Crime Victims: An Introduction to Victimology, 9th Edition Test Bank

TEST BANK MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. When the thirteen American colonies were settled, which of the following (in addition to religious beliefs) were the earliest penal codes based on? a. tort law b. Ben Franklin‟s memoirs c. English common law d. Native American law ANS: C 2. REF: p. 40 LO: 1 REF: p. 40 After the American Revolution, addressing the suffering of individuals in criminal matters was: a. foundational to the nation‟s system of justice. b. deemed to be less important than dealing with the symbolic threat to the social order posed by lawbreakers. c. required of the judge in every criminal case. d. addressed under civil law. ANS: B 4. 1 After the American Revolution and the adoption of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, how were crimes reconceptualized? a. as hostile acts directed against the authority of the government b. as acts that instilled public fear c. as acts that cost the new taxpayers money d. all of these ANS: A 3. LO: LO: 1 REF: p. 40 After the American Revolution, the powers and responsibilities formerly exercised by crime victims were taken over by whom? a. victim‟s families b. the public at large c. public prosecutors d. public defense attorneys ANS: C LO: 1 REF: p. 40 Chapter 2: The Rediscovery of Crime Victims 5. For much of America‟s penal history, which of the following was not a primary goal? a. deterring crime through punishment b. rehabilitating transgressors through treatment c. protecting society by incapacitating dangerous persons in prisons or through executions d. ensuring the restoration of crime victims‟ financial, emotional, and physical health ANS: D 6. D 1 REF: p. 41 LO: 1 REF: p. 41 LO: 2 REF: p. 41 Victims can attain a sense of empowerment and regain control over their lives through: a. practical assistance b. mutual support c. involvement in the criminal justice process d. all of these ANS: D 10. LO: Which groups brought renewed attention to victims? a. self-help advocates b. social scientists c. journalists d. all of these ANS: 9. REF: p. 40 The criminal justice system may marginalize victims even more by not _____. a. permitting them as witnesses at trial b. taking their experiences into account in sentencing c. informing the victim of the outcome of the case d. letting the victim‟s family be witnesses at trial ANS: C 8. 1 Victims may lose their opportunity to actively participate in the process of presenting their experiences to a jury due to _____. a. public prosecutors not calling victims as witnesses at trial b. prosecutors and defense attorneys settling most cases through plea negotiations c. judges not considering the experiences of victims as key evidence d. the typical unwillingness of victims to appear in court ANS: B 7. LO: LO: 2 REF: p. 49 Among the early community organizations to empower victims were _____. a. police benevolent groups b. information clearinghouses c. courtroom workgroups d. rape crisis centers and shelters for battered women ANS: D LO: 2│3 REF: p. 51 19 Test Bank 11. Who normally begins the rediscovery process by bringing attention to a problem? a. courts and judges b. police agencies c. visitors from other countries d. activists ANS: D 12. LO: 2 REF: p. 42 LO: 3 REF: p. 54-57 Which stage in the sequential model of rediscovering victims involves the process of typification of victim categories and identifying classic cases? a. Stage 1 b. Stage 2 c. Stage 3 d. Stage 4 ANS: A 15. REF: p. 54 How many stages are in the sequential model used to examine the development of the victim‟s movements? a. two stages b. three stages c. four stages d. five stages ANS: C 14. 2│3 The law-and-order movement raised concerns about _____. a. surging crime rates b. tolerance of too much misbehavior c. „soft on crime‟ policies d. all of these ANS: D 13. LO: LO: 3│4 REF: p. 55 Which stage of the sequential process of rediscovering victims involves the emergence of an opposition and development of resistance to further change? a. Stage 1 b. Stage 2 c. Stage 3 d. Stage 4 ANS: C LO: 3│4 REF: p. 56 20 Chapter 2: The Rediscovery of Crime Victims 16. The most common argument made by opponents in Stage 3 of the rediscovery process is which of the following? a. We have not gone far enough in protecting victims. b. We have gone too far in protecting victims. c. Harsher punishments are necessary to deter crime. d. The rights of the accused are less important than those of the victim. ANS: B 17. REF: p. 42-43 LO: 1│2 REF: p. 44 LO: 1│2 REF: p. 47 LO: 1 REF: p. 48 Stage 3 of the victim rediscovery process is marked by which of the following? a. the emergence of positive role models for victims b. a change in legislature c. the emergence of opposition to the victims movement d. the emergence of compromise by those involved ANS: C 22. 1│2 What is one negative effect of the attention victims receive from business? a. businesses tap an underserved population b. businesses may over-protect victims c. commercial exploitation d. publicity often worsens a problem ANS: C 21. LO: Sensationalism refers to how _____. a. politicians base their decisions on pressure from constituents b. criminal justice professionals expend more effort on heinous crimes c. the media exploits victims to earn better ratings d. non-profit agencies try to protect victims from their victimizers ANS: C 20. REF: p. 56 Children‟s rights groups succeeded at _____. a. stricter reporting requirements of cases of suspected abuse b. awareness of the special needs of children as witnesses c. better protection and prevention services d. all of these. ANS: D 19. 3│4 The feminist movement focused on female victims because _____. a. domestic violence and rape victims failed to receive support by the criminal justice system. b. there was a need to develop organizations to address female victims‟ needs, like safe houses c. women needed alternative places to seek help d. all of these. ANS: D 18. LO: LO: 3 REF: p. 56 Victimologists can make their most valuable contributions during which of the following stages 21 Test Bank of the rediscovery process? a. Stage 1 b. Stage 2 c. Stage 3 d. Stage 4 ANS: D 23. REF: p. 57 LO: 4 REF: p. 46 Which of the following laws mandates that community residents be notified of the arrival of formerly incarcerated sex offenders into their communities? a. Lee-Anne‟s Law b. Megan‟s Law c. Kathy‟s Law d. Jenna‟s Law ANS: B 25. 3 Which of the following laws mandates convicted sex offenders register with their local police department? a. Lee-Anne‟s Law b. Megan‟s Law c. Kathy‟s Law d. Jenna‟s Law ANS: B 24. LO: LO: 4 REF: p. 46 In criminal justice settings, false memory syndrome is most often associated with _____. a. robbery victims b. criminals themselves c. victims of the drug trade d. incest survivors ANS: D LO: 2 REF: p. 57 TRUE/FALSE 1. Robbery is classified as a street crime. a. true b. false ANS: T 2. 3. LO: 1 REF: p. 40 When the thirteen American colonies were settled by immigrants from Great Britain, the earliest penal codes were based on Native American law. a. true b. false ANS: F LO: 1 REF: p. 40 After the American Revolution and the adoption of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, 22 Chapter 2: The Rediscovery of Crime Victims crimes were re-conceptualized as hostile acts directed against the authority of the government. a. true b. false ANS: T 4. 1│2 REF: p. 41 LO: 1│2 REF: p. 42 LO: 1 REF: p. 42 LO: 2 REF: p. 43 LO: 1 REF: p. 43 Hate crimes include those motivated by the offenders‟ disdain for the victims‟ presumed sexual orientation. a. true b. false ANS: T 11. LO: Black and white victims have always been treated the same by the criminal justice system. a. true b. false ANS: F 10. REF: p. 40 Some feminists view male against female crime as slowing progress towards equality of the sexes. a. true b. false ANS: T 9. 1 In the law and order movement of the 1960s, conservative crime control advocates envisioned punishment that would be swift and sure. a. true b. false ANS: T 8. LO: One outcome of the law-and-order movement was that it raised concerns that offenders were being mistreated by police. a. true b. false ANS: F 7. REF: p. 40 Victims‟ demands to be restored to financial, emotional, and physical health were eventually overshadowed by the goals of deterring crime through punishment and protecting society by incapacitating dangerous persons in prisons or through execution. a. true b. false ANS: T 6. 1 After the American Revolution, the powers and responsibilities formerly exercised by crime victims were taken over by public prosecutors. a. true b. false ANS: T 5. LO: LO: 4 REF: p. 54 Laws named after victims are sometimes an effort by politicians and legislators to gain favorable media attention. a. true b. false 23 Test Bank 12. ANS: T LO: 2│4 REF: p. 45 The civil liberties movement contributed to furthering police professionalism. a. true b. false ANS: T 13. LO: 2│4 REF: p. 48 LO: 4 REF: p. 46 LO: 2 REF: p. 54 LO: 3 REF: p. 57 During stage three of the discovery process, backlash may arise if the demands of victims are perceived as excessive. a. true b. false ANS: T 19. REF: p. 48 The rediscovery process is in its final stage when activists make headway toward their goals. a. true b. false ANS: F 18. 4 Victimologists who take a conflict approach view clashes between opposing interest groups trying to influence legislation as inevitable. a. true b. false ANS: T 17. LO: Megan‟s Law mandates that community residents be notified of the arrival of formerly incarcerated sex offenders into their communities. a. true b. false ANS: T 16. REF: p. 44 Commercial exploitation can be a consequence of the attention injured parties are given by businesses. a. true b. false ANS: T 15. 4 The public‟s right to know via the media does not conflict with the victim‟s right to privacy. a. true b. false ANS: F 14. LO: LO: 3 REF: p. 56 Both feminists and evangelical Christians have sought to address human trafficking. a. true b. false ANS: T LO: 4 REF: p. 58 24 Chapter 2: The Rediscovery of Crime Victims ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. Discuss how the importance of victims and their role in the criminal justice system has changed over time. ANS: In early societies, harm was redressed through direct payment schemes. During the Industrial Revolution, the sense of community changed and with that victims lost control over how the harm they experienced would be resolved. The punishment of offenders became the obligation of the local government through judicial proceedings. Instead of restoring the victim through redressing the harm, the crime was now a crime against the state. Recovery of damages was not as important as the symbolic gesture of establishing social order through punishment of the offender. Obligations of the victim have dwindled down to filing a complaint to initiate the investigation and being a witness in the state‟s case. LO: 2. 1 REF: p. 40-45 Discuss the rediscovery of crime victims during the 1950s and early 1960s. Be sure to include a discussion on the impact of the various social movements of the time period. ANS: The rediscovery of crime victims was instigated through the work of social movements. The focus of the movements was to increase victim‟s rights, services, and programs. The women‟s movement worked diligently to increase awareness of rape and domestic violence, crimes that impact women disproportionately compared to men. The result of their hard work was the creation of rape crisis centers, battered women shelters, and ultimately policy changes—such as recognizing domestic violence as a violent crime. The law-and-order movement increased awareness of violence and theft as crime rates were increasing during this time period of the 1960‟s. The main focus was on increased punishment and more social control over deviant behavior. Finally, the civil rights movement centered their energy on the disparity in the representation of people of color throughout the criminal justice process. In addition, they focused their attention on threats of racial violence such as lynch mobs. LO: 2 3. REF: p. 41-45 Starting in the 1980s, elected officials sometimes engaged in the political process of enacting new laws named after specific individuals. How/why did this practice arise? What was significant about the individuals for whom legislation was named? Provide examples. ANS: Salient issues raise public awareness and public officials have long used this approach to address other social issues. Starting in the 1980‟s, people running for office realized application of this approach might help their election or re-election if they applied it to their „get tough on crime‟ stance. A known example of this is through the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act. Named after James Brady, President Reagan‟s press secretary, who was shot in the head during an attempt to assassinate the president. The law required a background check on any person seeking to buy a firearm. Though the act of selling a handgun to persons who were deemed dangerous had been illegal since 1968, this new law was seen as being tougher on crime. Other victims, such as Jeannae Clery, Emmett Till, Matthew Shepard, and James Byrd Jr, all suffered heinous crimes and had legislation named after them. Thousands of laws have been enacted in the name of a victim, but the response to this approach has been mixed. Some believe it is a great avenue to bring attention to a serious crime and to mobilize the public around it. Others argue it is another means for politicians to exploit the media for their own personal gain. LO: 2│4 REF: p. 45-46 25 Test Bank 4. Outline and discuss the role of the news media concerning the victim‟s plight. Provide both negative and positive aspects. ANS: The role of the media in regards to victims can have mixed outcomes. The harm done to the victim and their family has been brought to the public‟s attention after years of neglect by the media. In addition, how the criminal justice process treats victims and how the case was resolved have been important observations made available to the public via the media. However, victims have complained about the media sensationalizing the crime to increase their viewership. Victim complaints have also centered around the media intrusion into their privacy. Media coverage tends to be drawn towards crimes serving as „attention grabbers‟ as opposed to the more common or harmful crimes. Crimes were a stranger was the offender or crimes that were particularly violent receive publicity, whereas these are the types of crimes that are the least likely to happen to members of society. LO: 5. 4 REF: p. 46-48 The process of rediscovery usually unfolds through a series of steps and stages. Outline and discuss the sequential model proposed in the text. Use a “rediscovered” group other than the victims of human trafficking as an example. ANS: The process of rediscovery will be discussed through the recent re-emergence of children who have been sexually abused by clerics. The first step in the process was when the cases were brought to the attention of the media by a group of adults who were molested by a priest when they were young. This caused other victims from other priests to step out and make the public aware of their similar victimization. Activists and other groups undertook the campaign to get the priests removed and to increase public awareness and education. The next stage in the process is when the group starts to get closer to their goals. This stage occurred when various religious groups developed their own committees to examine child sexual victimization within their own religious organizations. Other clerics were charged with sex crimes against children and some organizations developed programs to help the victims. Next the emergence of opposition or resistance to further changes occurs. With the discovered group of child victims by clerics, opposition came from higher up as top officials within the various religious organizations argued against this type of crime being systemic problem within their organizations. Some organizations settled out of court with monetary damages being paid to the victims without publicizing any wrongdoing. Others argued the charges were unfair and could have been induced through false memory syndrome. LO: 3 REF: p. 54-57 26