Abnormal Psychology: A Scientist-Practitioner Approach 4th Edition Test Bank

TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE Topic Learning Objective 2.1 Learning Objective 2.2 Learning Objective 2.3 Learning Objective 2.4 Learning Objective 2.5 Learning Objective 2.6 Learning Objective 2.7 Learning Objective 2.8 Learning Objective 2.9 Chapter 2 Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Multiple Choice True/False Essay Multiple Choice True/False Essay Multiple Choice True/False Essay Multiple Choice True/False Essay Multiple Choice True/False Essay Multiple Choice True/False Essay Multiple Choice True/False Essay Multiple Choice True/False Essay Multiple Choice True/False Essay Factual 1 Conceptual Applied 80 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 18, 19 7, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17 103 20, 21, 22, 23 85 104 86 26, 35 25, 28, 29, 30, 33, 34, 36 24, 27, 31 87, 88, 89, 90, 91 38 105 37 39 41 42 106 48 94 107 92, 106 47, 63 40, 43, 45, 46 44 107 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE Topic Learning Objective 2.10 Learning Objective 2.11 Learning Objective 2.12 Learning Objective 2.13 Learning Objective 2.14 Chapter 2 Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Multiple Choice True/False Essay Multiple Choice True/False Essay Multiple Choice True/False Essay Multiple Choice True/False Essay Multiple Choice True/False Essay Factual 55, 60, 61, 62, 74 Conceptual 49, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59 95, 96, 97, 98 Applied 50, 51 93 109, 110, 111 64, 66, 67, 68, 70 108 65, 72 69, 73 99, 100 71, 76, 78 108 77 112 79 101, 102 113 75 113 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 Chapter 2 Research Methods in Abnormal Psychology Multiple Choice: 1) Translational research is best described as research that __________. A) is directed toward finding immediate cures for specific clinical disorders B) focuses on cross-cultural communication patterns C) focuses on communication between basic science and applied clinical research D) is translated into easy-to-understand language and dialects ANSWER: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 40 Topic: Chapter Opener LO: 2.1 Skill: Factual 2) The human nervous system is composed of two parts, the __________. A) autonomic nervous system and the central nervous system B) peripheral nervous system and the autonomic nervous system C) peripheral nervous system and the brain nervous system D) central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system ANSWER: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.3 Skill: Factual 3) The fiber used by a cell to transport information to other cells is called a(n) __________. A) axon B) dendrite C) soma D) synapse ANSWER: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.3 Skill: Factual 4) An evolutionary perspective has revealed that __________. A) some parts of the brain offer no obvious evolutionary advantage Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 B) the prevalence of certain disorders varies across cultures C) some parts of the brain function in isolation D) brain areas associated with the most basic aspects of functioning appeared earliest during evolution ANSWER: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.3 Skill: Factual 5) Which of the following receives information from neurons? A) dendrites B) axons C) nucleus D) membrane ANSWER: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.3 Skill: Factual 6) The brain stem is critical to survival because it A) regulates higher cognitive functioning. B) mediates responses between the autonomic and peripheral nervous system. C) controls most of the biological functions associated with living. D) contains the area known as the cerebral cortex. ANSWER: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.3 Skill: Factual 7) You are referred a patient who is experiencing difficulty walking and maintaining balance when upright. Given your understanding of the brain and its functioning, where might you suspect a lesion? A) cerebellum B) corpus callosum C) cerebral cortex D) forebrain ANSWER: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 43 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 LO: 2.3 Skill: Applied 8) Which of the following is the primary function of the hypothalamus? A) regulation of sleep and arousal systems B) maintenance of homeostasis C) coordination of fine motor movement D) regulation of emotions ANSWER: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 44 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.3 Skill: Factual 9) The experience of emotion, the regulation of emotional expression, and basic biological drives are of particular interest in abnormal psychology. These functions are controlled by structures in the __________ system. A) limbic B) endocrine C) nervous D) reticular activating ANSWER: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 44 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.3 Skill: Factual 10) An older client is being evaluated for memory deficits. After completing an assessment, the clinician suspects that the client suffers from Alzheimer’s disease. This client would most likely have problems in which part of the limbic system? A) caudate B) amygdala C) cingulate gyrus D) hippocampus ANSWER: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 44 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.3 Skill: Applied 11) You are able to read and understand this question because of processing and information integration that takes place in your __________. A) hindbrain Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 B) brain stem C) midbrain D) cerebral cortex ANSWER: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 45 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.3 Skill: Applied 12) The case of Henry Gustav Molaison, cited in your text, demonstrates two significant findings about the relationship between memory and the hippocampus: short-term memories are not dependent on a functioning hippocampus, and long-term memories __________. A) must be stored in the hippocampus B) employ an indirect route for processing C) must pass through the hippocampus to be stored D) may bypass the hippocampus entirely ANSWER: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 45 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.3 Skill: Factual 13) Which statement is TRUE of the two hemispheres of the brain?: A) The left hemisphere processes information in a more holistic fashion. B) The right hemisphere processes the world in a more logical manner. C) There is substantial cross-talk between the two hemispheres. D) The left hemisphere is more associated with creativity and intuition. ANSWER: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 46 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.3 Skill: Factual 14) The brain area that is the center of visual processing is the __________ lobe. A) frontal B) temporal C) occipital D) parietal ANSWER: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 46 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 LO: 2.3 Skill: Factual 15) Kathleen has been arrested several times for shoplifting. Because she is a repeat offender, the judge requested a psychological evaluation. The results show a young woman with difficulty thinking through problems and generating appropriate solutions. In addition, she has impaired judgment and difficulty controlling impulses. What brain lobe would most likely be involved in this type of cognitive dysfunction? A) frontal B) temporal C) occipital D) parietal ANSWER: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 46 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.3 Skill: Applied 16) You are walking toward your car in the campus parking garage late at night. Suddenly, you hear a car horn and are startled. Instantaneously, your heart begins to race and your breathing becomes shallow. Which system of your body responded to the car horn? A) sympathetic nervous system B) parasympathetic nervous system C) peripheral nervous system D) sensory-somatic nervous system ANSWER: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 47 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.3 Skill: Applied 17) After being startled by a balloon that popped, you once again calm down. Which nervous systems, in order, are involved in this example? A) peripheral; autonomic B) autonomic; parasympathetic C) sympathetic; parasympathetic D) parasympathetic; sympathetic ANSWER: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 47 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.3 Skill: Applied Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 18) The endocrine system regulates bodily systems through __________. A) electrical impulses B) neural pathways C) hormones D) neural impulses ANSWER: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 47 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.3 Skill: Factual 19) The pituitary gland is known as the “master gland.” In females, it controls many functions including the menstrual cycle, lactation, and __________. A) weight B) metabolism C) birth D) hormonal mood swings ANSWER: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 47 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.3 Skill: Factual 20) Neurotransmitters are the __________of the brain. A) communicating messengers B) emotions C) vision D) color ANSWER: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 48 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.4 Skill: Factual 21) The most important function of neurotransmitters in the brain is to relay electrical signals __________. A) down the axon B) through the cerebral cortex C) across the synapse D) between the brain hemispheres ANSWER: C Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 Diff: 1 Page Ref: 48 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.4 Skill: Factual 22) Both CAT scans and MRIs are neuroimaging techniques that allow us to understand brain structures. While the CAT scan relies on __________, the MRI uses __________ to produce images of the brain. A) radiofrequency waves; radioactive dye and x-rays B) radioactive dye; x-rays and positrons C) radioactive dye and x-rays; radiofrequency waves and magnetic fields D) radioactive positrons; magnetic fields ANSWER: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 50 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.5 Skill: Factual 23) Which of the following neuroimaging techniques uses a radioactive substance and allows us to trace neuotransmitter pathways in the brain? A) positron Emission Tomography (PET scan) B) functional MRI (fMRI) C) CAT scan D) MRI ANSWER: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 50 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.5 Skill: Factual 24) Dr. Shomeyer is conducting a twin study in order to determine the presence of ADHD in familial cohorts. Ultimately, she hopes to uncover information on the degree to which the disorder might be heritable. Dr. Shomeyer’s methodology would be described as a __________ approach. A) candidate gene B) genomewide C) behavioral genetic D) familial determinism ANSWER: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 50 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.6 Skill: Applied Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 25) The term “complex trait” implies that __________. A) two genes alone interact to form complex behavioral patterns seen in psychological disorders B) genes mutate under the influence of environmental factors resulting in complex behavioral patterns C) the environment is more influential in the development of complex behaviors such as those seen in mental illness D) given mental disorders or behavioral traits are influenced by many genes in interaction with environmental factors ANSWER: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 50 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.6 Skill: Conceptual 26) The human genome contains approximately __________ genes. A) 5,000 to 10,000 B) 20,000 to 25,000 C) 50,000 to 75,000 D) 50,000 to 100,000 ANSWER: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 50 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.6 Skill: Factual 27) The person sitting next to you has blue eyes. What do we know about that person given Mendel’s law of segregation and what was said about eye color in the text? A) The law of segregation was violated in this case. B) A genetic mutation for brown eyes caused the color shift. C) The blue eyes are due to the receipt of two recessive genes. D) The person received a dominant parental gene for blue eyes. ANSWER: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 51 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.6 Skill: Applied 28) The fact that there is considerable variation among individuals in height, eye color, and other characteristics demonstrates Mendel’s law of __________. A) independent assortment B) segregation C) allele assortment Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 D) independent segregation ANSWER: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 51 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.6 Skill: Conceptual 29) The behavioral genetics approach __________. A) examines the direct influence of genes by studying behavior at the cellular leveL B) cannot explain how genes and environment influences behavior C) is a strict behavioral approach to studying the influence of the environment on the expression of physical traits in related individuals D) relies on family, twin, and adoption studies to investigate gene/environment interactions ANSWER: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 50 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.6 Skill: Conceptual 30) Which of the following is a type of study included in the area of behavioral genetics? A) familial aggregation study B) genomewidelinkage analysis C) candidate gene association study D) genomewideassociation study ANSWER: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 52 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.6 Skill: Conceptual 31) A researcher has asked you and your family to participate in a study of depression. Each member is given a checklist and asked questions about themselves and other family members. Which type of study is most closely associated with the method outlined in this example? A) family aggregate method B) family proband method C) family history method D) family correlational method ANSWER: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 52 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 LO: 2.6 Skill: Applied 32) One difficulty associated with family studies is that A) they do not indicate whether symptoms “run in families.” B) it is not possible to separate the influence of genetics from that of the environment. C) the drop-out rate for family members tends to be high. D) it is difficult to determine the contribution of dominant versus recessive genes in family members. ANSWER: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 52 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.6 Skill: Conceptual 33) Adoption studies provide a rich setting for discriminating between the contributions of genetics and environment on behavior. In such a study, which of the following would indicate an environmental influence on behavior? A) An adoptive parent selects a child to adopt who is similar in temperament. B) An adopted child is more similar in behavior to a biological parent than to an adoptive parent. C) The adopted child and the adoptive parent are similar in a behavioral trait. D) An adoptee in a selective placement is similar in behavior to the adoptive parent. ANSWER: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 52-53 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.6 Skill: Conceptual 34) One Minnesota study highlighting the importance of genetic factors in determining IQ was conducted __________. A) on MZ twins reared together B) on MZ twins reared apart C) on DZ twins reared together D) on DZ twins reared apart ANSWER: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 54 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.6 Skill: Conceptual 35) Which of the following is a method of molecular genetics? Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 A) longitudinal design B) single-case design C) familial aggregation study D) candidate gene association study ANSWER: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 54 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.6 Skill: Factual 36) Genomewide linkage analysis allows researchers studying a disorder to focus on specific areas on specific chromosomes through using large families with the disorder or __________. A) large groups of non-relatives affected by the disorder B) large samples of affected relative pairs C) members of large families matched against cohorts from the general population D) large samples of non-affected relative pairs ANSWER: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 54 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.6 Skill: Conceptual 37) Which of the following is a benefit of the case study method? A) It allows for the examination of rare disorders or conditions. B) It provides valuable data about the development of mental illness across the lifespan. C) It allows for the evaluation of large groups with rare disorders. D) It allows researchers to draw cause-and-effect conclusion. ANSWER: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 56-57 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Individual Level LO: 2.7 Skill: Conceptual 38) One way to overcome a limitation of the case study method is to __________. A) standardize the types of treatment methods used B) vary the number of sessions used C) generate conclusions as to the cause of a disorder in a case report D) vary the levels of the independent variable ANSWER: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 57 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Individual Level LO: 2.7 Skill: Factual 39) To draw accurate conclusions about change in an experiment, which of the following is required? A) experimental control B) correlation C) causation D) single case study ANSWER: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 57 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Individual Level LO: 2.7 Skill: Applied 40) As ice cream sales rise, so do cases of violent attacks. This implies which of the following? A) Ice cream causes violence. B) Violence causes ice cream consumption. C) Causation cannot be reliably determined. D) Violence and ice cream definitely have nothing to do with each other. ANSWER: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 61-62 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Individual Level LO: 2.9 Skill: Conceptual 41) The case of Caitlin, used in the text, demonstrated that the psychologist’s intervention for trichotillomania was effective when applied in an ABAB reversal design. In this case, what signaled the success of the intervention? A) the decrease in targeted behavior during the A phase B) the increase in targeted behavior during the B phase C) the increase in targeted behavior during the A phase D) the decrease in targeted behavior during the B phase ANSWER: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 58-59 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Individual Level LO: 2.8 Skill: Factual 42) A major drawback of the ABAB reversal design lies in __________. A) the length of time it takes to complete all of the treatment conditions Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 B) the fact that there are limits to generalizability of results to other cases C) its limited use with adults and developmentally disabled persons D) the problem of determining accurate baselines for behaviors targeted for treatment ANSWER: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 58-59 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Individual Level LO: 2.8 Skill: Conceptual 43) Correlation coefficients obtained in group research studies indicate the __________. A) causal link between two variables B) degree of association between two variables C) degree to which a treatment has an effect D) effect of the independent variable ANSWER: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 61 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.9 Skill: Conceptual 44) A research study produces a negative correlation between hours of sleep and test performance. Given this, what do we know about the relationship of the variables? A) As hours of sleep decrease, test performance increases. B) As hours of sleep increase, test performance increases. C) There is no relationship between the variables. D) There is a significant relationship between the variables. ANSWER: A Diff: 3 Page Ref:61-62 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.9 Skill: Applied 45) Select the following correlation that demonstrates the strongest relationship between two variables. A) +.20 B) -.50 C) +.75 D) -.76 ANSWER: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 61-62 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.9 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 Skill: Conceptual 46) Select the following correlation that demonstrates the weakest correlation between two variables A) +.20 B) -.50 C) +.75 D) -.76 ANSWER: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 61-62 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.9 Skill: Conceptual 47) In correlational research, it is possible that a third variable influences the relationship of the other two variables. This type of variable is labeled a(n) __________. A) independent variable B) dependent variable C) moderator variable D) indirect variable ANSWER: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 62 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.9 Skill: Factual 48) In which type of study is it difficult to make generalizations to a larger population? A) epigenetics B) single case C) controlled lab experiment D) all experiments ANSWER: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 59 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Individual Level LO: 2.8 Skill: Applied 49) In an experiment involving a specific form of therapy, the independent variable is the __________. A) outcome of the intervention B) variable that serves as a moderator C) treatment administered D) variable not manipulated by the experimenter Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 ANSWER: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 63 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.10 Skill: Conceptual 50) A psychologist designs a study to investigate the effect of diaphragmatic breathing on test anxiety. After recruiting test-anxious subjects, the researcher splits the group so that two equivalent groups are created. One group is taught this method of breathing and asked to use it before taking a verbal memory test, while the other group is not taught the technique. After scoring the tests and conducting a statistical test, the researcher finds that the group that received the training significantly outperformed the other group. In this design, the test scores for each group would be __________. A) an example of a correlational outcome B) the independent variable C) the dependent variable D) considered random ANSWER: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 63 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.10 Skill: Applied 51) Random assignment to groups is a critical part of the methodology in controlled design experiments because each participant has __________ A) an example of a correlational outcome B) the independent variable C) the dependent variable D) considered random ANSWER: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 63 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.10 Skill: Applied 52) If a test does not provide the same score when given to the same participants by a different clinician, it may likely have which of the following? A) bad validity B) good validity C) bad reliability D) good reliability ANSWER: C Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 Diff: 2 Page Ref: 64 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.10 Skill: Conceptual 53) If a test about depression is actually measuring happiness, it may likely have which of the following? A) bad validity B) good validity C) bad reliability D) good reliability ANSWER: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 64 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.10 Skill: Conceptual 54) If a test about depression measures depression much better than other tests, it likely has which of the following? A) bad validity B) good validity C) bad reliability D) good reliability ANSWER: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 64 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.10 Skill: Conceptual 55) Research guidelines from the National Institutes of Health have emphasized the importance of including __________ in clinical research. A) balanced conditions B) diverse participants C) older cohorts D) large groups ANSWER: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 63-64 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.10 Skill: Factual 56) To maximize the internal validity of an experiment, it is best to make sure that __________. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 A) patients are fully aware of which condition of the independent variable they are receiving B) a heterogeneous group of patients are selected for the study C) the control and experimental groups receive the same experience except for the dependent variable D) the control and experimental groups receive the same experience during the study except for the independent variable ANSWER: D Diff: 3 Page Ref: 63-64 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.10 Skill: Conceptual 57) In the use of randomized controlled designs, as internal validity increases, __________. A) external validity increases B) external validity decreases C) efficacy decreases D) effectiveness increases ANSWER: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 64 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.10 Skill: Conceptual 58) Dr. Roberts is interested in testing a new psychiatric medication, and he gives one group of patients a pill made out of sugar. The sugar pill refers to which of the following? A) efficacy B) reliability C) placebo D) judgment of a clinician that the results are important ANSWER: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 64-65 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.10 Skill: Conceptual 59) Efficacy research is to effectiveness research as __________ is to __________. A) internal validity; external validity B) external validity; internal validity C) clinical significance; statistical significance D) generalizability; internal validity ANSWER: A Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 Diff: 3 Page Ref: 64 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.10 Skill: Conceptual 60) The “placebo response” discussed in your text is the result of __________ on the part of the ___________. A) expectations; researcher B) blinded treatment; researcher C) expectations; participant D) blinded treatment; participant ANSWER: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 64-65 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.10 Skill: Factual 61) A placebo control group is one in which __________. A) no active treatment is given B) participants do not really have the disorder under study C) assessment is not provided D) blindedness is of no concern ANSWER: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 64-65 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.10 Skill: Factual 62) Randomized controlled designs depend on two conditions in assessment instruments. What are they? A) standardization, efficacy B) reliability, validity C) validity, efficacy D) efficacy, reliability ANSWER: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 64 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.10 Skill: Factual 63) The direction of a relationship between two variables is indicated by which of the following? A) efficacy Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 B) reliability C) correlation coefficient D) judgment of a clinician that the results are important ANSWER: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 61 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.9 Skill: Factual 64) According to your text, both __________ and women were excluded from clinical research well into the 1980s. A) adolescents B) children C) older adults D) toddlers ANSWER: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 66 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.11 Skill: Factual 65) James is part of a group consisting of individuals born at the same place and time as him. The term that best describes this group is which of the following? A) cross-sectional design B) birth cohort C) inception cohort D) correlation ANSWER: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 67 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.12 Skill: Factual 66) During the first half of the twentieth century, unethical research practices occurred in some clinical studies. This caused __________, which led diverse groups to become reluctant to participate in research. A) outrage by ethicists B) widespread regulation of research C) increased federal oversight D) a lack of trust ANSWER: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 66 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.11 Skill: Factual 67) To encourage gender, age, racial, and ethnic diversity, the National Institutes of Health require all grant applications to include __________ for traditionally underrepresented groups. A) recruitment strategies B) participant guidelines C) recruiters D) projected drop-out rates ANSWER: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 66 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.11 Skill: Factual 68) In addition to increasing generalizability of research results, increased diversity in samples allows psychologists to evaluate __________ that may affect assessment and treatment. A) clinical significance B) cultural differences C) statistical significance D) design differences ANSWER: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 66 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.11 Skill: Factual 69) A researcher is interested in evaluating rates of posttraumatic stress disorder for firefighters involved in 9/11. In this example, participants would be labeled a(n) __________ cohort. A) inception B) birth C) exposure D) incident ANSWER: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 67 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.12 Skill: Applied Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 70) Which of the following designs captures a “snapshot” of a cohort at one time? A) cross-sectional B) longitudinal C) randomized controlled D) ABAB reversal ANSWER: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 67 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.11 Skill: Factual 71) The total number of individuals with a disorder at a specified point in time is which of the following? A) incidence B) lifetime prevalence C) correlation D) point prevalence ANSWER: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 70 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.13 Skill: Factual 72) Longitudinal studies provide valuable data about which of the following? A) how mental illness is currently perceived by people in different regions of the United States B) how mental illness develops across the life span C) how labels for mental illness currently vary from one culture to the next D) how labels for mental illness stigmatize persons when they apply for a job ANSWER: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 67-68 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.12 Skill: Factual 73) The National Institutes of Health is conducting a study of aging that has been in progress for several years. This study requires that each participant agree to undergo a complete psychological and physical evaluation every three years. Information from this study has generated new findings in risk factors for many disorders. This research has a __________ design. A) cross-sectional B) randomized controlled C) longitudinal Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 D) controlled case study ANSWER: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 67-68 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.12 Skill: Applied 74) Determining if a patient’s functioning improves after a treatment is BEST described by which of the following? A) clinical significance B) statistical significance C) correlation D) point prevalence ANSWER: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 65 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.10 Skill: Factual 75) In the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) study published in 2005 and discussed in your text, results indicated that __________ of respondents met diagnostic criteria for a mental disorder within the last year. A) 12% B) 26% C) 31% D) 52% ANSWER: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 70-71 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Population Level LO: 2.14 Skill: Factual 76) The epidemiological approach to the study of abnormal behavior is one that __________. A) grew out of a need to evaluate disorders within older cohorts B) focuses on behavioral aberrations at the subgroup level C) focuses on behavioral aberrations at the population level D) primarily focuses on the causes of behavioral disorders ANSWER: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 70 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Population Level LO: 2.13 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 Skill: Factual 77) A psychologist is interested in finding the lifetime prevalence rate for substance abuse in the U.S. His main interest is in learning __________. A) the number of people who currently report substance abuse problems B) the number of people who report substance abuse problems at any point in their lives C) whether the number of people who report developing substance abuse problems has increased within the last year D) if the rate of substance abuse is higher in adolescence than adulthood ANSWER: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 70 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Population Level LO: 2.13 Skill: Conceptual 78) In observational epidemiology, the most common method of data collection used for evaluating the presence of psychological disorders is a(n) __________. A) self-report B) psychiatric rating scale C) unstructured interview D) diagnostic interview ANSWER: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 70 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Population Level LO: 2.13 Skill: Factual 79) Epidemiological investigators are planning an experiment targeting an increase in the number of adolescent women seeking prenatal care. They have identified two urban communities that have similar rates of teen pregnancy. The intervention will consist of a public awareness campaign through local media and advertising and brochures distributed through high schools. Community A is given the experimental intervention, while Community B serves as the control group. The best measure of the effectiveness of the intervention would be the number of __________. A) the number of adolescent pregnancies during the period of the campaign B) the average health ratings given by a physician to pregnant adolescents during the period of the campaign C) the number of births by adolescents during the period of the campaign D) pregnant adolescents seeking prenatal care for the first time during the period of the campaign ANSWER: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 70-72 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Population Level LO: 2.13 Skill: Applied True/False: 80) Research conducted at the cellular level is one of the newest and most exciting areas of study for abnormal psychology. ANSWER: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 40 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.1 Skill: Factual 81) The human brain contains 500-600 billion total nerve cells. ANSWER: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.3 Skill: Factual 82) The structures in the hindbrain regulate automatic activities such as breathing. ANSWER: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 42-43 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.3 Skill: Factual 83) The endocrine system utilizes nerve impulses to regulate bodily functions. ANSWER: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 47 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.3 Skill: Factual 84) Several research studies have found specific hormones to be elevated in clinical syndromes such as depression. ANSWER: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 47 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.3 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 Skill: Factual 85) Both chemical and electrical messages form the basis for communication in the nervous system. ANSWER: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 48 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.4 Skill: Factual 86) The MRI neuroimaging technique is preferable to the CAT scan technique as the former does not require the use of radiation. ANSWER: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 49-50 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.5 Skill: Factual 87) Gregor Mendel was known for his work on depression. ANSWER: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 51 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.6 Skill: Factual 88) Alleles are responsible for variability within a species such as height, hair and eye color, personality, and disease risk. ANSWER: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 48 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.6 Skill: Factual 89) The sex chromosomes for a male are XX. ANSWER: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 50-51 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.6 Skill: Factual Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 90) International adoptions can confound interpretation of results in family studies because these children are often adopted from orphanages or may lack early attachment experiences. ANSWER: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 53 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.6 Skill: Factual 91) Humans have 24 pairs of chromosomes. ANSWER: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 50 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.6 Skill: Factual 92) It is possible to accurately draw conclusions about the cause of a disorder using a case study methodology. ANSWER: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 59 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Individual Level LO: 2.8 Skill: Conceptual 93) A control group is optional but not necessary for determining causality. ANSWER: FALSE Diff: 3 Page Ref: 63 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Individual Level LO: 2.10 Skill: Conceptual 94) Sometimes it could be unethical to remove a treatment in an ABAB reversal design. ANSWER: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 58-59 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Individual Level LO: 2.8 Skill: Factual 95) Lack of diversity in a sample may limit the generalizability of the study’s findings. ANSWER: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 63 Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.10 Skill: Factual 96) In treatment research, efficacy and effectiveness designs are best conceptualized as complementary. ANSWER: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 64 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.10 Skill: Factual 97) A drug used for treatment drug is the same as a placebo. ANSWER: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 64-65 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.10 Skill: Factual 98) It is possible for a study to have statistically significant results but a small effect size. ANSWER: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 65 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.10 Skill: Factual 99) Cohort designs have been useful in studying the incidence, causes, and prognosis of mental illness. ANSWER: TRUE Diff: 1 Page 67 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.12 Skill: Factual 100) An example of a cohort is a school class. ANSWER: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 67 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.12 Skill: Factual 101) The National Comorbidity Survey assessed only rates of depression. Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 ANSWER: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 70-71 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.13 Skill: Factual 102) The results of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) study, published in 2005, reveal that most Americans who have psychological disorders seek treatment. ANSWER: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 70-71 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Population Level LO: 2.13 Skill: Factual Essay: Student answers will vary but should include elements of the suggested answers given below. 103) The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are important antagonistic systems within the autonomic nervous system. Discuss the functions of each of these systems and provide a scenario demonstrating your understanding of their influence on us when we confront a stressor. ANSWER: The sympathetic nervous system gears the body for action during times of stress and causes physiological changes in breathing, blood flow to extremities, and digestion. The parasympathetic system is antagonistic and pulls the system back into balance by restoring calm breathing and restarting systems not involved in the emergency response. Diff:3 Page Ref: 47 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.3 Skill: Conceptual 104) How do neurotransmitters function to promote communication among systems within the human body? ANSWER: Neurotransmitters relay the electrical signals from one neuron to the next because neurons do not actually touch each other. When an electrical signal reaches the axon terminal, neurotransmitters are released. They travel across the space between the neurons (synapse) and land on the surface of the neighboring neuron, triggering the second neuron to “fire,” relaying the electrical impulse. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 48 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.4 Skill: Conceptual Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 105) Compare and contrast the candidate gene association study method and the genomewide association method for the study of psychological disorders. ANSWER: The candidate gene association study uses a comparison method to study specific genes for a trait/disorder found in a population with the disorder and contrasts this against a well-matched group without the trait/disorder. This approach requires that a gene or genes be identified in advance. Replicability of findings is difficult in these studies. The genomewide association method also uses large groups and well-matched controls; however, hundreds of thousands of genetic risk factors are tested for association in the same study. This allows for the discovery of new or previously unknown associations. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 54 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Cellular Level LO: 2.6 Skill: Conceptual 106) You are the instructor teaching this chapter to an undergraduate abnormal psychology class. Explain the nature of case studies, as well as their benefits and drawbacks, from an empirical perspective. ANSWER: Case studies provide detailed narratives of abnormal behavior and/or its treatment. Although they may include some quantitative aspects, they do not allow us to draw causal inferences. They permit the examination of rare phenomena when group-based research would be nearly impossible, and they may shed light on hypotheses for future research; clinical observations may lead to the development of testable theories and/or treatments. Case studies may illustrate important clinical issues that are not readily seen in group-based reports. Limitations also exist, since the amount and type of data included in these studies may prohibit cross-study comparisons. Although they may allow us to generate potential hypotheses, they do not allow us to draw conclusions about causes. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 56-60 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Individual Level LO: 2.7; LO 2.8 Skill: Applied 107) How might correlational analyses be of use to researchers interested in treatmentfocused research? ANSWER: By investigating the relationship between patient characteristics and improvement as a result of treatment, they are useful from a practical and theoretical perspective. By identifying characteristics of people who do not respond to a specific treatment, it is possible to develop or implement alternative treatments that may be beneficial. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 60-62 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 LO: 2.9 Skill: Conceptual 108) Discuss two factors that limit the generalizability of sample findings in randomized controlled designs. How do they impact the researcher’s ability to discuss the findings in a broader context? ANSWER: An analogue sample may limit the ability to speak in general terms about a disorder, as this group may be inherently different from people who actively seek treatment for the disorder. The diversity and representativeness of a sample may also limit what can be said about the population at large. For example, conducting a study using only females may limit what can be said about males with the same condition. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 66-69 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.11; LO: 2.12 Skill: Conceptual 109) The degree to which a researcher can generalize findings from a randomized controlled design depends on several factors, including type of design, participant selection procedures, internal and external validity, and assessment strategies. How does each of these elements affect the generalizability of research outcomes? ANSWER: Randomization allows each subject to have an equal chance of being selected. Selection of an analogue or clinical sample limits our conclusions/generalizations based on the nature of the sample. The diversity of the sample would also limit this. Internal validity is affected by the degree to which confounding influences are controlled. As internal validity increases, external validity may decrease because the sample may not reflect conditions in the “real world.” Finally, the expectations of both the researcher and the subjects (blindedness) may confound the results and our interpretation of them. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 63-65 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.10 Skill: Conceptual 110) Explain the function of a placebo control condition and blinded assessment in clinical research. ANSWER: A drug may seem to have an effect because of participants’ expectations that it will have an effect. Placebo control conditions control for this expectation effect. Blinded assessment refers to patients and researchers (or anyone rating outcomes) being blind as to the condition to which the participant was assigned. This further controls for expectations and biases on the part of the researcher. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 64-65 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 LO: 2.10 Skill: Conceptual 111) Is it possible for a research study to have statistically significant results but limited clinical value? Defend your position. ANSWER: Yes. Clinical significance addresses the degree to which the results are useful from both a patient and treatment standpoint. It is possible that a study yields statistically significant results that have little practical value. The magnitude of treatment effect, also termed effect size, is important. The larger the effect size, the more effective the treatment. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 65 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.10 Skill: Conceptual 112) How does a longitudinal design that begins in childhood accommodate age changes in outcomes across the life span? Provide an example to support your answer. ANSWER: Longitudinal studies take place over time. Assessment over time uses measures that are age-appropriate at each measurement interval. A study designed to evaluate depression in children might begin with parent or teacher evaluations of behavior. As the child matures, participant interviews might be added to the observational reports of parents and teachers. As the child matures across assessment periods, self-report measures of depression may be used. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 68-69 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Group Level LO: 2.12 Skill: Applied 113) What is the focus of the field of epidemiology? How do the concepts of prevalence and incidence relate to this field? ANSWER: Epidemiology is the research approach that focuses on the prevalence and incidence of mental disorders and the factors that influence those patterns. It is the study of disease patterns in human populations and factors that influence those patterns. Prevalence refers to the number of cases of a disorder in a given population at a designated time. Incidence is the number of new cases that emerge in a given population during a specified period of time. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 70-72 Topic: Research in Abnormal Psychology at the Population Level LO: 2.13; LO: 2.14 Skill: Factual Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 REVEL QUIZ QUESTIONS EOC_2.1 Researchers find that a chemical in a recently discovered rainforest plant significantly reduces appetite in laboratory mice. Other researchers then make the chemical into a drug and test it to see whether it helps obese people lose weight. This type of research is called a) b) c) d) bedside bench translational communication Answer: C Learning Objective: LO 2.10: Describe the factors that influence outcomes of randomized controlled trials. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the group level Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Moderate EOC_2.2 Which of the following represents all of the different levels of research in abnormal psychology? a) b) c) d) Cellular, individual, group, and population Neuroanatomy, neurohormones, neurotransmitters, and genetics Correlational, group, cross-cultural, and multiethnic Cross-sectional, longitudinal, cohort, and epidemiological Answer: A Learning Objective: LO 2.10: Describe the factors that influence outcomes of randomized controlled trials. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the group level Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Moderate Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 EOC_2.3 The human nervous system has two main parts: a) b) c) d) the left and right cerebral hemispheres the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system the upper and lower brain the cortex and the brain stem Answer: B Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Identify the two main parts of the nervous system and brain/body components of each. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the cellular level Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy EOC_2.4 A primary function of the hypothalamus is homeostasis and the regulation of a) b) c) d) thoughts and cognitions sleep/wake states and consciousness balance and many motor activities blood pressure, temperature, and weight Answer: D Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Identify the two main parts of the nervous system and brain/body components of each. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the cellular level Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 EOC_2.5 The autonomic nervous system includes the a) b) c) d) neurotransmitter and neurohormone system somatic and hormonal nervous system sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems midbrain and brain stem Answer: C Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Identify the two main parts of the nervous system and brain/body components of each. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the cellular level Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy EOC_2.6 Communication in the nervous system relies on signals transmitted by a) b) c) d) electrical impulses called action potentials chemicals called neurotransmitters an electrochemical process all of these Answer: D Learning Objective: LO 2.4: Explain the role of neurotransmitters as they relate to abnormal behavior. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the cellular level Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 EOC_2.7 Neuroscientists who want to see brain activity in people with a snake phobia would use which of the following imaging tests? a) b) c) d) CAT MRI fMRI PET Answer: C Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Recognize new techniques used to study abnormal psychology at the cellular or neuroanatomical level. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the cellular level Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Easy EOC_2.8 The study of whether certain behavioral traits or mental disorders are heritable, or influenced by genes, is called a) b) c) d) epidemiology behavioral ecology behavioral genetics homogeneous group design Answer: C Learning Objective: LO 2.6: Understand the differences between family, adoption, and twin studies (which do not study genes directly) and molecular genetics research (which does directly study genes) and the strengths and limitations of both approaches. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the cellular level Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 EOC_2.9 Which of the following statements best describes what we know about how genes affect behavioral traits? a) b) c) d) A few genetic loci control all complex traits. Family studies show that genes are less important than environment. Behavioral traits are rarely caused by single genes. Complex traits exert only small effects. Answer: C Learning Objective: LO 2.6: Understand the differences between family, adoption, and twin studies (which do not study genes directly) and molecular genetics research (which does directly study genes) and the strengths and limitations of both approaches. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the cellular level Skill: Apply What You Know Difficulty: Moderate EOC_2.10 Twin studies have been of particular importance in the study of abnormal behavior because they have a) b) c) d) identified genetic versus environmental contributions to psychological disorders examined similarities between twins from many different families shown that MZ twins in different environments develop different disorders shown that identical twins are never truly identical Answer: C Learning Objective: LO 2.6: Understand the differences between family, adoption, and twin studies (which do not study genes directly) and molecular genetics research (which does directly study genes) and the strengths and limitations of both approaches. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the cellular level Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Moderate Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 EOC_2.11 We cannot infer the causes of behavior from case studies, but they do let us a) b) c) d) rule out subjective biases of the therapist rule out subjective biases of the patient control for the attention of the therapist objectively describe rare phenomena Answer: D Learning Objective: LO 2.7: Describe the strengths and limitations of case studies. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the individual level Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy EOC_2.12 When a treatment cannot be reversed, or if it would be unethical to withdraw a treatment, the single-case design strategy that should be used is called a(n) a) b) c) d) case study design AB design multiple baseline design ABAB design Answer: C Learning Objective: LO 2.8: Identify two types of single-case designs and the strengths and limitations of each. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the individual level Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Moderate Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 EOC_2.13 A strong positive correlation between the number of cigarettes smoked and the amount of alcohol consumed per day can be interpreted to mean that a) b) c) d) smoking leads to drinking drinking leads to smoking a third variable such as stress increases both behaviors any of the above Answer: D Learning Objective: LO 2.9: Understand the principles of correlational research and their application to the study of abnormal behavior. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the group level Skill: Apply What You Know Difficulty: Moderate EOC_2.14 The most common type of research in abnormal psychology is a) b) c) d) single-subject design controlled group design longitudinal design epidemiological design Answer: B Learning Objective: LO 2.10: Describe the factors that influence outcomes of randomized controlled trials. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the group level Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 EOC_2.15 A researcher interested in social anxiety placed an ad in the newspaper seeking people with public speaking anxiety. People who volunteer for this type of study are part of a(n) a) b) c) d) analogue sample proband sample aggregate sample clinical sample Answer: A Learning Objective: LO 2.12: Explain the difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal cohorts and the strengths and limitations of each. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the group level Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Easy EOC_2.16 Research on an exciting new treatment that takes place with carefully selected patients at a world-renowned laboratory is less likely to have a) b) c) d) external validity external reliability internal validity internal reliability Answer: A Learning Objective: LO 2.12: Explain the difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal cohorts and the strengths and limitations of each. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the group level Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Easy Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 EOC_2.17 In placebo-controlled studies, experts who rate the degree of patient improvement following treatment must be kept unaware of a) b) c) d) the funding source of the study which subjects were in the treatment group and which were in the control group who the authors of the study were and whether they implemented the treatment exactly as originally described whether enough subjects were recruited so that the study will have generalizable results Answer: B Learning Objective: LO 2.10: Describe the factors that influence outcomes of randomized controlled trials. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the group level Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Moderate EOC_2.18 The meaningfulness of experimental results can be evaluated in several ways. The statistical significance of the results indicates the a) b) c) d) mathematical probability that the findings occurred by chance practical value of the findings clinical value of the findings all of these Answer: A Learning Objective: LO 2.10: Describe the factors that influence outcomes of randomized controlled trials. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the group level Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 EOC_2.19 A criticism of early group-based research in abnormal psychology is that it a) b) c) d) regularly used samples that were too small failed to control for biological differences between the sexes stigmatized many of its subjects failed to include diverse samples Answer: D Learning Objective: LO 2.11: Understand the importance of diversity in group-based research in abnormal psychology. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the group level Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Moderate EOC_2.20 Children accidentally exposed to mercury when vaccinated are evaluated at one point in time. They are followed for 10 years and evaluated again. These children are part of a study called a a) b) c) d) group design longitudinal design comorbidity study randomized clinical trial Answer: B Learning Objective: LO 2.12: Explain the difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal cohorts and the strengths and limitations of each. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the group level Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Easy Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 EOM_2.1.1 Which of the following is not a principle in the Belmont Report? a) b) c) d) Respect for animals Respect for persons Justice Beneficence Answer: A Learning Objective: LO 2.1: Describe three core principles of ethics in the scientific study of abnormal behavior. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Ethics and responsibility in research Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy EOM_2.1.2 Research on humans must be approved by a) b) c) d) the participant’s family members the place of participant’s employment the participant’s children the IRB Answer: D Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Understand important features of informed consent. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Ethics and responsibility in research Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy EOM_2.1.3 An ethical researcher must do all of the following except: a) b) c) d) change study procedures without receiving IRB approval understand the informed consent examine the foreseeable risks ensure participants are selected through a fair process Answer: A Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Understand important features of informed consent. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Ethics and responsibility in research Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Easy Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 EOM_2.1.4 Which of the following governs review boards such as the IRB? a) b) c) d) Office for Human Research Protections The ERB The IACUC Beneficence Answer: A Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Understand important features of informed consent. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Ethics and responsibility in research Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy EOM_2.1.5 Dr. Smith wants to do an experiment to see which pigeons react the most to a given stimuli. The agency he should be concerned with is the a) b) c) d) IACUC ERB IRB AARB Answer: A Learning Objective: LO 2.2: Understand important features of informed consent. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Ethics and responsibility in research Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Moderate Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 EOM_2.2.1 The fiber through which a cell transports information to another cell is called the a) b) c) d) axon dendrite soma nuclei Answer: A Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Identify the two main parts of the nervous system and brain/body components of each. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the cellular level Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy EOM_2.2.2 Problems with blood pressure and body temperature may indicate problems with the a) b) c) d) synapse midbrain cerebellum hypothalamus Answer: D Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Identify the two main parts of the nervous system and brain/body components of each. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the cellular level Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Moderate Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 EOM_2.2.3 Each of the following are components of the basal ganglia except for the a) b) c) d) synapse putamen caudate substantia nigra Answer: A Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Identify the two main parts of the nervous system and brain/body components of each. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the cellular level Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy EOM_2.2.4 The part of the brain that most differentiates humans from animals might be the a) b) c) d) frontal lobe occipital lobe temporal lobe parietal lobe Answer: A Learning Objective: LO 2.3: Identify the two main parts of the nervous system and brain/body components of each. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the cellular level Skill: Analyze It Difficulty: Difficult Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 EOM_2.2.5 If a scientist wanted to use the most advanced method to see which parts of the human brain are active when a participant recalls a certain memory, the scientist will likely use which machine? a) b) c) d) FMRI MRI PET CT scan Answer: A Learning Objective: LO 2.5: Recognize new techniques used to study abnormal psychology at the cellular or neuroanatomical level. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the cellular level Skill: Apply What You Know Difficulty: Difficult EOM_2.3.1 Which of the following is not true regarding case studies? a) b) c) d) They involve a representative sample of the population. They provide a detailed narrative. They are drawn from a clinician’s experience. They involve no experimental manipulation. Answer: A Learning Objective: LO 2.7: Describe the strengths and limitations of case studies. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the individual level Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 EOM_2.3.2 To draw conclusions regarding the causes of change, which of the following is needed? a) b) c) d) Experimental control Case study Self-monitoring Continuous assessment Answer: A Learning Objective: LO 2.7: Describe the strengths and limitations of case studies. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the individual level Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy EOM_2.3.3 In the ABAB research design, the B represents what? a) b) c) d) Baseline phase Placebo phase Control group phase Treatment phase Answer: D Learning Objective: LO 2.8: Identify two types of single-case designs and the strengths and limitations of each. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the individual level Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 EOM_2.3.4 Dr. Smith wants to use a single-case method to test whether a new therapy will help treat depression. What is a limitation he will face? a) b) c) d) He will not be able to generalize the results. He will not be able to study depression using this method. He will not be able to do an ABAB design. His results will not be able to be replicated. Answer: A Learning Objective: LO 2.8: Identify two types of single-case designs and the strengths and limitations of each. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the individual level Skill: Analyze It Difficulty: Difficult EOM_2.3.5 Which of the following involves one person and can allow for causal inferences to be made? a) b) c) d) Single-case design Case study Multi-case study Double reversal design Answer: A Learning Objective: LO 2.8: Identify two types of single-case designs and the strengths and limitations of each. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the individual level Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 EOM_2.4.1 A survey indicated that as TV watching increases, happiness levels decrease. This is best represented by which correlational coefficient? a) b) c) d) –0.8 1.5 0.9 0.0 Answer: A Learning Objective: LO 2.9: Understand the principles of correlational research and their application to the study of abnormal behavior. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the group level Skill: Apply What You Know Difficulty: Moderate EOM_2.4.2 A study found that criminal assaults are positively correlated with increased purchases of ice cream. This correlation can best be explained by a) b) c) d) a causal relationship between violence and ice cream an ingredient in ice cream that makes people violent a badly done and faulty study a moderator that may link the two variables Answer: D Learning Objective: LO 2.9: Understand the principles of correlational research and their application to the study of abnormal behavior. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the group level Skill: Analyze It Difficulty: Difficult Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 EOM_2.4.3 Dr. Walters is examining the effect of a drug on depression and decides to test several participants in an experiment. The change in depression scores in this experiment is the a) b) c) d) dependent variable independent variable control group experimental group Answer: A Learning Objective: LO 2.10: Describe the factors that influence outcomes of randomized controlled trials. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the group level Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Moderate EOM_2.4.4 A study that only examines older men may have good ______ validity but poor _____ validity. a) b) c) d) internal; external external; internal reliable; unreliable consistent; random Answer: A Learning Objective: LO 2.10: Describe the factors that influence outcomes of randomized controlled trials. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the group level Skill: Apply What You Know Difficulty: Moderate Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 EOM_2.4.5 A study that examines one group over a long period of time is using a a) b) c) d) longitudinal design cross-sectional design correlational design placebo design Answer: A Learning Objective: LO 2.12: Explain the difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal cohorts and the strengths and limitations of each. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the group level Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy EOM_2.5.1 A survey found that in a certain population, 30 percent reported a new diagnosis of clinical depression over a period of six months. This estimate is referring to the _____ of the disorder. a) b) c) d) incidence point prevalence lifetime prevalence lifetime incidence Answer: A Learning Objective: LO 2.13: Differentiate incidence and prevalence as these terms relate to the understanding of abnormal behavior. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the population level Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Moderate Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 EOM_2.5.2 A survey found that 30 people reported a new diagnosis of clinical depression in the year 1936. This estimate is referring to the _____ of the disorder. a) b) c) d) point prevalence incidence lifetime prevalence lifetime incidence Answer: A Learning Objective: LO 2.13: Differentiate incidence and prevalence as these terms relate to the understanding of abnormal behavior. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the population level Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Easy EOM_2.5.3 A survey found that in a certain population, 90 people reported a new diagnosis of clinical depression over their lifetimes. This estimate is referring to the _____ of the disorder. a) b) c) d) lifetime prevalence incidence point prevalence lifetime incidence Answer: A Learning Objective: LO 2.13: Differentiate incidence and prevalence as these terms relate to the understanding of abnormal behavior. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the population level Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Easy Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 EOM_2.5.4 A scientist manipulates exposure to either causal or preventive factors in a) b) c) d) observational epidemiology basic epidemiology population epidemiology experimental epidemiology Answer: D Learning Objective: LO 2.14: Recognize the types of epidemiological research as they relate to understanding abnormal behavior. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the population level Skill: Remember the Facts Difficulty: Easy EOM_2.5.5 Casey has just been diagnosed with several different clinical disorders at one time. The term that best captures this phenomenon is a) b) c) d) comorbidity experimental epidemiology observational epidemiology prevalence Answer: A Learning Objective: LO 2.14: Recognize the types of epidemiological research as they relate to understanding abnormal behavior. Topic: Research methods in abnormal psychology: Research in abnormal psychology at the population level Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: Easy Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 51