C Section: 2.7 Learning Outcome: 2.16 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 3 Application 14) What is a chain of more than 50 amino acids called? A) protein B) triglyceride C) nucleic acid D) polysaccharide Answer: A Section: 2.10 Learning Outcome: 2.19 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 15) What structural level is represented by the coiling of the protein chain backbone into an alpha helix? A) tertiary structure B) secondary structure C) primary structure D) quaternary structure Answer: B Section: 2.10 Learning Outcome: 2.19 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 16) Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the ________. A) addition of a carbon atom between each two units 19 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. B) removal of a water molecule between each two units C) addition of a water molecule between each two units D) removal of a carbon atom between each two units Answer: B Section: 2.7 Learning Outcome: 2.16 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 17) Which statement about enzymes is FALSE? A) Most enzymes can catalyze millions of reactions per minute. B) Enzymes may be damaged by high temperature. C) Enzymes may use coenzymes derived from vitamins or cofactors from metallic elements. D) Enzymes require contact with substrate in order to assume their active form. Answer: D Section: 2.10 Learning Outcome: 2.20 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 18) Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Chemical reactions progress at a faster rate when the reacting particles are present in higher numbers. B) Catalysts increase the rate of chemical reactions, sometimes while undergoing reversible changes in shape. C) Larger particles move faster than smaller ones and thus collide more frequently and more forcefully. D) Chemical reactions proceed more quickly at higher temperatures. Answer: C Section: 2.5 Learning Outcome: 2.13 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 19) Choose the answer that best describes HCO3-. A) a proton donor B) a weak acid C) a bicarbonate ion D) common in the liver Answer: C Section: 2.6 Learning Outcome: 2.15 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 20 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 20) What happens in redox reactions? A) the electron acceptor is oxidized B) the organic substance that loses hydrogen is usually reduced C) both decomposition and electron exchange occur D) the reaction is uniformly reversible Answer: C Section: 2.5 Learning Outcome: 2.11 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 21) Choose the answer that best describes fibrous proteins. A) rarely exhibit secondary structure B) are usually called enzymes C) are cellular catalysts D) are very stable and insoluble in water Answer: D Section: 2.10 Learning Outcome: 2.19 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 22) Which of the following does NOT describe uses for the ATP molecule? A) pigment structure B) mechanical work C) transport across membranes D) chemical work Answer: A Section: 2.12 Learning Outcome: 2.22 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 23) Which of the following is an example of a suspension? A) salt water B) rubbing alcohol C) blood D) cytosol Answer: C Section: 2.3 Learning Outcome: 2.7 Global LO: G2 21 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 24) Select the correct statement about isotopes. A) All the isotopes of an element have the same number of neutrons but differing numbers of electrons. B) Isotopes of the same element have the same atomic number but differ in their mass number. C) All the isotopes of an element are radioactive. D) Isotopes occur only in the heavier elements. Answer: B Section: 2.2 Learning Outcome: 2.5 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 25) The four elements that make up about 96% of body weight are ________. A) carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen B) carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, calcium C) nitrogen, hydrogen, calcium, sodium D) sodium, potassium, hydrogen, oxygen Answer: A Section: 2.2 Learning Outcome: 2.3 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 26) ________ is fat soluble, produced in the skin on exposure to UV radiation, and necessary for normal bone growth and function. A) Cortisol B) Vitamin K C) Vitamin A D) Vitamin D Answer: D Section: 2.9 Learning Outcome: 2.18 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 27) Atom X has 17 protons. How many electrons are in its valence shell (outermost energy level)? A) 7 B) 3 C) 5 D) 10 22 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Answer: A Section: 2.4 Learning Outcome: 2.8 Global LO: G2, G4 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 3 Application 28) A high fever causes an enzyme to lose its three dimensional structure and function. Which bonds are broken when a protein denatures? A) non-polar covalent bonds B) polar covalent bonds C) ionic bonds D) hydrogen bonds Answer: D Section: 2.10 Learning Outcome: 2.19 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 3 Application 29) If atom X has an atomic number of 74 it would have which of the following? A) 37 protons and 37 neutrons B) 37 protons and 37 electrons C) 37 electrons D) 74 protons Answer: D Section: 2.2 Learning Outcome: 2.5 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 3 Application 30) What does the formula C6H12O6 mean? A) The substance is a colloid. B) There are 6 calcium, 12 hydrogen, and 6 oxygen atoms. C) The molecular weight is 24. D) There are, 6 carbon, 12 hydrogen, and 6 oxygen atoms. Answer: D Section: 2.8 Learning Outcome: 2.17 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 31) An atom with 3 electrons in its outermost (valence) shell may have a total of ________ electrons altogether. A) 13 23 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. B) 8 C) 17 D) 3 Answer: A Section: 2.4 Learning Outcome: 2.8 Global LO: G2, G4 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 3 Application 32) Which of the following is a neutralization reaction? A) NH3 + H+ → NH4+2 B) HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O C) HCl → H+ + ClD) NaOH → Na+ + OHAnswer: B Section: 2.6 Learning Outcome: 2.15 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 33) The chemical symbol O=O means ________. A) the atoms are double bonded B) both atoms are bonded and have zero electrons in the outer orbit C) zero equals zero D) this is an ionic bond with two shared electrons Answer: A Section: 2.4 Learning Outcome: 2.9 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 34) What is a dipole? A) a polar molecule B) an organic molecule C) a type of reaction D) a type of bond Answer: A Section: 2.4 Learning Outcome: 2.10 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 35) What does CH4 mean? 24 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. A) This is an inorganic molecule. B) This was involved in a redox reaction. C) There is one carbon and four hydrogen atoms. D) There are four carbon and four hydrogen atoms. Answer: C Section: 2.3 Learning Outcome: 2.6 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 36) Amino acids joining together to make a peptide is a good example of a(n) ________ reaction. A) decomposition B) reversible C) synthesis D) exchange Answer: C Section: 2.5 Learning Outcome: 2.11 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 37) Which of the following is NOT considered a factor in influencing a reaction rate? A) time B) concentration of reactants C) temperature D) particle size Answer: A Section: 2.5 Learning Outcome: 2.13 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 38) Which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat? A) high heat of vaporization B) polar solvent properties C) high heat capacity D) reactivity E) cushioning Answer: A Section: 2.6 Learning Outcome: 2.14 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS3 25 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 39) Sucrose is a ________. A) disaccharide B) polysaccharide C) triglyceride D) monosaccharide Answer: A Section: 2.8 Learning Outcome: 2.17 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 40) What is the ratio of fatty acids to glycerol in triglycerides (neutral fats)? A) 4:1 B) 3:1 C) 1:1 D) 2:1 Answer: B Section: 2.9 Learning Outcome: 2.18 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 41) In a DNA molecule, the phosphate serves ________. A) as a code B) to hold the molecular backbone together C) as nucleotides D) to bind the sugars to their bases Answer: B Section: 2.11 Learning Outcome: 2.21 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 1 Knowledge 42) When frying an egg, the protein albumin denatures and maintains only its ________ structure. A) tertiary B) secondary C) quaternary D) primary Answer: D Section: 2.10 Learning Outcome: 2.19 26 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 4 Analysis 43) Which of the following is chemically inert (unreactive)? A) carbon (atomic number 6) B) oxygen (atomic number 8) C) neon (atomic number 10) D) sodium (atomic number 11) Answer: C Section: 2.4 Learning Outcome: 2.8 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 4 Analysis 44) An atom with an atomic number of 10 and a mass number of 24 would have ________. A) 14 electrons B) 14 neutrons C) 24 protons D) 10 neutrons Answer: B Section: 2.2 Learning Outcome: 2.5 Global LO: G2, G4 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 4 Analysis 45) When DNA is replicated, it is necessary for the two strands to “unzip” temporarily. Choose which bonding type is most appropriate for holding the strands together in this way. A) non-polar covalent bonding B) hydrogen bonding C) ionic bonding D) polar covalent bonding Answer: B Section: 2.4 Learning Outcome: 2.9 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 3 Application 46) Lithium has an atomic number of 3. How many electrons are there in the outermost (valence) shell? A) one B) two C) zero D) three 27 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Answer: A Section: 2.4 Learning Outcome: 2.8 Global LO: G2, G4 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 4 Analysis 47) ATP → ADP + Pi is an example of a(n) ________ reaction. A) decomposition B) exchange C) synthesis D) reversible Answer: A Section: 2.5 Learning Outcome: 2.11 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 3 Application 48) An acid with a pH of 6 has ________ hydrogen ions than pure water. A) 100-fold fewer B) 10-fold more C) 10-fold fewer D) 100-fold more Answer: B Section: 2.6 Learning Outcome: 2.15 Global LO: G2, G4 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 3 Application 49) A patient is hyperventilating. The “blowing off” of excessive carbon dioxide causes a decrease in blood H+ concentration. How can the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system function to correct this imbalance? CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3A) HCO3- binds with H+ to form H2CO3 and lower pH B) HCO3- binds with H+ to form H2CO3 and raise pH C) H2CO3 dissociates to form more H+ and lower pH D) H2CO3 dissociates to form more H+ and raise pH Answer: C Section: 2.6 Learning Outcome: 2.15 Global LO: G2, G7 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS6 Bloom’s Level: 4 Analysis 28 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 50) Forming glycogen as energy storage in the liver is an example of ________. A) exergonic B) anabolism C) catabolism D) oxidation Answer: B Section: 2.5 Learning Outcome: 2.11 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 3 Application 51) Salivary amylase is an enzyme produced by the salivary glands that breaks down carbohydrates. What will happen to this enzyme as it follows the food into the stomach where the pH drops to 2.5? A) The enzyme will assume an alternate form and catalyze additional reactions. B) The enzyme will denature and become inactive. C) The enzyme will continue to function as it remains unchanged in chemical reactions. D) The enzyme will denature but retain its function. Answer: B Section: 2.10 Learning Outcome: 2.20 Global LO: G2, G7 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS4 Bloom’s Level: 3 Application 52) With a family history of cardiovascular disease, which toast spread would be considered the most “heart healthy?” A) olive oil B) butter containing butterfat C) lard (pig fat) D) margarine containing trans fats Answer: A Section: 2.9 Learning Outcome: 2.18 Global LO: G2, G5 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS6 Bloom’s Level: 3 Application 53) Which of the following is incorrectly matched? A) monosaccharide; carbohydrate B) eicosanoid; triglyceride C) amino acid; protein D) nucleotide; nucleic acid Answer: B Section: 2.9 29 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Learning Outcome: 2.18 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 3 Application 54) Starch is the stored carbohydrate in plants, while ________ is the stored carbohydrate in animals. A) glycogen B) cellulose C) triglyceride D) glucose Answer: A Section: 2.8 Learning Outcome: 2.17 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 55) How many phosphates would AMP have attached to it? A) three B) two C) one D) none Answer: C Section: 2.12 Learning Outcome: 2.22 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 56) Tendons are strong, rope-like structures that connect skeletal muscle to bone. Which of the following proteins would provide strength to a tendon? A) albumin B) molecular chaperone C) actin D) collagen Answer: D Section: 2.10 Learning Outcome: 2.19 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS4 Bloom’s Level: 3 Application 57) Phospholipids make up most of the lipid part of the cell membrane. Since water exists on both the outside and inside of a cell, which of the following phospholipid arrangements makes the most sense? A) a single layer of phospholipids with the polar heads facing outside the cell 30 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. B) a single layer of phospholipids with the polar heads facing inside the cell C) two back-to-back phospholipid layers with the polar heads facing out on both sides D) two back-to-back phospholipid layers with the non-polar tails facing out on both sides Answer: C Section: 2.9 Learning Outcome: 2.18 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 4 Analysis 58) What type of chemical bond can form between an atom with 11 protons and an atom with 17 protons? A) polar covalent B) ionic C) non-polar covalent D) hydrogen Answer: B Section: 2.4 Learning Outcome: 2.9 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1 Bloom’s Level: 4 Analysis 1.4 Short Answer Questions 1) What happens when globular proteins are denatured? Answer: The active sites are destroyed. Section: 2.10 Learning Outcome: 2.19 Global LO: G2, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS4, HAPS11 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 2) Explain the difference between potential and kinetic energy. Answer: Potential energy is inactive stored energy that has potential to do work. Kinetic energy is energy in action. Section: 2.1 Learning Outcome: 2.1 Global LO: G2, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS11 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 3) How can phospholipids form a film when mixed in water? Answer: Phospholipids have both polar and nonpolar ends. The polar end interacts with water, leaving the nonpolar end oriented in the opposite direction. Section: 2.9 31 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Learning Outcome: 2.18 Global LO: G2, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS11 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 4) What advantages does ATP have in being the energy currency molecule? Answer: Its energy is easy to capture and store; it releases just the right amount of energy for the cell’s needs so it is protected from excessive energy release. A universal energy currency is efficient because a single system can be used by all the cells in the body. Section: 2.12 Learning Outcome: 2.22 Global LO: G2, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS11 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 5) Explain why chemical reactions in the body are often irreversible. Answer: Chemical reactions that release energy cannot be reversed unless energy is put back into the system. Also, some reactions produce molecules in excessive quantities (like CO2 and NH4) that the body then eliminates, but which are needed to reverse a reaction. Section: 2.5 Learning Outcome: 2.12 Global LO: G2, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS11 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 6) Describe the factors that affect chemical reaction rates. Answer: Temperature increases kinetic energy and therefore the force of molecular collisions. Particle size: smaller particles move faster at the same temperature and therefore collide more frequently; also, smaller particles have more surface area given the same concentration of reactants. Concentration: the higher the concentration, the greater the chance of particles colliding. Catalysts increase the rate of the reaction at a given temperature. Enzymes are biological catalysts. Section: 2.5 Learning Outcome: 2.13 Global LO: G2, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS11 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 7) Protons and electrons exist in every atom nucleus except hydrogen. Is this statement true or false and why? Answer: False. Hydrogen has one proton and one electron. It is the neutron, not the electron that can coexist in the nucleus and that hydrogen does not have. Section: 2.2 Learning Outcome: 2.4 Global LO: G2, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS11 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 32 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 8) A chemical bond never occurs between components of a mixture. Discuss this. Answer: Mixtures come in three formssolutions, colloids, and suspensions. Components of these mixtures always retain their original makeup and can be separated into their individual components; therefore no chemical bonding has taken place. Section: 2.3 Learning Outcome: 2.6 Global LO: G2, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS11 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 9) All chemical reactions are theoretically reversible. Comment on this statement. Answer: It is possible to reverse any reaction if the products are still present. Those that are only slightly exergonic are easily reversible. Some would require an enormous amount of energy to reverse. In the simple reaction Na + Cl → NaCl the amount of energy it takes to reverse table salt to chlorine gas and sodium metal is enormous. When glucose is oxidized the energy goes into bonds of ATP molecules which are then spent and thus the energy is not available to reform glucose. Section: 2.5 Learning Outcome: 2.12 Global LO: G2, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS11 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 10) What is the major difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds? Answer: Polar bonds have an unequal sharing of electrons resulting in a slight negative charge at one end of the molecule and a slight positive charge at the other end. Nonpolar bonds have an equal sharing of electrons, resulting in a balanced charge among the atoms. Section: 2.4 Learning Outcome: 2.10 Global LO: G2, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS11 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 11) An amino acid may act as a proton acceptor or donor. Explain. Answer: Amino acids have two componentsa base group (proton acceptor) and an organic acid part (a proton donor). Some have additional base or acid groups on the ends of their R groups as well. Section: 2.10 Learning Outcome: 2.19 Global LO: G2, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS11 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 12) Name at least four things you know about enzymes. Answer: 1. Most are proteins. 33 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 2.They have specific binding sites for specific substrates. 3.They lower the activation barrier for a specific reaction. 4.The names often end in “ase.” 5.They can be denatured. 6.They can be used again and again. Section: 2.10 Learning Outcome: 2.20 Global LO: G2, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS11 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 13) In the compound H2CO3, what do the numbers 2 and 3 represent? Answer: The 2 indicates that there are two hydrogen atoms in the compound and the 3 indicates that there are three oxygen atoms in the compound. Section: 2.5 Learning Outcome: 2.11 Global LO: G2, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS11 Bloom’s Level: 3 Application 14) Are all chemical reactions reversible? If not, why aren’t they all reversible? Answer: All chemical reactions are theoretically reversible, but only if the products are not consumed and enough energy is available for the reaction. Section: 2.5 Learning Outcome: 2.12 Global LO: G2, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS11 Bloom’s Level: 2 Comprehension 1.5 Clinical Questions 1) Although his cholesterol levels were not high, Mr. Martinez read that cholesterol was bad for his health, so he eliminated all foods and food products containing this molecule. He later found that his cholesterol level dropped only 20%. Why did it not drop more? Answer: Cholesterol is produced by the liver, in addition to being ingested in foods. Section: 2.9 Learning Outcome: 2.18 Global LO: G2, G5, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS6, HAPS11 Bloom’s Level: 3 Application 2) How can DNA be used to “fingerprint” a suspect in a crime? Answer: The DNA of a person is unique to that individual. By obtaining the DNA from nucleated cells from the crime scene (e.g., blood, semen, other body tissues), enzymes may be used to break up the DNA into fragments. Because nearly everyone’s DNA is different, it also breaks up into fragments differently. When the fragments are separated, they form patterns even 34 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. more unique than fingerprint patterns. A match of suspect and crime scene DNA is strong evidence. Section: 2.11 Learning Outcome: 2.21 Global LO: G2, G5, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS6, HAPS11 Bloom’s Level: 3 Application 3) Why is it possible for us to drink a solution that contains a mixture of equal concentration of a strong acid and a strong base, either of which, separately, would be very caustic? Answer: When an acid and base of equal strength are mixed, they undergo a displacement (neutralization) reaction to form water and a salt. Section: 2.6 Learning Outcome: 2.15 Global LO: G2, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS11 Bloom’s Level: 3 Application 4) A 65-year-old patient came to the emergency room with complaints of severe heartburn unrelieved by taking a “large handful” of antacids. Would you expect the pH to be high or low? Explain why. Answer: You would expect a high pH. Taking antacids will neutralize the acidic stomach. Taking a “handful” of antacids can cause an alkaloid state. Certain drugs, such as corticosteroids and antacids that contain baking soda, will lead to metabolic alkalosis. Section: 2.6 Learning Outcome: 2.15 Global LO: G2, G5, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS6, HAPS11 Bloom’s Level: 3 Application 5) A 23-year-old male was riding his road bike in 100-degree heat, when he suddenly became nauseated and weak. He called 911 from his cell phone. When the ambulance came, the paramedics started intravenous therapy for severe dehydration. Explain the critical role of water to maintain homeostasis. Answer: Water is the most abundant and important inorganic compound in living material. It makes up 60% to 80% of the volume of most living cells. The properties of water are: high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, polar solvent properties, reactivity, and cushioning. In this case the bicyclist lost a large amount of water through perspiration in an effort to cool his body. This caused a disruption in homeostasis. Section: 2.6 Learning Outcome: 2.14 Global LO: G2, G8 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS3, HAPS6, HAPS11 Bloom’s Level: 3 Application 35 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd.