Earth: An Introduction To Physical Geology, Fourth Canadian Edition Test Bank

Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology, Cdn 4e (Tarbuck) Chapter 2 Minerals: The Building Blocks of Rocks 2.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which manufactured products contain minerals or elements extracted from mineral resources? A) wooden chair B) jacket C) beer D) aluminum pop cans, “pencil lead,” baby powder, concrete Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: Minerals 2) Which of the following best defines a mineral and a rock? A) A rock has an orderly, repetitive, geometric, internal arrangement of minerals; a mineral is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of rocks. B) A mineral consists of its constituent atoms arranged in a geometrically repetitive structure; in a rock, the atoms are randomly bonded without any geometric pattern. C) In a mineral the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure; a rock is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of minerals. D) A rock consists of atoms bonded in a regular, geometrically predictable arrangement; a mineral is a consolidated aggregate of different rock particles. Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: Minerals 3) Which is not a requirement? To be a mineral it must be or have ________. A) naturally occurring B) well formed external crystal shapes C) orderly regular atomic or ionic structure D) definite chemical composition Answer: B Diff: 2 Topic: Minerals 4) Minerals consist of an ordered array of atoms or ions that are ________. A) all the same size and charge B) always packed together in cubes or octahedra C) chemically bonded in a regular crystalline structure D) physically attached to each other by shared protons Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: Minerals 1 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 5) Which one of the following is false for minerals? A) They have a specific, internal, crystalline structure. B) They can be a liquid, solid, or glass. C) They have a specific, predictable chemical composition. D) They can be identified by characteristic physical properties. Answer: B Diff: 2 Topic: Minerals 6) Which of the following rock types are not comprised mostly of minerals. A) limestone and rock salt B) coal, obsidian, and pumice C) sandstone and conglomerate D) granite and basalt Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: Minerals 7) While there are 90 naturally occurring elements, these combine in various proportions and structures to make nearly ________ minerals. A) 470 B) 4,700 C) 47,000 D) 470,000 Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 8) Which of the following is not a fundamental particle found in atoms? A) neutron B) selectron C) electron D) proton Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 9) Which of the following denotes the tiny, but very massive, central part of an atom? A) inner shell B) core mass C) valence shell D) nucleus Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 2 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 10) Which of the following denotes the massive, positively charged, nuclear particles? A) protons B) electrons C) isotrons D) neutrons Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 11) What, basic, atomic particles occupy space in an atom outside of the nucleus? A) morons B) electrons C) protons D) neutrons Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 12) What are the lightest or least massive of the basic atomic particles? A) uranium nuclei B) protons C) electrons D) neutrons Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 13) Atoms of the same element, carbon for example, always have the same ________. A) number of electrons in the nucleus B) number of protons in the nucleus C) number of neutrons in its chemical bonds D) atomic weight Answer: B Diff: 2 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 14) In a neutral atom such as helium or native copper, the number of protons in the nucleus ________. A) is usually greater than the number of neutrons B) is different for each isotope C) is equal to the number of electrons in the outer shells D) increases from element to element by even multiples of 8 Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 3 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 15) Which element is the first and lightest element in the periodic chart? A) sodium B) hydrogen C) oxygen D) helium Answer: B Diff: 2 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 16) The electrons in the outermost shell of an element are referred to as ________. A) aberrant electrons B) positrons C) non-bonding electrons D) valence electrons Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 17) When two or more elements combine to form a mineral, they do so in definite proportions represented by a simple chemical formula for that ________. A) compound B) isomer C) isotope D) polymorph Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 18) Generally ions end up with the stable, noble-gas, configuration having ________ electrons in their outermost shell. A) no B) two C) eight D) twelve Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 19) An atom’s atomic weight is 13 and its atomic number is 6. How many neutrons are in its nucleus? A) 19 B) 7 C) 13 D) 6 Answer: B Diff: 2 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 4 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 20) What is the name given to an atom that gains or loses electrons in a chemical reaction? A) molecule B) ion C) proton D) nucleon Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 21) In ________ bonding one atom gives up electrons to another that receives them. A) covalent B) ionic C) metallic D) polymorphic Answer: B Diff: 2 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 22) Which of the following is an accurate description of ionic bonding? A) Nuclei of bonding atoms exchange electrons; the resulting ions are bonded together by the attractive forces between the two electrons. B) Atoms of two different elements share electrons and protons; the resulting compound is bonded together by the strong, binding energy of shared protons. C) Nuclei of two different atoms share electrons and the resulting compound is tightly bonded by the very strong, induced, ionic nuclear bonds. D) Atoms of different elements, having gained or lost electrons, are held together by their opposite charges. Answer: D Diff: 2 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 23) The two main types of bonding that form the structures in minerals are ________. A) covalent and ionic B) magnetic and gravitational C) double and triple D) radioactive and unstable Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 5 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 24) In ionic compounds, ________ have lost one or more electrons to acquire positive charge and a smaller radius than their neutral atom, while ________ have gained one or more electrons to acquire a negative charge and a larger radius than their neutral atom. A) anions, cations B) cations, anions C) daughter isotopes, parent isotopes D) stable isotopes, unstable isotopes Answer: B Diff: 2 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 25) In which type of chemical bonding are electrons shared between adjacent atoms? A) ionic B) subatomic C) covalent D) isotopic Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 26) When elements or compounds combine in the same proportions but in more than one structural arrangement, relative to each other, those mineral structures are called ________. A) amorphous B) bimorphs C) isotopes D) polymorphs Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: The Structure of Minerals 27) Minerals like diamond and graphite exist because of ________. A) amorphous crystallization B) different physical and chemical conditions or environments within the earth C) the law of polymorphism D) the metamorphism of coal Answer: B Diff: 2 Topic: The Structure of Minerals 6 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 28) ________ is the external expression of orderly internal arrangement of atoms in a mineral crystal. A) Lustre B) Streak C) Habit D) Colour Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 29) Which of the following describes the light reflecting characteristics of a mineral? A) lustre B) streak C) virtual absorption D) fluorescence Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 30) The quality of light reflected from a mineral surface is called ________. A) translucency B) lustre C) polish D) reflectance Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 31) The true colour of a mineral as seen in its powdered form is called it’s ________. A) birefringence B) chatoyancy C) iridescence D) streak Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 32) A mineral’s hardness is determined by the number and the strength of chemical bonds, but how is it actually determined? A) by whether or not it cleaves. B) by weighing it on a Mohs scale. C) by looking at its streak. D) by its resistance to scratching or abrasion by other materials of known hardness. Answer: D Diff: 2 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 7 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 33) What mineral is the hardest known substance in nature? A) silicate B) native gold C) diamond D) muscovite Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 34) Which minerals that make up the Mohs scale are harder than a glass plate? A) beryl, garnet, tourmaline B) calcite, fluorite, apatite C) feldspar, quartz, topaz, corundum, diamond D) gypsum and talc Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 35) Which minerals that make up the Mohs scale are softer than your fingernail? A) beryl, garnet, tourmaline B) calcite, fluorite, apatite C) feldspar, quartz, topaz, corundum, diamond D) gypsum and talc Answer: D Diff: 2 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 36) Which minerals that make up the Mohs scale are softer than a glass plate but harder than your fingernail? A) beryl, garnet, tourmaline B) calcite, fluorite, apatite C) feldspar, quartz, topaz, corundum, diamond D) gypsum and talc Answer: B Diff: 2 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 37) Which one of the following minerals has the greatest hardness on the Mohs hardness scale? A) feldspar B) calcite C) gypsum D) topaz Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 8 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 38) The property of ________ is controlled by planes of few or weak bonds within the mineral structure. A) absorbency B) bondage C) cleavage D) well formed crystal faces Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 39) The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as ________. A) streak B) cleavage C) flat busted D) crystal form Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 40) Which one of the following describes a mineral’s response to mechanical impact? A) lustre B) cleavage C) streak D) crystal form Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 41) Cleavage is determined by ________ and ________ well formed planes of weakness in a stressed mineral structure A) the iridescence, shape of B) the hardness, thickness of C) the number, angles between D) the twinning, separation of Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 9 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 42) The tendency for a mineral like quartz to break in a smoothly curved manner is termed ________. A) anomalous cleavage B) conchoidal fracture C) elliptical breakage D) spherical cleavage Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 43) ________ is the ratio of a weight of mineral to a volume of water of equal weight. A) Absolute mass B) Characteristic volume C) Specific gravity D) Wet weight Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 44) Minerals like native gold or galena have high specific gravities because ________. A) they are too dense for any water or air to fit into their structures B) both are very strong and hard C) they contain heavy elements D) they both lack any cleavage Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 45) A cubic centimetre of quartz, olivine, and gold weigh 2.5, 3.0, and 19.8 grams respectively. This indicates that ________. A) gold has a higher specific gravity than quartz and olivine B) gold is six to seven times harder than olivine and quartz C) gold and olivine are silicates, quartz is elemental silicon D) olivine and quartz powders are harder than metallic gold Answer: A Diff: 2 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 46) Which of the following has the highest specific gravity? A) wood B) water C) gold D) quartz Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 10 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 47) Which of the following denotes the purity of gold used in jewelry? A) carnot B) carette C) karat D) carlot Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 48) Which mineral is easily soluble in water at room temperature conditions? A) diamond B) talc C) halite D) olivine Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 49) Which carbonate mineral reacts readily with cool, dilute hydrochloric acid to produce visible bubbles of carbon dioxide gas? A) calcite B) quartz C) dolomite D) plagioclase Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 50) Which of the following will react readily with acids such as hydrochloric? A) calcite B) quartz C) diamond D) talc Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 51) Real kryptonite is a(n) ________ while jadarite is a(n) ________. A) mineral, element B) metal, rock C) meteorite, moon D) element, mineral Answer: D Diff: 2 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 11 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 52) Jadarite is similar to the fictional mineral kryptonite but lacks ________ in its chemical composition. A) lithium B) fluorine C) boron D) sodium Answer: B Diff: 2 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 53) What element is the most abundant in the Earth’s crust by weight? A) carbon B) chlorine C) oxygen D) sodium Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 54) The eight most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust by weight are: ________. A) Ba, Ca, Cl, Cu, F, H, Li, U B) C, K, N, P, S, Sc, Ti,V C) O, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg D) Pb, Mo, Ag, Pt, Au, Ni, Cr, Zr Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: Mineral Classes 55) Which group of minerals are the most abundant in the Earth’s crust? A) sulphides B) carbonates C) silicates D) chlorides Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 56) All silicate minerals contain which two elements? A) iron, silicon B) silicon, sodium C) oxygen, carbon D) silicon, oxygen Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 12 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 57) The ion at the centre of a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is surrounded by ________. A) 4 oxygen ions B) 6 oxygen ions C) 4 sodium ions D) 6 sodium ions Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 58) Which response describes the geometric attributes of a tetrahedron? A) 4 plane faces, each an equilateral triangle, 6 edges, and 4 corners B) 6 plane faces, each a rectangle, 4 edges, and 8 corners C) 6 plane faces, each a square, 12 edges, and 8 corners D) 8 plane faces, each an equilateral triangle, 12 edges, and 6 corners Answer: A Diff: 2 Topic: Mineral Classes 59) Which group of silicates has the most sharing of corner oxygen atoms? A) single chain like pyroxene B) double chain like amphibole C) sheet like mica D) framework like feldspar Answer: D Diff: 2 Topic: Mineral Classes 60) Aluminum ions have what charge in most rock-forming minerals? A) 3+ B) 4C) 2+ D) 4+ Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 61) Which element forms the strongest bonds with oxygen, based on its size and charge? A) aluminum B) calcium C) potassium D) silicon Answer: D Diff: 2 Topic: Mineral Classes 13 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 62) Which common group of rock forming minerals has simultaneous double substitution of Na+ for Ca+2 and Si+4 for Al+3 in its structure and chemical formula? A) carbonates B) micas C) plagioclase feldspars D) pyroxenes Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: Mineral Classes 63) In feldspars, what element can be thought of as substituting for silicon in the tetrahedral ionic sites? A) carbon B) aluminum C) sodium D) potassium Answer: B Diff: 2 Topic: Mineral Classes 64) Plagioclase feldspars contain significant, variable percentages of which elements? A) calcium and magnesium B) sodium and calcium C) sodium and sulphur D) iron and magnesium Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 65) Which of the following minerals are silicates? A) hematite, magnetite, and corundum B) muscovite, hornblende, and plagioclase C) calcite, aragonite, and dolomite D) anhydrite, gypsum, and barite Answer: B Diff: 2 Topic: Mineral Classes 66) Which common rock forming minerals exhibit cleavage planes at nearly 90°? A) amphiboles like hornblende B) feldspars like plagioclase and orthoclase C) pyroxenes like augite D) both B and C are correct Answer: D Diff: 2 Topic: Mineral Classes 14 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 67) Which common rock forming minerals exhibit cleavage planes at nearly 60°/120°? A) amphiboles like hornblende B) feldspars like plagioclase and orthoclase C) pyroxenes like augite D) micas like muscovite and biotite Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 68) Which of the following is a single-chain, ferromagnesian silicate mineral? A) clay B) olivine C) pyroxene D) mica Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: Mineral Classes 69) Hornblende and the other amphiboles have what type of silicate structure? A) metallic B) sheet C) 3-D framework D) double chains Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 70) Which common rock forming minerals exhibit a perfect single basal cleavage? A) amphiboles like hornblende B) feldspars like plagioclase and orthoclase C) pyroxenes like augite D) micas like muscovite and biotite Answer: D Diff: 2 Topic: Mineral Classes 71) Which of the following best characterizes ferromagnesian silicates? A) They contain iron and magnetite, are black in colour, and they have metallic lustres. B) They are high temperature black to dark-green minerals containing iron and magnesium. C) They are mostly dark, heavy, and rich in the elements manganese and ferron. D) They are dark and have a Mohs hardness greater than 7. Answer: B Diff: 2 Topic: Mineral Classes 15 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 72) All ferromagnesian minerals contain which two elements? A) calcium, sodium B) iron, magnesium C) iron, potassium D) chlorine, silicon Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 73) Ferromagnesian minerals generally exhibit which of the following properties? A) one perfect cleavage, colourless B) dark colour, specific gravity higher than quartz C) a light colour, metallic lustre D) nonmetallic lustre, light colour Answer: B Diff: 2 Topic: Mineral Classes 74) Which of the following minerals is a ferromagnesian silicate? A) quartz B) orthoclase C) hornblende D) muscovite Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: Mineral Classes 75) Hornblende and the other amphiboles have what type of silicate structure? A) metallic B) sheet C) 3-D framework D) double chains Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 76) What is the name of dark-coloured mica? A) calcite B) biotite C) quartz D) olivine Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 16 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 77) In silicate minerals, cleavages occur ________. A) across the dominant silicate structures B) in between the dominant silicate structural units C) in random directions, unrelated to the silicate framework D) in between mineral crystals Answer: B Diff: 2 Topic: Mineral Classes 78) Garnet, a common hard metamorphic mineral used for abrasives, has an internal crystal structure most similar to which other silicate mineral? A) augite B) biotite C) olivine D) plagioclase feldspar Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: Mineral Classes 79) Which one of the following is a sodium and calcium feldspar with twinning striations? A) orthoclase B) microcline C) plagioclase D) sanidine Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: Mineral Classes 80) Small, parallel grooves (twinning striations) are visible on cleavage surfaces and characteristic of which mineral? A) olivine B) quartz C) plagioclase feldspar D) hornblende Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 81) The only sure way to identify a plagioclase feldspar from a potassium feldspar on large enough specimen to see with the naked eye is to ________. A) compare their colours, plagioclase is always darker B) find multiple parallel twinning striations on a cleavage face C) measure their exact cleavage angles, plagioclases have 120° D) find wormy exsolution lamellae going obliquely across the cleavages Answer: B Diff: 2 Topic: Mineral Classes 17 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 82) Which mineral is composed of silicon dioxide (SiO2)? A) calcite B) diamond C) olivine D) quartz Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 83) Why doesn’t quartz have any cleavages, only fractures? A) All oxygens are shared between strongly bonded silicons in a 3-D framework. B) All of the metallic cations form strong webs between the silicate chains. C) It is made of pure silicon which is very strong. D) It has strong helical chains in three perpendicular directions. Answer: A Diff: 2 Topic: Mineral Classes 84) Which of the following minerals is a silicate? A) hematite B) muscovite C) calcite D) halite Answer: B Diff: 2 Topic: Mineral Classes 85) Which common silicate mineral was used as window glass in the Middle Ages? A) calcite B) halite C) muscovite D) quartz Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 86) Which of the following minerals is in the mineral group known as mica? A) orthoclase B) muscovite C) augite D) olivine Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 18 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 87) Which of the following is not a silicate mineral? A) quartz B) orthoclase C) garnet D) calcite Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 88) Which of the following silicate minerals have 3-dimensional framework structures? A) quartz and halite B) feldspars and quartz C) hornblende and olivine D) micas and gypsum Answer: B Diff: 2 Topic: Mineral Classes 89) Which one of the following mineral groups exhibits a sheet-like silicate structure? A) carbonates B) pyroxenes C) clays D) feldspars Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: Mineral Classes 90) Most ________ minerals are microscopic crystals of sheet silicates that form by the chemical weathering of feldspars, pyroxenes, amphiboles and micas. A) carbonate B) clay C) hydroxide D) salt Answer: B Diff: 2 Topic: Mineral Classes 91) Which one of the following is a typical product of chemical weathering of other silicates? A) micas B) ferromagnesians C) feldspars D) clays Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 19 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 92) The principal ore of mercury is ________. A) anhydrite B) cinnabar C) galena D) sylvite Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 93) The main calcium sulphate mineral gypsum is used to ________. A) extract the metal Ca B) make cement C) make plaster and wallboard D) spread directly on soils as a fertilizer Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: Mineral Classes 94) Which mineral is used to make drilling muds denser to prevent blowouts? A) barite B) halite C) galena D) pyrite Answer: A Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 95) The main use for most diamond, corundum and garnet is ________. A) fillers in industrial products like paint and pharmaceuticals B) gemstones of the semiprecious variety C) industrial abrasives D) semiconductors for the electronics industry Answer: C Diff: 2 Topic: Mineral Classes 96) The main use of bauxite is ________. A) acid production for batteries B) a food additive C) the ore of aluminum D) the ore of copper Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 20 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 97) These non-silicate minerals are found predominantly in sedimentary rocks. A) amphibole, clays, and quartz B) calcite, gypsum, and halite C) feldspar, fluorite, and malachite D) graphite, chromite, and ilmenite Answer: B Diff: 2 Topic: Mineral Classes 98) Ruby and sapphire are red and blue forms of the mineral ________. A) diamond B) turquoise C) emerald D) corundum Answer: D Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 99) The term precious gemstone is reserved for stones of the following types: ________, that are prized for their: rarity, beauty, durability and size. Everything else is considered semi-precious. A) agates, alaska black diamonds, carborundum, chrysoberyls, and spinels B) alexandrite, cats-eye, jade, topaz, and zircon C) diamonds, garnets, moonstones, onyx, and peridots D) diamonds, emeralds, rubies, sapphires, and fire opals Answer: D Diff: 2 Topic: Mineral Classes 100) Emeralds are gem quality single crystals of the more ordinary mineral ________. A) augite B) beryl C) epidote D) olivine Answer: B Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 101) Amethyst, chalcedony, and citrine are gemstone varieties of this common mineral. A) alexandrite B) corundum C) quartz D) topaz Answer: C Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 21 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 2.2 True/False Questions 1) Rocks are aggregates of one or more minerals. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: Minerals 2) Coal is a rock formed mostly from fine grained carbon minerals. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Topic: Minerals 3) All atoms of the same element have the same atomic number. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 4) Electrically neutral atoms have equal numbers of electrons and protons. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 5) Most of the elements in the periodic table are metals. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 6) Positive ions are atoms that have gained electrons during a chemical reaction. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 7) In the compound sodium chloride, the negative ions are chlorine. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 8) Graphite and diamond have the same chemical composition and different crystalline structures. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: The Structure of Minerals 9) Diamond and quartz are both minerals composed of a single element. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Topic: The Structure of Minerals 22 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 10) Graphite is used as a natural abrasive. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Topic: The Structure of Minerals 11) The external expression of internal atomic arrangement in a mineral is called its crystal habit. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 12) Mineral lustre is broadly classified as either metallic or opaque. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 13) Colour is one of the most diagnostic properties of minerals. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 14) Diamond is the hardest mineral; calcite is the softest known mineral. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 15) Rock-forming silicate minerals have higher specific gravities than water. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 16) Micas like muscovite and biotite have flexible cleavage flakes that will bend, and when the strain is taken off they relax back to their original position and shape. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 17) Pyrrhotite (iron sulphide) is the only mineral to exhibit natural magnetism. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 18) When treated with hydrochloric acid, powdered carbonate minerals release bubbles as a fizz of odorless carbon dioxide. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 23 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 19) Optically transparent calcite exhibits the special property of “double refraction.” Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 20) In a silicon-oxygen structural unit, silicon atoms occupy corners of a tetrahedron. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 21) Oxygen ions are larger in size than silicon ions. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 22) As silicate tetrahedra link together in larger units, more oxygens are shared and the size of the negative charge per silicon decreases. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 23) Compared to the 1.4 angstrom size of the O2- anion, most common metallic cations are double to triple that size. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 24) Ferromagnesian silicate minerals contain some magnesium and/or iron. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 25) The micas, biotite and muscovite, both exhibit one direction of cleavage. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 26) Orthoclase and plagioclase feldspars have quite different forms of cleavage. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 27) Nonmetallic minerals like halite and gypsum have no industrial uses. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 24 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 28) Calcite and dolomite are both carbonate minerals. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 29) Calcite and halite react with dilute acids to evolve carbon dioxide. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Topic: Mineral Classes 30) Trace impurities of chromium make corundum into ruby, while traces of titanium and iron make it into sapphire. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 2.3 Short Answer Questions 1) Name a characteristic of a mineral. Answer: natural, solid, usually inorganic, orderly structure, definite composition Diff: 1 Topic: Minerals 2) What major characteristic differentiates minerals from natural glasses? Answer: internal arrangement of atoms Diff: 2 Topic: Minerals 3) Rocks are aggregates of one or more what? Answer: minerals Diff: 1 Topic: Minerals 4) What is the smallest particle of matter that exhibits and defines the distinctive chemical characteristics of the individual elements? Answer: atom Diff: 1 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 5) The massive but tiny central core region of an atom is called the what? Answer: nucleus Diff: 1 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 25 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 6) In atoms, which electrons are involved in chemical bonding? Answer: valence Diff: 2 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 7) A compound is a stable chemical substance composed of two or more what? Answer: elements Diff: 1 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 8) Where can one view a list of known elements? Answer: periodic table of the elements Diff: 1 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 9) What is the basic difference between ionic and covalent bonds? Answer: electrons are given up by one atom and received by the other with ionic, but are shared in covalent Diff: 2 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 10) What are two or more minerals called if they have the same chemical composition but different physical properties? Answer: polymorphs Diff: 1 Topic: The Structure of Minerals 11) Diamonds are hard because all carbon atoms are held together by equally strong ________ bonds arranged in a face centred cubic structure. Answer: covalent Diff: 1 Topic: The Structure of Minerals 12) Graphite has (weak, strong) bonds within its layers but (weak, strong) bonds between its layers. Answer: strong, weak Diff: 1 Topic: The Structure of Minerals 13) What is the chemical composition of graphite and diamond? Answer: carbon Diff: 1 Topic: The Structure of Minerals 26 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 14) The external expression of the internal arrangement of atoms in a mineral is called what? Answer: crystal habit Diff: 1 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 15) ________ is the appearance or quality of light reflected from the crystal face of a mineral. Answer: Lustre Diff: 1 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 16) What physical property denotes the colour of a powdered mineral? Answer: streak Diff: 1 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 17) The Mohs scale is a relative measure of which physical property of minerals? Answer: hardness Diff: 1 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 18) What is the hardest mineral known? Answer: diamond Diff: 1 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 19) The physical property denoting a mineral’s tendency to crack along parallel, planar surfaces is known as what? Answer: cleavage Diff: 1 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 20) Most glasses and some minerals exhibit a type of fracture characterized by nested and curved, crack surfaces. What term describes this property? Answer: conchoidal Diff: 1 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 21) What are the two most abundant elements, which by themselves account for approximately 75% by weight of the Earth’s crust? Answer: oxygen, silicon Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 22) The real kryptonite is not a mineral but a(n) ________. Answer: element Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 27 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 23) The real mineral jadarite has the same chemical composition as fictional kryptonite except for what? Answer: fluorine Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 24) Which is the most common mineral class? Answer: the silicates Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 25) The silicon-oxygen tetrahedron has a net charge of ________. Answer: 4Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 26) ________ oxygen ions occupy the corners of the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron. Answer: 4 Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 27) ________ forms the strongest bond with oxygen anions. Answer: Silicon Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 28) What ferromagnesian silicate mineral is named for its green colour? Answer: olivine Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 29) What is the most common member of the pyroxene group of ferromagesian minerals? Answer: augite Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 30) ________ is the most common variety of the mineral group amphibole. Answer: Hornblende Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 31) Parallel, straight, linear imperfections visible on the cleavage surfaces of plagioclase feldspar are called what? Answer: striations Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 28 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 32) ________ is the light coloured member of the mica group of sheet silicate minerals. Answer: Muscovite Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 33) ________ is a common pink variety of the feldspar group of framework silicate minerals. Answer: Orthoclase Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 34) What mineral class forms by the breakdown and weathering of rock-forming silicate minerals and are important constituents of soils? Answer: clays Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 35) Name a common carbonate mineral. Answer: calcite, dolomite Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes 2.4 Word Analysis Questions Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. 1) A) gaseous B) naturally occurring Answer: gaseous Diff: 1 Topic: Minerals C) solid D) orderly structure 2) A) electron B) atom Answer: atom Diff: 1 Topic: The Composition of Minerals C) proton D) neutron 3) A) ionic B) cation Answer: nucleus Diff: 2 Topic: The Composition of Minerals C) anion D) nucleus 4) A) hardness B) streak Answer: lustre Diff: 2 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals C) lustre D) cleavage 29 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 5) A) muscovite B) biotite Answer: olivine Diff: 2 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals C) clay D) olivine 6) A) sodium B) fluorine Answer: fluorine Diff: 2 Topic: The Composition of Minerals C) lithium D) boron 7) A) feldspars B) silicates Answer: feldspars Diff: 2 Topic: Mineral Classes C) carbonates D) evaporites 8) A) quartz B) olivine Answer: calcite Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes C) feldspar D) calcite 9) A) sulphides B) oxides Answer: garnets Diff: 1 Topic: Mineral Classes C) garnets D) halides 10) A) olivine B) quartz Answer: quartz Diff: 2 Topic: Mineral Classes C) amphibole D) pyroxene 11) A) galena B) calcite Answer: galena Diff: 2 Topic: Mineral Classes C) gypsum D) halite 12) A) diamond B) opal Answer: zircon Diff: 2 Topic: Mineral Classes C) ruby D) zircon 30 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 2.5 Critical Thinking Questions Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in Chapter 2 to answer the question(s) below. 1) Considering the composition and structure of Earth discussed in Chapter 1, do you think all of the possible silicate (and even mineral) structures have been identified by scientists? Explain. Also, does this same reasoning apply to all possible chemical elements of Earth? Answer: No. Every year new minerals are discovered. As new outcrops of crustal rocks are studied there are bound to be new rocks, new minerals and new even elements discovered as a result of gravitational accretion (Nebular theory) and lighter elements having migrated outwards from Earth’s interior during its formation. Also, as minerals transform in the rock cycle, new combinations of elements will be created. Furthermore, as drilling attempts reach into the mantle, new discoveries are also bound to be made. Diff: 3 Topic: The Structure of Minerals 2) Based on the brief discussion of chemistry and chemical bonding, why do minerals rarely exhibit pure chemical compositions (100% always the same chemical composition)? Answer: Many cations have similar sizes and can freely substitute for each other as the mineral is forming, resulting in varying compositions of the mineral. Diff: 2 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 3) Overall, the physical properties of minerals provide a reliable means to identify common minerals. However, certain properties can exhibit a range of characteristics or values making them less useful for identification purposes. Choose three physical properties that might vary considerably between samples of the same mineral and explain why such variability would exist. Answer: Colour. Some minerals like quartz exhibit different colours due to tiny amounts of impurities. Crystal habit. Some minerals have multiple habits depending on whether or not they can grow in free space, or the pressure-temperature conditions under which they formed. Fracture. Most minerals break unevenly along surfaces other than cleavage planes. Diff: 3 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 4) Given the similar chemical compositions of the real mineral jadarite and the fictional mineral kryptonite, what is different about real kryptonite? Answer: Real kryptonite is an element in the periodic table, not a mineral. Diff: 2 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 31 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 2.6 Visualization Questions 1) Label the various parts of an atom in the diagram below. Answer: See figure 2.4B Diff: 1 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 2) What type of chemical bonding is shown in the diagram below? a) covalent b) ionic c) metallic d) hybrid Answer: b) ionic Diff: 1 Topic: The Composition of Minerals 32 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. 3) For each illustration below, note the number of cleavage directions. a) b) Answer: a) 3 b) 3 c) 4 Diff: 1 Topic: Physical Properties of Minerals 4) Fill in the table below on silicate minerals. Answer: a) none b) slightly more than 3:1 c) pyroxene group—augite d) slightly less than 3:1 e) amphibole group—hornblende f) two planes at 60 and 120 degrees Diff: 2 Topic: Mineral Classes 33 © 2015 Pearson Canada Inc. c)